conciliis, was strong in the assemblies of the kings. The Grecian chiefs held frequent councils in their camp before Troy. -89. Et nos, I also; the plural as in 139. Que-que. Comp. I, 18.- -91. Haud ignota, things by no means unknown. The cunning of Sinon shows itself in connecting his pretended misfortunes with the real ones of Palamedes, the account of which has doubtless already reached the Trojans. Superis ab oris, from the upper world; from this region of the living to the lower world, sub umbras. Comp. IV, 660. For the tense after postquam, see on I, 216.- -92. In tenebris, in gloomy solitude.- -94. Me; the subject of fore understood. Tulisset, should bring it about; literally, should have carried. The pluperfect subjunctive serves as a future perfect subjunctive in connection with past tenses. H. 525, 2; Z. 496, 5; G. 660, 4; M. 379.95. Argos; for Graeciam. Comp. I, 285. Palamedes was from Euboea.- -96. Odia. The hatred, namely, of Ulysses.- -97. Hinc, from this moment, or time; so Thiel; others, from this cause. Prima labes, the first ruinous step, the beginning of ruin. -98, 99. The infinitives here are historical. Ulysses was always terrifying, was disseminating, was seeking. H. 536, I; A. 275, e; B. 315, g; G. 650; M. 392. Conscius, conscious (of wrong); i. e., conscius sibi sceleris; knowing his own guilt, and the danger of being exposed by me. But some understand, conspiring (with others). Arma, weapons; means for my destruction.- -100. Calchante ministro, Calchas being his agent. Sinon artfully breaks off here in order to excite the Trojans to further inquiries.-101. Sed autem, but however. These two particles are found thus connected nowhere else in Vergil. The second adversative seems intended to add additional emphasis. Ingrata, painful; i. e., to Sinon. But Forbiger understands things unacceptable, or of no interest to the Trojans. -102. Si; nearly equivalent here to quoniam. Omnis; all the Greeks whether such as Palamedes and Sinon, or such as Ulysses.- -103. Id, this, that which I have now narrated to you concerning myself: if (since) you hold all (of us) in the same estimation, and it suffices to have heard this. Iamdudum, now at once. It implies that the act has already been long delayed. Z. 287.- -104. Magno. For the case, see H. 422; A. 252, d; B. 258, c; G. 380; M. 259. With velit and mercentur, would wish, would purchase, the protasis, si possint, is to be supplied.-107. Prosequitur, proceeds. This verb in this sense, and without an object, seems to occur only here.Moliri. The term implies effort to overcome difficulties. Bello; join with fessi. 110. Fecissent, would that they had so done. See on I, 576. If they had gone away at that time, Sinon would not have been condemned as the victim for sacrifice.- -111. Euntis, when departing; not actually on their way, but when on the point of going.- 114. Suspensi, uncertain; doubting what to do. Scitantem, to consult; a present participle denoting a purpose. See on I, 519.115. Adytis, from the sanctuary.116. Placastis; for placavistis. See on I, 201. Virgine caesa, with a virgin slain. For the construction, see on 413. The Grecian chiefs had assembled at Aulis before sailing for Troy, and, being detained by contrary winds, were instructed to sacrifice Iphigenia, the daughter of Agamemnon, as a propitiatory offering to Diana. According to the ordinary account, Iphigenia was saved by the interposition of Diana, and conveyed to Tauris. -118. Quaerendi. Supply sunt. Litandum, a sacrifice must be made. -119. Argolica, Grecian. A Greek must now be slain, just as the victim at the beginning of the war was a Greek. Vox, response. Ut, when. See on I, 216. Volgi, of the multitude; the common soldiery.- 120, 121, Ima ossa, our inmost frames. Comp. III, 308; VI, 54.- -121. the fates are preparing (death). This and the on tremor, implying dubitantium, incertorum. who it is that the oracle of Apollo incans.

-109.

Cui fata parent, for whom following question depend Quem poscat Apollo; ì. e., -122. Hic, here; as an ad

verb of time. Comp. ibi, 40; I, 728.- -123. Protrahit. Calchas pretends to be reluctant. Ea numina divom, these commands of the gods. Ulysses demands of Calchas what person is meant by this revelation of Apollo.124. Iam canebant, were already foretelling. -125. Artificis, of the plotter. The cunning of Ulysses, as Sinon wished the Trojans to understand, was exercised in turning the oracle to his private_purpose by causing his tool, Calchas, to single out Sinon as the victim. Ventura, what was to come. 126. Bis quinos. Comp. I, 71, 381, and note. Tectus, with hidden purpose; covered in respect to his mind. So Heyne; but Henry takes it literally, concealed; "shut up in his tent.". 129. Composito; for ex composito, by agreement; i. e., with Ulysses.- -131. Conversa (ea); equivalent to earum rerum conversionem. See on 413. They (readily) suffered the turning of those dangers, which each feared for himself, to the destruction of one unhappy wretch; because when once I had been declared the victim, they were all relieved from farther apprehensions for themselves.132. Parari; historical infinitive.- -133. Salsae fruges, for mola salsa; the salted

