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points in common with Burns. "A man 's a man for a' that," in the whole vein of its sentiment is thoroughly Horatian. In their large and genial views of life they are closely akin; but the fiery glow of the peasant poet is subdued to a temperate heat in the gentler and physically less energetic nature of Horace.

In his amatory verses the same distinction is visible. Horace writes much about love, but he is never thoroughly in love. He seems to have known by experience just enough of the tender passion to write pretty verses about it, and to rally, not unsympathetically, such of his friends as had not escaped so lightly from its flame. The attempt to make out the Lydias and Lalages, the Lyces and Phrynes of his Odes as real objects of attachment is one of the many follies in which his commentators have wasted much dreary labor.

Horace's Satires and Epistles are less read, yet they are perhaps intrinsically more valuable than, his lyric poetry. As reflecting "the age and body of the time," they possess the highest historical value. Through them the modern scholar is able to form a clearer idea in all probability of the state of society in Rome in the Augustan age, than of any other phase of social development in the history of nations. Horace's observation of character is subtle and exact, his knowledge of the heart is profound, his power of graphic delineation great. A genial humor plays over his verses, and a kindly wisdom dignifies them. As a living and brilliant commentary on life, as a storehouse of maxims of practical wisdom, couched in language the most apt and concise, as a picture of men and manners, which will be always fresh and always true, because it was true once, and because human nature will always reproduce itself under analogous circumstances, his Satires, and still more his Epistles, will have a permanent value for mankind. In these, as in his Odes, he inculcates what is fitting and decorous, and tends most to tranquillity of mind and body, rather than the severe virtues of a high standard of moral purity. To live at peace with the world, to shun the extremes of avarice, luxury, and ambition, to outrage none of the laws of nature, to enjoy life wisely, and not to load it with the cares which the lapse of a few brief years will demonstrate to be foolishness, is very nearly the sum of his philosophy. Of religion, as we understand it, he had little. Although himself little of a practical worshipper (C. I. 34. 1), he respected the sincerity of others in their belief in the old gods. But, in common with the more vigorous intellects of the time, he had outgrown the effete creed of his countrymen. He was content to use it for poetical purposes, but he could not accept as matter of belief the mythology about which the forms of the contemporary worship still clustered.

NOTES

ON THE

SELECTIONS FROM HORACE.

THE ODES. Book I.

ODE I. — It is probable that the first three books of Odes were published together, with this as a preface, A. U. C. 730, B. C. 24. It is a graceful dedication to Maecenas of a work the composition of which had occupied and amused the poet at intervals for some years. It was probably at his patron's instigation that he arranged his fugitive pieces, and put them forth in this collected form.

1. Atavis ancestors; properly, an ancestor in the fifth degree, thus: pater, avus, proavus, abavus, atavus. Maecenas belonged to the family of Cilnii, formerly Lucumones or princes of Etruria. — 2. Cf. Virg. G. II. 40. 3. Sunt quos aliquos. The indicative is used when particular persons are alluded to, as here the Greeks in opposition to the Romans. The subjunctive is used, as Dillenb. expresses it, quum non tam esse aliquid ostenditur quam quale quid sit describitur. Cf. Gr. 501. 2. A. & S. 26. 46 and R. 4. Curriculo

either the chariot (from currere, as vehiculum from vehere) or the course. On Olympicum, see on Ov. T. IV. 10. 95, and Virg. G. I. 59. —4. Collegisse. Gr. 542. 2. A. & S. 268. 2, R. 2. The perfect instead of the present is used, like the Greek aorist, to express a complete action, or one frequently repeated, not a continuing course of action. Cf. C. I. 34. 16; III. 2. 30, etc. Metathe goal; a conical pillar at the end of the course, round which the chariots turned on their way back to the starting-place. A skilful driver turned the goal as closely as possible without touching it; hence evitata rotis. Fervidis. Cf. Milton: "then stayed the fervid wheels.”—5. Palma; i. e. the palm-branch which was presented with the crown to the victor in the games. 6. Terrarum - Deos

exalts them, (as if they were) lords of the world, to the gods. The whole passage has been a very perplexing one to the critics. Some make dominos in apposition with Deos. Some put a period

