708. Circum... funduntur

i. e. this union animals, which ether of the di

IV. 402. swarm around. 709. Strepit campus; the apodosis of the sentence, and referring to the shades. — 710. Subito; adj. with visu, and explaining horrescit. 711. Ea flumina porro that river in the distance. - 715. Securos latices = care-dispelling draughts. 717. Jampridem cupio belong to the preceding line as well as to enumerare. Gr. 467. 2. A. & S. 145. I. 2. Meorum of my descendants. 719. Ad coelum to the upper light.—720. Sublimes = on high; with ire. Cf. I. 415. —721. Dira cupido. -721. Dira cupido. See on G. I. 37. -723. Suscipit resumes, replies. 724-751. Anchises explains that everything in nature is pervaded by one great spirit, that this in men is clogged by the body, and consequently that after death there has to be a longer or shorter purification, after which the souls are sent back into the world to animate other bodies, - 725. Titaniaque astra; i. e. the sun; poetical plu, for sing. Cf. IV. 119. 727. Corpore. Cf. G. II. 327. - 728. Inde, etc.; of mind and matter is the cause of individual life in consist of soul and body. — 730. Igneus; the pure vine soul being regarded as flame. Cf. v. 746. 731, 732. Seminibus seeds (of life). Quantum so far as. Tardant... hebetant. Cf. V. 395, 396. Moribunda; stronger than mortalia. -733, 734. Hinc; from this influence of the body. Neque caeco their gaze cannot pierce the sky, imprisoned as they are in darkness and a blind fleshly dungeon. — 737, 738. Penitusque; where we should expect sed penitus. Multa; i. e. multum vitii, Diu; with concreta. Modis miris. Cf. I. 354. 740-742. A threefold purification, by air, water, and fire, is described. Inanes; with ventos. Infectum with which they are infected. 743, 744. Quisque - Manes each of us suffers his own Manes; i. e. each spirit has its individual discipline. The rest of the passage, which is one of the hardest in Virgil, seems to mean that all the shades are sent into Elysium after their purgation, but that while the greater part only pass through on their way to Lethe, a few, of whom Anchises is one, are allowed to remain there and complete a still higher purification. But this interpretation, the best that can be given, is not entirely satisfactory, and it may be, as Con. thinks, that this is one of the passages which Virg. left unfinished. -745-747. Longa dies. Cf. V. 783. Temporis orbe. Cf. v. 748. Concretam. Cf. v. 738. Sensum soul. Aurai. See on III. 354. Ignem. Cf. v. 730. 749. Cf. vv. 714, 715. — 750. Cf. v. 241. 754. Posset. Gr. 486. III. A. & S. 264. 5, R. 2. — 755. Legere 755. Legere—to scan. -756. Deinde hereafter. 757. Itala de gente of Italian birth; i. e. the descendants of Lavinia. Cf. v. 762. — 758. Cf. v. 680. — 759. Cf. III. 379. — 760. Pura hasta = a headless spear;

given to young men on their first military success. Gr. 419. II. A. & S. 245. II. 1.—761, 762. Lucis loca; a place in the upper world. Auras aetherias. Cf. I. 546. — 763. Silvius became the regular cognomen of the Alban kings. Postuma=latest. — 765. Cf. Livy I. 4: casu quodam in silvis natus. —766. Unde: = a quo, as in V. 123, etc. Longa Alba. See on I. 271.-767, 768. Proximus; used loosely, as Procas was the twelfth (some say fourteenth) king of Alba. Capys was the sixth, eighth, or ninth; Numitor succeeded Procas. 769–770. Aeneas Silvius was one of the earliest of the Alban kings. Serv. says that he was kept out of his kingdom fifty-three years by a usurping guardian. 772. Atque iidem civicas gerunt coronas, nam deducent cives in colonias (Wř.). The civic wreath was originally given only to the soldier who saved the life of a comrade in battle. - 773775. The places named are old Latin towns. Fidenae is more common than Fidena. Collatinas of Collatia. Pometios; for Pometia, or Suessa Pometia. On Gabii and Fidenae cf. Hor. E. I. 11. 7, 8.· 777. The meaning is, that Romulus shall appear on earth to join his grandfather, whom, according to the story, he restored to his rights. Mavortius. Cf. I. 276. —778. Assaraci. See on I. 284. Ilia. See on I. 274.· 779. Viden'. Gr. 669. I. 3 and IV. Stant. See on