Vittae. (From a bas-relief.)

meal. Comp. IV, 517. Grain, parched, crushed, and mixed with salt, was thrown upon the victim. Vittae, fillets, or twisted bands of white and red wool. 134. Fateor. The term implies that it might be considered culpable to have shrunk from a sacrifice demanded by religion. Vincula; the cords with which he was bound when being led to the altar.-135, 136. Obscurus delitui, I lay hid and unseen. Comp. VI, 268. Si-dedissent, if they should by chance have set sail. See on 94. I think it better, on the whole, to adopt the old punctuation here, though the tenses are thus used a little loosely. The uncertainty is whether the Greeks would, after all, set sail without having made the appointed sacrifice of one of their own countrymen. -139. We must regard quos as an accusative of the person, and poenas of the thing, under H. 374; A. 239, c; B. 217; G. 333; M. 228, b; from whom, perchance, they will also demand punishment. Reposcere also takes two accusatives in VII, 606.- -141. Quod, wherefore, as to which; as in Greek ö for xa ö, di ö. H. 378, 2; A. 240, b; B. 222; G. 331, R. 3; M. 372, b, obs. 6. Comp. VI, 363. Te; addressed to Priam.- -142. Per. The

following clause suggests the object: if there is still any pure faith remaining anywhere among (to) men, by this I adjure thee. Comp. VI, 459; X, 597, 903. For the separation of per from its case in adjurations, see on IV, 314. Quae restet. See on IV, 230.- -143. Laborum. For the case, see H. 406, I; A. 221, a; B. 301, 5; G. 376; M. 292.—144. Animi, a spirit; put for the person himself. Non digna, undeserved.- -145. Lacrimis; an ablative of cause; by reason of these tears. Ultro; Servius explains by insuper, moreover, not spontaneously.- -148. Amissos, whom you have given up. Hinc, henceforth. -149. Haec edissere vera, declare these things to me true (truthfully).- -150. Quo, whereto, for what purpose.- -151. Quae religio, etc., what religious token (act of religion) is it, or (if none) what engine of war?- -154. Aeterni ignes; sun, moon, and stars. Comp. III, 599; IX, 429.- -155. Enses; the sacrificial knives. All the holy objects Sinon appeals to are witnesses of the outrage he has suffered, and that he is held by no tie of loyalty to his countrymen. -157. Fas. Supply est.158. Ferre sub auras, to bring to the light.- 159. Tegunt. Supply illi; the Greeks. -160. Promissis. The prose construction is in promissis maneas. Comp. VIII, 643.——163. Auxiliis stetit, stood, was maintained by the aid. H. 416; A. 245; B. 253; G. 403, R.; M. 256. Ex quo, from what time; relative to ex illo, below, 169.- -164. Sed enim; as in I, 19. For the position of the words, see on 73.

KAAMOTPNIOT CEOTHPOT
ΦΗΛΙΞ ΕΠΟΙΕΙ.

Diomedes and Ulysses.

-165. Fatale. The Palladium was so termed

because the fate of Troy depended on its preservation. It was a small, rude image of Pallas, which was believed to have fallen from heaven, and was guarded by the Trojans with great care, being even bound to the wall of the temple by chains, because the safety of the city depended on its possession.

168. Vittas; the fillets round the head of the image. Fluere, referri. Historical infinitives. This metaphor seems to be drawn from the movement of a ship which the rowers have ceased to propel against the current, so that it again falls down the stream. Comp. Ge. I, 200. -171. Ea signa, these tokens; ie., tokens of these things, or of her displeasure. Comp. III, 505.172. Castris; ablative. Simulacrum; the Palladium. Arsere would be regularly connected with the foregoing vix positum, by que, et, or cum. 692, I, 586.-173. Luminibus arrectis, from her starting eyeballs.Ipsa; the image itself, per se. Ter. See on I, 94. Solo. H. 434, n. 1; A. 243, b; B. 254, R. 3; G. 388; M. 263. Dictu. See on I, 111.- -176. That an image should show such miraculous signs of anger is a sufficient reason to the minds of the Trojans, as Sinon is well aware, for the advice of Calchas and the hasty departure of the Greeks. There is, therefore, no difficulty now in believing that the Greeks have actually gone, and that what Sinon adds about the destination of the wooden horse is reasonable and true.178. Omina ni repetant Argis, unless they seek the omens again in Greece. They had before sailing for Troy taken the omens at Aulis. Perhaps Vergil has reference to the practice of Roman generals, who, under certain circumstances, went back to Rome to renew the auspices. Numen, the divinity;