after nobilis, and consider evehit as impersonal; translating: It exalts the lords of the earth (i. e. ironically, the Romans), to the gods this one, if, etc. The chief difficulty with the punctuation and interpretation we have followed is, that it leaves hunc and illum to depend on juvat; a harsh construction (though not so bad as joining them with dimoveas, as some have done), but one which is adopted and defended by Dillenb. and others. On evehit ad deos, cf. C. IV. 2. 17, 18.-8. Tergeminis honoribus is by most critics understood to refer to the three curule magistracies, those of the aedile, praetor, and consul; but some make it maximis honoribus. The case is ablative; but a few of the commentators make it dative for ad honores. On tollere, see Gr. 553. V. A. & S. 271, N. 3; 274, R. 7 (6). The construction is a very common one in Horace.-10. Libycis. The great bulk of the corn consumed at Rome was imported from Sicily and Libya. See C. III. 16. 26, 31. The area was a raised floor on which the corn was threshed; and after the wind had winnowed it the floor was swept, and the corn was thus collected. See Virg. G. I. 178 foll., where full directions are given for making an area. 11. Scindere is the proper word for the plough; findere for the hoe or smaller instruments. Attalicis conditionibus; i. e. the most extravagant terms. There were three kings of Pergamus of this name, which was proverbial for riches. The third left his great wealth to the Romans, B. C. 134. See C. II. 18. 5.-13. Dimoveas. From the meaning of de, down from, demoveo is more properly used when the place from which the removal takes place is expressed, and dimoveo, when the sentence is absolute, as here. Trabe. Gr. 705. III. A. & S. 324. 3. Cf. carina, C. I. 35. 7. Cypria. See on Virg. A. I. 622. Cypria, Myrtoum, Icariis, Africum, are all particular names for general, used to give life to the description.-14. The Myrtoan Sea, like the Icarian (see on Ov. M. VIII. 230), was a part of the Aegean. 15. Fluctibus. Gr. 385 and 5. A. & S. 223, R. 2.(b). Africum the west-southwest wind, which elsewhere Horace calls praeceps, protervus, etc. Cf. Virg. A. I. 85.-16. Otium — sui the peaceful fields about his native town. — 18. Pati. Gr. 552. 3. A. & S. 270, R. 1 (a). This is a Greek construction, and very frequent in Horace. Pauperiem is not extreme poverty (egestas), but narrow means. Cf. C. III. 29. 56. -19. Est qui. See on sunt quos, v. 3. Massici. See on Virg. G. II. 143. - 20. Solido die; i. e. to break in upon the hours of business. The solidus dies ended at the dinner hour, which, with industrious people, was the ninth in summer and tenth in winter. The luxurious dined earlier, the busy sometimes later. – 21. Viridi evergreen. See on Ov. M. I. 104. Membra. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. 22. Caput= Cf. Virg.

43.

the source. Sacrae; i. e. to the nymphs of the stream.

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So catulis, v. 27.
A. & S. 162. 17.

25. DeManet

E. I. 53.-23. The lituus was curved in shape (but less so than the cornu) and sharp in tone, and used by cavalry; the tuba was straight and of deep tone, used by infantry. Cf. Ov. M. I. 98. For the construction, see Gr. 385. 5. A. & S. 245. II. 2 and R. 1. 24. Matribus. Gr. 388. 4. A. & S. 225. II. testata; used passively. Gr. 221. 2. © pernoctat. Jove coelo. Cf. Virg. E. VII. 60; G. I. 418; II. 325, 419. So Ennius: Istic est hic Jupiter quem dico, quem Graeci vocant aerem. 28. Teretes firmly twisted. Plagas; nets of thick rope, used in hunting the larger beasts. Cf. Virg. A. IV. 131. Marsus (see on Virg. G. II. 167); for Marsicus, as in C. II. 20. 18. So Bithynus, C. I. 35. 7; Colchus, II. 13. 8; Italus, II. 13, 18; Maurus, I. 22. 2, etc. 29. The ivy, sacred to Bacchus, made a fit garland for a lyric poet. - 31. Cum Satyris et satyrorum. Cf. C. I. 12. 44; 24.4; III. 1. 36; 3. 24; 18. 12, etc. 33. Euterpe, the Muse, was said to have invented the tibia, and she especially presided over music. Polyhymnia, or Polymnia, another Muse, invented the lyre. — 34. Lesboum; i. e. of Sappho and Alcaeus, who were natives of Mytilene in the island of Lesbos. See on Ov. M. X. 55. Tendere. See on tollere, v. 8. — 36. Gr. 705. V. A. & S. 324. 5.

