us.

nice portas, the gates under (literally, in) the archway opposite; opposite to The gate opens at the inner end of the arched or vaulted vestibule in front of the palace.- -632. Haec dona; for the singular. Praecepta, the (divine) instructions.- -633. Opaca viarum. See on 1, 422.- -634. Foribus; the same as the portas, 631. -635. Aditum, the vestibule. Here, as at the entrance of a temple, there is a vase of holy water, with which the devotee must purify himself. -636. In limine. He suspends the branch on the door-post. -637. Divae, to the goddess; an objective genitive.- -638. Devenere locos. Comp. I, 365.- -640, 641. Hic-purpureo, an ethereal atmosphere, more expansive (than that of the regions just left by Aeneas) and of glowing light, here clothes the fields. So Heyne. Others repeat vestit, and others, again, put largior and lumine into the predicate; thus: clothes more largely and with glowing light.- -641. Norunt, they (the shades) enjoy. -645. Sacerdos. Orpheus, the most famous bard of the heroic period, is also called here priest, because the Grecian orgies and mysteries were first celebrated by him.- 646. Obloquitur, sounds in response. He accompanies with his lyre either the songs of others, mentioned in the above passage, or, what is more probable, his own. The verse may be rendered: strikes in responsive numbers the seven distinctions of sounds, or, more freely, the notes of the seven strings. The lyre of seven strings, furnishing seven open notes, is assigned to him, though that number of strings was not used until a later period. Some make numeris in the dative case, and refer it to the rhythms or measures both of the singers and dancers; as if Orpheus were accompanying, or, rather, leading them with his instrument. But Vergil would more naturally conceive of Orpheus as Horace (O. 2, 13, 24, sqq.) does of Sappho and Alcaeus, as playing in response to, or accompanying, his own voice, while the shades gather round to listen. -647. Digitis, pectine. He touches the strings with his fingers to produce a soft sound, and with the plectrum when louder notes are required. -649. Melioribus annis,

in the better times; the ages before Laomedon and Priam.- -653. Curruum; pronounced here currum.- -358, 659. Unde-amnis, whence the stream of the Eridanus rolls in a swelling tile, etc.; plurimus is emphatic and in the predicate. Superne; Ladewig translates, above; i. e., out in the world above. Comp. Ge. IV, 366, sqq. -660. Passi, who have suffered. For the construction, see on IV, 406.- -363. Vitam, (human) life. -664. Merendo, by their services. -667. Musaeum; Musaeus, a contemporary of Orpheus, and, like him, revered as one who had made use of poetry and music as means of redeeming men from barbarism. Homer could not be introduced here, as he lived long after Aeneas.674. Riparum toros, the (turfy) couches of the shores. Recentia rivis, fresh with brooks; watered by fertilizing streams, and therefore always green.- -675. Fert corde; "carries (you) in respect to feeling"; leads, directs. -376. Tramite; abl. of situation.. -677. Nitentis. Comp. 640.- -678. Ostentat. Musaeus from the top of the hill shows them the pathway, and they descend on the other side, while he returns to his companions. Dehinc. See on I, 131.--679. Penitus, far down (in the valley).- -680. Ituras, destined to go.- -681. Studio recolens, considering earnestly.682. Forte; join with the two verbs. It so happened that he was just at this time tracing out the destinies of his descendants.

684-751. Anchises receives Aeneas with an affectionate greeting, and first converses with him on the nature and condition of the innumerable spirits which are seen flitting about the river Lethe.

685. Palmas utrasque. See on V, 233.- -686. Genis, Thiel takes here for oculis, as in Propert. III, 12, 26.- -687. Expectata parenti, expected, looked for, by thy father. As if he had said, I have long hoped that your filial piety would impel you to make this visit.- -688. Iter durum, the diffi

cult passage; the horrors and toils of the descent.- -690. Futurum, that it would be, i. e., that you would come; join with both the preceding verbs.

-691. Cura, my anxious hope.--692. Terras. See on II, 654.695. Aeneas seems to refer to such dreams and apparitions as are mentioned in IV, 653, and V, 722, of which Anchises himself has no knowledge. Tendere adegit. For the infinit. instead of the subj. with ut, see on III, 134.