See -174.

meaning the Palladium itself.- -179. Quod avexere, which (says Sinon) they have carried away over (on) the sea. This is not the statement of Calchas, which would have been quoted indirectly here, and therefore in the subjunc tive mood, but the language of Sinon himself. Some, less naturally, I think, take avexere in the sense of brought from Greece; understanding by numen the divine favor.-180. Quod petiere-parant, as to the fact that they have sought-(it is because) they are preparing. H. 540, IV, n.; A. 333, a; B. 292, c, G. 525, R. 2; M. 398, b, obs. 2.- -181. Arma, deos; í. e., re-enforcements for war and the favor of the gods.- -183. Moniti, being instructed; namely, by Calchas. Pro, in place of. Here Sinon comes to the most delicate part of his story; he must give a plausible reason both for the building of the horse, and for its vast size, and he must make such suggestions as shall induce the Trojans to take it into the city.- -184. Quae piaret, to atone for. See on I, 20.- -185, 186. The emphasis is on immensam, which should be joined to attollere. They were not only advised to build this in place of the Palladium, but to build it of vast dimensions, so that the Trojans might not get it into the city to serve as a new Palladium, and that they might be tempted through suspicion to lay violent hands upon it, and thus incur the anger of Minerva.- -186. Roboribus; the means of attollere. Caelo ; dative for ad caelum. See on Latio, I, 6.- -187. Portis; the abl. of way or route. M. 274. Moenia; for urbem. The present possit after jussit may be explained as Sinon's allegation; but it is probably a mistake of the copyist for posset.188. Neu, or lest. Antiqua sub religione; under the same religious security as that which they had enjoyed under the Palladium.189. Nam violasset, for (said Calchas) if your hand should violate; this is the continuation, in the oblique form, of what Calchas had stated. Saying, thinking, etc., are often implied in the foregoing verb, as here in iussit. For the subjunctive, see on 94.- -190. Omen; metonymy for the fate or destruction indicated by the omen. Ipsum refers to Calchas.193. Ultro probably not, as Forbiger takes it, from far, but of its own accord, spontaneously; i. e., without waiting to be again attacked.- -194. Nostros refers to the Greeks. Ea fata, such fates, namely, as the exitium in 190. This calamity would await the posterity of the Greeks, if the horse should be received into the city by the Trojans.- -198. Mille; a round number. The I., II, 924, sqq., makes the number of the Grecian ships 1,186.- -199. Hic. See on 122. Maius; even a greater event than the adventure of Sinon.201. Ductus sorte. Though priest of Apollo, Laocoon had been appointed by lot on this day to make sacrifices to Neptune.- -202. Sollemnis, customary, ritual, sacrificial. -203. Ecce. Comp. 57. Gemini, two; implying similarity. Comp. I, 162. A Tenedo. They come from Tenedos as an omen that the enemy is coming from its concealment there to destroy the city.- -204. Immensis orbibus; an ablative of description, limiting angues.

-205. Incumbunt pelago; translate in connection with tranquilla per alta; swim along the tranquil waters pressing upon the sea. Pariter, side by side. Tendunt; as in I, 205.- -207. Sanguineae, bloody; of the color of blood. Pars cetera; all except the head and breast. Pontum pone legit, courses the sea -behind. 208. Sinuatque, in connection with legit may be translated as a present participle, curving. Volumine, in a fold, in folds; meaning the undulating curves made by the long bodies of serpents in propelling themselves over the waves.- -209. Spumante salo; ablative of instrument. Arva, the shores, -210. Oculos. See on I, 228.- -212. Visu exsangues, terrified by the sight. Agmine certo, in an undeviating course; indicating that they had been sent by a higher power expressly to destroy Laocoon, and were not merely seeking for prey. Agmen is also used of the motion of a snake in V, 90.215. Morsu_depascitur, devours.- -216. Post; adverbially for postea. Ipsum refers to Laocoon. Auxilio is a dative of the end or purpose.

See on I, 22.- -218. Medium; supply eum; around his body. Collo, around his neck. For the dative, see H. 384, II, 2; A. 225, d; B. 240, a; G. 348; M. 260, b.- -219. Superant, rise above him. Capite, with the head; with their heads. Comp. volumine, 208, and similar examples of the singular in I, 579; VII, 392; IX, 721; X, 334. Cervicibus altis, with their necks (stretched on)

high.

Laocoon.

-221. Vittas. See on I, 228.- -223. Qualis mugitus, (such) bellowinys as the bull raises when he has fled, etc. Taurus in prose would stand in the relative clause, thus: qualis mugitus taurus tollit. Comp. I, 316 and 430. If Vergil was familiar with the famous statue of Laocoon, now pre