ODE II. The prodigies described at the beginning of this justly celebrated Ode are those which were said to have followed the death of Julius Caesar. They are related also by Virgil, G. I. 466–489, which passage and the verses that follow it to the end of the book, should be read in connection with this Ode. It is very probable that Horace had this description in his mind when he wrote. He refers to these prodigies as evidences of the divine wrath for the guilt of the civil wars. He then invokes one god after another to come and restore the state, and finally fixes upon Mercury, whom he entreats to take upon himself the form of a man (i. e. Augustus), and not to leave the earth until he has accomplished his mission and conquered the enemies of Rome. The ode was probably written on the return of Augustus to Rome, after the taking of Alexandria, A. U. C. 725, B. C. 29.

1. Terris. Gr. 379. 5. A. & S. 225. IV. R. 2. Dirae belongs to both nivis and grandinis. This is very common in Horace. Cf. C. I. 31. 16; 34. 8; III. 2. 16; IV. 14. 4, etc. — 2. Rubentered; i. e. with the reflected glare of the thunderbolt. 3. Dextera. Gr. 148. 3. 1). A. & S. 106. Jaculatus; with the accus. of the thing struck, as in the only three instances in which Horace uses the word. In Virg. A. II. 276 the dative is used. Arces; the sacred buildings on the Capitoline Hill. —5. Terruit ne=terruit, ut metuerent ne. —

6. Pyrrhae. See on Ov. M. I. 260 foll. 7. Proteus. See on Ov. M. II. 9. 8. Visere. See on tollere, C. I. 8. — 11. Superjecto (sc. terris) poured over the earth. 12. Damae is both masc. and fem. See Gr. -13. Flavum; because of the sand washed down in its stream. Horace does not mean that he himself had seen these things, but that his generation had seen them. Retortis - undis its waters driven violently back from the shore of the Etruscan sea; i. e. from its mouth. Some take littore Etrusco for the Etruscan or right bank of the river, as opposed to sinistra ripa, v. 18.-15. Dejectum. Gr. 569. A. & S. 276. II. Monumenta regis; i. e. the palace of Numa adjoining the temple of Vesta. See on Virg. G. I. 498. — 17. Nimium; with querenti. Tiber is represented as taking upon himself, without the sanction of Jove, and in consequence of Ilia's complaints, to avenge the death of Julius Caesar, the descendant of Iulus, her ancestor. Ilia, or Rea (not Rhea) Silvia, is variously reported to have been married to the Tiber and the Anio, because into one of those streams she was thrown by order of Amulius. —18. Sinistra ripa (i. e. looking down stream); on which Rome was situated. - 21. Audiet - ferrum shall hear that citi

zens have sharpened the sword; i. e. inter se, for civil war.-22. Quo-perirent by which it were better that the hostile Parthians should die. Persians, Medes, and Parthians are names freely interchanged by Horace. The Parthian Empire, at this time, extended nearly from the Indus to the Roman province of Syria, into which the Parthians often made incursions. See v. 51. The name of Augustus did something towards keeping them in check, but they were held by the Romans to be their most formidable enemies. -23, 24. Vitio-juventus = our children thinned by the crimes of their fathers; not only by bloodshed, but by immorality. — 26. Imperi. Gr. 45. 5. 1). A. & S. 52. Rebus. Gr. 384. II. A. & S. 223, N. 27, 28. Virgines. Vesta was the tutelary goddess of Rome. See on Virg. G. I. 499. She turns a deaf ear to the prayers of her virgins, because Caesar as Pontifex Maximus had particular charge of her temple and rites. Carmina, hymns, is opposed to prece, as a set formula to other prayers. 29. Partes munus, officium. — 30. Venias. Gr. 493. 2. A. & S. 262, R. 4. — 31. Humeros. See on membra, C. I. 21. -32. Augur; as the god of divination. Cf. Virg. A. IV. 376. 33. Mavis; sc. venire ad scelera nostra expianda. Erycina. See on Ov. M. V. 363. Cf. Virg. A. V. 759. Apollo is invoked as the steadfast friend of Troy; Venus, as the mother of Aeneas and the Julian family; and Mars (Auctor), as the father of Romulus. 34. Jocus Mirth. Circum; the prep. after the

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noun, as often in the poets. Cf. C. III. 3. 11 ; Virg. A. I. 32; II. 792, etc. 36. Respicis thou regardest.-38. Leves burnished.

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