E. V. 7. 780. Et — honore; i. e. Romulus is already marked as a child of the upper air (superum) by his father's token, the two-crested helmet (Con). Wr. makes superum gen. plu. with pater: the father of the gods already marks him with his own honor; i. e. with divine beauty and majesty. 782. Animos; her greatness of soul. — 783. Cf. G. II. 535. —784, 785, See on Ov. M. XI. 16. Turrita; referring to the mural crown she wore. -790. Magnum axem; i. e. destined to go to the upper world. —792, 793. Aurea - saecula. Cf. Hor. C. IV. 2. 39 and note. —794. Saturno. Gr. 388. 4. A. & S. 225. II. Cf. E. IV. 6. Super- beyond. Garamantas. See on IV. 198. Indos. See on Hor. C. I. 12. 51. On the whole passage, see on Hor. C. IV. 14. 39 foll.—795-797. Extra sidera, like extra — vias, refers to the zodiac. Tellus; Ethiopia. Atlas, etc. Cf. IV. 481, 482. — 799. Maeotia tellus; i. e. the Scythians about the Maeotis Palus, the sea of Azov.-800. See on Ov. M. II. 254, and cf. septemfluus, M. I. 423, septemplice, M. V. 187, etc. Turbant; intrans. — 801. Cf. vv. 123, 392 and Hor. C. I. 12. 25, etc. — 802, 803. Fixerit. Gr. 515. I. A. & S. 263. 2 (1). Three of the labors of Hercules are mentioned: the killing of the Cerynitian stag, the Erymanthian boar, and the Lernean hydra. Cf. v. 287 and V. 448. · 805. Liber. See on Ov. M. III. 636. Nysa, the legendary mountain on which Bacchus was brought up, was identified with various places in Europe, Asia, and Africa. — 809. Sacra ferens. See on G. II. 476. — 810, 811. Regis; Numa Pompilius. Fundabit

814.

constituet et firmabit. Curibus; an ancient Sabine town. Tullus (sc. Hostilius); the third king of Rome. -815, 816. Cf. Pomp. Sabinus: Ancus Martius vivente Tullo aegre ferebat, quum e stirpe regia se jactaret, praelatum sibi Tullum. Itaque statuerat favore populari Tullum regem cum tota familia occidere. - 817, 818. Virg. has not chosen to call Tarquin superbus, but has transferred the epithet to Brutus, the majestic and inflexible founder of Roman liberty. Receptos; i. e. transferred from the kings to the consuls. 820. Nova bella; the conspiracy to restore the Tarquins. — 822, 823. The meaning is, that he will risk being called cruel by posterity, so long as he forces them to acknowledge that he is great. — 824, 825. Decios. See on G. II. 169. Drusos; referring especially to Livius, the conqueror of Hasdrubal. See on Hor. C. IV. 4. 37. Torquatum; T. Manlius Torquatus, who caused his own son to be beheaded (hence saevum securi) for fighting contrary to orders. Camillum. See on Hor. C. I. 12. 37 foll. He recovered the standards (signa) taken by the Gauls at the battle of the Allia.—826. Paribus.. armis. Cf. G. I. 489. Fulgere; an older form than fulgere. Cf. G. I. 456.-830. Socer; Caesar, whose daughter Julia Pompey married. Monoeci; the port of Hercules Monoecus, the modern Monaco, where was a promontory and a temple, whencé arx, as in III. 531. -831. Adversis Eois arrayed against him with an Eastern army; referring to the composition of Pompey's forces. –832. Animis — bella; a variety for adsuescite animos bellis. -833. Note the alliteration. -837. Ille; L. Mummius. Triumphata; a poetical construction. Cf. Hor. C. III. 3. 43. Capitolia. See on Hor. C. IV. 3. 9. Corintho. Cf. Hor. E. II. I. 193. Gr. ́431. A. & S. 257. — 838. Cf. I. 284, 285. Ille; probably L. Aemilius Paullus. See on Hor. C. I. 12. 38. — 839. Aeaciden; probably Perseus, the Macedonian king, who is said to have been a descendant of Achilles. - 840. Cf. I. 41; II. 165, 403, etc. 841. Cato; the Censor. See on Hor. C. I. 12. 34. Cosse; A. Cornelius Cossus, who won the spolia opima, B. C. 428. 842-846. Gracchi genus; Tiberius, who was general in the second Punic war; a second of the same name, who distinguished himself in the Spanish wars; and the brothers Tiberius and Caius, the tribunes, who died the death of martyrs in the protection of the oppressed plebeians. Scipiadas; not the Scipios who fell in Spain, but the elder and younger Africanus. Potentem opulentum, as in Hor. C. II. 18. 13. Fabricium. See on Hor. C. I. 12. 37 foll. Serrane; an agnomen of M. Atilius Regulus, said to have been given him because he was sowing when the news was brought him that he was elected consul. See on Hor. C. III. 5. 13. Quo-rapitis; alluding to the numbers and exploits of the Fabii, which tire him who tries to