-696.

-704,

-700-702. Repeated from II, 792-794-703. In valle reducta, in the secluded valley; the convalle (679) in which Aeneas has found his father; a vale completely shut in by hills, and thus separated from the other parts of Elysium. Aeneas is struck with amazement at the multitude of spirits fiitting about the banks of Lethe, which winds through this valley. Virgulta sonantia silvae, the rustling shrubbery of a forest. Forbiger prefers the reading silvis, but it has not good MS. authority. -706. Gentes populique, nations (or races) and tribes.- -709. Strepit, murmurs; i. e., with the hum of the vast multitude. Supply sic, answering to velut.- -710. Subito; an adjective; join with visu.- -711. Inscius. Comp. II, 307. Ea-porro, those far-off winding streams.- -713, 714. Quibus-debentur, to whom new bodies are destined by fate; bodies other than those which they have previously occupied in the world above. See 748-751. The view here given by Anchises of the origin, successive states, and final destiny of souls, is probably the expression of Vergil's own belief, as derived from the study of the Greek philosophers.-715. Securos latices; literally, "the waters without care"; the waters of rest.—716. Has, these spirits; these in particular. Anchises points out a certain portion of the multitude, or, rather, one out of the populi mentioned in 706.- -717. Iampridem cupio. These words belong equally to the foregoing line and to this.- -718. Quo magis. See on III, 377. Italia reperta, in the discovery of Italy; i. c., that you have at length, after so much hardship, achieved your voyage to Italy. For the use of the participle, see on II, 413.719. Aliquas, any indeed. Ad caelum, to the upper light; as opposed to Hades. See on 128.- -720. Sublimis, on high, or up; join with ire. Comp. I, 415.- -724-732. A spirit (spiritus) endowed with intelligence (mens)—that is, a life-giving and intelligent soul -pervades the whole world in all its parts; the soul of which the material universe is the body. From this anima mundi emanate the individual souls of all living creatures, which are thus scintillations, as it were, from the ethereal fiery substance of the all-pervading spirit. Hence these seeds, or souls, possess a fiery energy (igneus vigor) such as belongs to the ethereal or celestial substance from which they originate (caelestis origo).- -724. Campos liquentis; i. e., the sea. -725. Titania astra, the heavenly bodies; the sun and the stars; or, as some of the best commentators understand, the Titanian orb, the sun; the plural being put for the singular. Comp. IV, 119.- -726, 727. Spiritus, the principle that gives vitality; mens, the intelligence which directs. Artus, the parts; the members of the great material body (moles, magnum corpus) which contains the universal spirit. 728. Inde, from this source; i. e., from this combination of the universal soul with the material elements-air, earth, water, and fire-just described.

-729. Marmoreo sub aequore, under its smooth surface; like polished marble.730. Ollis seminibus, to these seeds of being; these sparks from the all-pervading fire, or principle of vitality and thought.- -731. Quantum. This ethereal force manifests itself especially in man, so far as the baneful influences of the animal passions do not impede its working.- -733. Hinc, hence; by reason of this; i. e., from the debasing union of the body with the soul, implied in the preceding clause. Fear, desire, grief, and joy were all regarded, especially by the Stoics, as weak affections contracted by the soul from the body. Auras; here, the pure cir: the upper region of the heavens (caelum) from which they sprung.--734. Clausae. Supply animae

or illae.

-788.