mas

tell them. Maximus; Q. Fabius Cunctator, famous for his terly inactivity” while dictator in the second Punic war. Verse 846 is taken almost verbally from Ennius. — 847 - 850. Alii refers to the Greeks, the natural rivals of Rome. Mollius more gracefully; with some reference, perhaps, to giving the soft appearance of flesh. Orabunt — melius; i. e. excel in oratory. Coeli meatus. Cf. G. II. 477. Radio. See on E. III. 41. 851-853. Romane; an address to the nation. Hae artes these shall be your arts; i. e. shall stand to you in the place of sculpture, eloquence, and astronomy. Pacisque — morem; i. e. compel them to cultivate the arts of peace (Wr., Henry, and Con.). Parcere, etc. Cf. Hor. C. S. 51. — 855– 859. Marcellus; the elder. the elder. See on Hor. C. I. 12. 46. Tumultu; a Gallic war. Poenos; in the second Punic war. Tertia arma. The spolia opima were won only thrice in Roman history; by Romulus, Cossus (see on v. 841), and Marcellus. Quirino. See on I. 292. 860-863. Una; with Marcellus. Frons

parum; saddened with the presage of death. — 865. Quantum — ipso how commanding is his presence! - 866. Cf. II. 360. 868. Gnate. Wr. remarks that Virgil prefers the archaic spelling in solemn passages. 870, 871. The construction seems to be: Romana propago visa (est) nimium potens (futura fuisse). Propria. Cf. E. VII. 31. — 872, 874. Mavortis; with urbem, and perhaps with Campus also (Con.). See on I. 276. Aget will send forth. Tiberine; sc. pater. Tumulum; the mausoleum of the Julian family in the Campus Martius, erected by Augustus five years before. -876. Romula; the form of the noun used as an adjective. Cf. I. 686; III. 602; IV. 552; and Hor. C. S. 47. — 878. Cf. I. 292 and Hor. C. S. 57. — 879-881. No one would have been his match in fight, had he been destined to live. — 883. See Life of Virgil. Tu - eris you shall be a true Marcellus; i. e. worthy of your ancestral renown. 884. Spargam. Gr. 493. 2. A. & S. 262, R. 4. Cf. V. 79.886. Munere. Gr. 419. I. A. & S. 245. I. — 887.. Aëris; with campos: the shadowy plains. 890. Deinde. See 756.891. Laurentes populos; the Latini, from Laurentum, "the city of Latinus."— 892. Cf. III. 459. — 893-896. The gates of Sleep are from Hom. Od. XIX. 562 foll. Fertur is said (to be). Veris Umbris; real spirits which appear in sleep. Candenti — elephanto = gleaming with the polish of dazzling ivory. Cf. V. 267. — 898. No good reason can be given why Aeneas should have been dismissed by one gate rather than the other. — 900. Caietae; the modern Gaeta. Recto litore; sailing straight along the shore (Wr., Forb., Con., et al.). Limite is found in three or four inferior MSS. — 901. Cf. III, 277, and see on vv. 4, 5 below.

on v.

THE LIFE OF HORACE.

HORACE is his own biographer. All the material facts of his personal history are to be gathered from allusions scattered throughout his poems. A memoir, attributed to Suetonius, of somewhat doubtful authenticity, furnishes a few additional details, but none of moment, either as to his character or career.

QUINTUS HORATIUS FLACCUS was born VI. Id. Dec. A. U. C. 689 (Dec. 8, B. C. 65), during the consulship of L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus. His father was a freedman of the town of Venusia, the modern Venosa, the inhabitants of which belonged to the Horatian tribe, and had received his manumission before his son was born. He had acquired a moderate independence in the vocation of coactor, a name borne indifferently by the collectors of public revenue and of money at sales by public auction. To which of these classes he belonged is uncertain, but most probably to the latter. With the fruits of his industry he had purchased a small property near Venusia, upon the banks of the Aufidus, the modern Ofanto, in the midst of the Apennines, upon the doubtful boundaries of Lucania and Apulia. Here the poet was born, and in this picturesque region of mountain, forest, and stream the boy became imbued with the love of nature, which distinguished him through life.

He describes himself (C. III. 4. 9 foll.) as having lost his way, when a child, upon Mount Vultur, and being found asleep under a covering of laurel and myrtle leaves, which the wood-pigeons had spread to shield this favorite of the gods from snakes and wild animals. The augury of the future poet said to have been drawn from the incident at the time was probably an afterthought of Horace himself, who had not forgotten Anacreon and the bees; but whatever may be thought of the omen, the picture of the strayed child, asleep with his hands full of spring flowers, is pleasing. In his father's house, and in those of the Apulian peasantry around him, Horace had opportunities of becoming familiar with the simple virtues of the poor, their independence, integrity, chastity, and humble worth, which he loved to contrast with the luxury and vice of imperial Rome.

Of his mother