-737. Penitus; join with inolescere; que, and indeed.Multa diu concreta, many impurities long accumulating; waxing with the body in growth. Inolescere. Supply illis, or animis. Miris modis, in a wonderful way. Comp. 1, 354.- 740-742. The punishments inflicted for the purification of souls are varied according to the nature and degree of the guilt contracted in life. Exposure to the winds suffices for one class; others must be purged under a great gulf of water, while the deepest infection is purged by fire. -742. Infectum scelus, the contracted quilt. -743. Quisque-Manis, we suffer each his peculiar punishments; his own purgatory. Manes signifies, 1, the shades of the dead; 2, Hades, or the abode of the shades; 3, avenging powers of the lower world; 4, penalties inflicted by these powers. In the last sense it seems to be used here, though other explanations are given. The idea of the whole passage (743-751) seems to be this: We are all punished for actual sin with penalties more or less severe, and which require more or less time, according to the degree of the moral infection. Thereupon we are admitted to vast Elysium, and a few of us, by the special favor of the gods, not destined to go again, like these great multitudes (see 713, sqq.), into other bodies, but permitted to retain our identity, occupy these blissful fields until we are free from the very last traces of inbred impurity (concretam labem), and thus become once more unmixed, ethereal, fiery essence, as at the first. But all these, has omnes, "to whom earthly bodies are again allotted by fate," are conducted after the lapse of a thousand years to the borders of Lethe, and prepared by its oblivious waters to enter upon that new existence. It seems obvious that Anchises, and such as he (pauci), who were already deified in the minds of their descendants, would not be represented as subject to the fate of the great multitude of shades destined to be transformed into other men. That is, Anchises must continue to exist as Anchises until his soul should resume its original condition as a part of the universal soul. Hence there was a marked contrast intended between pauci and has omnes.- -745. Perfectoorbe, the (proper) circuit of time being completed. -747. Aurai-ignem, the fire of unmixed air; unmixed ethereal fire; the same notion as in 730. The Stoics believed that the soul would be restored at last to its original state; that is, would be absorbed in the anima mundi. -748. Has omnis. This whole multitude of spirits flitting about the Lethe. Mille rotam, etc., have passed through the circuits of a thousand years; have gone through the annual round a thousand times. See on volvere, I, 9. -750. Immemores; i. e., no longer remembering the upper world. Supera convexa, the vault above; the sky of the upper world; as caelum, 719.

752-901. Anchises now conducts Aeneas and the Sibyl into the midst of the shades destined to enter new bodies, and points out among them the great characters who are in successive generations to illustrate the history of Rome. Having spent the time allotted to Aeneas in giving this account of his posterity, and in advising him as to his future conduct in Italy, Anchises dismisses him and the Sibyl from Hades by the ivory gate.

753. Sonantem, murmuring. Comp. 709.

-754. Posset. See on I, 20.

-755. Adversos; opposite; as they approached from the opposite direction. Comp. adversum, 684. Legere; to gather up with the eye; to review or survey.756. Deinde, immediately; i. e., after your generation shall have passed away. Sequatur, is destined to follow. -757. Maneant (tibi), await thee. Comp. I, 257. Itala de gente. They are to descend from Lavinia, the future Italian wife of Aeneas.- -758. Nostrum-ituras, destined to succeed to our name. -759. Tua fata. See 890, sqq.- -760. The Julian family was descended from Ascanius or Iulus, who succeeded to his father and founded Alba Longa (I, 267, sqq.); but the line of Alban kings sprung

from Silvius, whom Lavinia bore to Acneas late in life. This is the tradition adopted by Vergil. Others made Silvius the son and successor of Ascanius. Heyne. Vides; used parenthetically. Pura hasta, on a headless spear. The shaft of the spear without the point was the symbol of royal and priestly rank; or, according to Servius, the reward of a first military success. For the case, see H. 425, 1), n.; A. 254, b; B. 258, a; G. 403, R. 3; M. 264, obs. -761. Proxima-loca; holds by fate the first (earliest) place in the light (above). By lot Silvius has precedence of all the rest in ascending into the upper world.-763. Postuma, latest. -765. Silvis. Hence his name Silvius; for he was born and reared in the woods.-766. Unde; for a quo. -767. Proximus, next to him, as they appear among the shades, not next in their historical order. The shades of the whole Alban dynasty are grouped around Silvius, but Procas, Capys, Numitor, and Silvius Aeneas, happen to be next to him.- -770. Si umquam. Until his fifty-third year, Aeneas Silvius was kept from his throne by his uncle, who had acted as his guardian. -771. Viris. Their strength is indicated by their heroic forms.772. Atque gerunt, and they also bear their brows shaded with the civic oak. They shall not only be distinguished for warlike deeds, but they shall plant cities, and thus win the civic crown of oak-leaves; for the corona civilis, or civica, is here the token of services rendered to the state in the arts of peace, though commonly the reward bestowed by the Romans upon a soldier who had saved the life of a comrade in battle.- -773. Nomentum, and the other proper names in this verse, are governed by some verb like condent, suggested by the following imponent.- 777. Nay, more, Romulus, the son of Mars, shall accompany his grandsire; yonder shade, destined to be Romulus, shall go into the upper world while his grandsire Numitor shall be still

-778. Assa

living, and shall be associated with him in the royal dignity. raci sanguinis, of Assaracan, or Troj in blood; join with Ilia.- -779. Viden' (videsne) is affirmative here, like nonne. See Z. 352; A. 210, d; B. 228, a, R. 1; G. 456, R.; M. 451, a. Ut stant. The indicative is sometimes used by the poets in dependent questions. H. 529. II, 7; A. 334, d; G. 469, R. 1, end; Z. 553; M. 356, obs. 3. Geminae cristae, a double crest, or plume falling both over the front and back of the helmet, sometimes worn by warriors, and attributed to Mars; also, here, to Romulus, as indicating the glory he was destined to attain in arms.- -780. And (how) the father of the gods himself already marks (him) with his peculiar honor; with the tokens of martial glory due to him. Suo is here equivalent to proprio, and refers to the object, Romulum or eum, understood (comp. III, 494, and see M. 490, b), and pater refers to Jupiter. Others understand both pater and suo of Mars.

-781. Huius auspiciis. Rome commences her existence under the auspices of Romulus, and continues to advance and prosper under his protection after his deification. -782. Animos, her heroic souls, or men. Rome will produce men equal to the gods (Olympo) in greatness of soul. Others translate animos, her lofty spirit, referring it to Rome herself, as a person. 783. See Ge. II, 535. Septem and una are contrasted.- -786. Partu. For the case, see on tegmine, I, 275.- -790. Magnum sub axem, up to the great vault; i. e., into the upper world. But some refer it to Olympus itself, and to the deification of the Caesars. -791. Saepius. Sce on tristior, I, 228. -792. Augustus. This title was bestowed upon Octavian by a decree of the senate in B. c. 27. Divi genus, the son of a deity. Augustus was the adopted son of Julius Caesar, who was regarded as a god after his death.

-793. Latio; the ablative of situation after condet.- -794. Saturno; dative of the agent. The reign of Saturn is "the golden age," which Augustus is destined to restore. Comp. I, 291.- -795-797. Iacet-aptum. The land which he shall conquer beyond the Garamantes and the Indi is situated, according to the fancy of the poet, beyond the constellations (sidera) of the

zodiac; that is, south of the zodiac.- -797. Comp. IV, 482.- -798. Huius in adventum, at, in view of his coming; join with horrent. Caspia regna; i. e., the realms of the Bactrians and Hyrcanians, who with the Parthians stood in awe of the power of Augustus.-799. Responsis; abl. cause of horrent.-800. Turbant; used reflexively; are troubled. Even now, in the

time of Aeneas, there are prophetic warnings, relating to the conquest of Augustus, which cause terror among the nations of Asia and Africa.801. Nec vero, etc. Augustus made journeys to the remotest parts of the empire. He visited as many lands as Hercules in performing his labors, or as Bacchus in his eastern conquests.- 802. Fixerit licet, though he pierced, or wounded. According to the received tradition, the stag was taken alive, though in Euripides, Herc. Furens, 378, it is said to have been slain. Aeripedem. The famous stag of Ceryneia in Arcadia had golden horns and brazen hoofs. For the mood after licet, see H. 515, III; A. 331, c, R.; B. 303; G. 609; M. 361.803. Pacarit (pacaverit) nemora. Hercules captured the wild boar of Erymanthus, and thus secured quiet to the woods. Lernam. The district of Lerna itself was terrified with the conflict between Hercules and the Hydra.-804. Inga flectit, guides his team; his "yoke" of tigers.205. Nysa; a city of India, the name of which was also applied to Mount