ADAGE. s. (adagium, Lat.) A proverb; a maxim; a popular saying.

ADAGIO, in music, a word used to denote a degree or distinction of time: it is generally applied to music, not only meant to be performed in a slow time, but also with grace and embellishment. It is likewise frequently used substantively; as when we say "an adagio of Corelli."

ADALIDES, in the Spanish policy, officers of justice for matters relating to the military forces.

ADAM, in Scripture history, the first man whom God created, and the original parent of the whole human race. He was formed by an immediate act of divine power, out of the dust of the ground, as his name imports; and God breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, so that he became a living soul, or person. He was placed in the garden of Eden; and, in process of time, probably after some experience of the inconveniences of solitude, he was provided with a suitable helpmate of the female sex, called Eve. The particulars of the history of these our first parents, are too numerous and too interesting to be detailed in small compass; we therefore refer to the first five chapters of the book of Genesis. Adam died at the age of 930 years. The etymology of the name Adam, the time of the year in which he was created, the vigour of his intellectual faculties, &c. have been made the subject of many tedious discussions, and fanciful conjectures; into which we shall not enter, as they would be of no benefit to the general reader.

ADAMANT, ADAMAS, an ancient name for a precious stone, by us called the diamond; it is also used to denote a species of iron, or the hardest and most highly tempered part of that substance; and sometimes it is applied to the magnet or loadstone.

ADAMANTA, a kind of earth, supposed at first by Klaproth to be a distinct genus, but afterwards discovered by him to be only a compound of alumine and silex.

ADAMANTE'AN. a. (from adamant.) Hard as adamant (Milton).

ADAMA'NTINE. a. (adamantinus, Lat.) 1. Made of adamant (Dryden). 2. Having the qualities of adamant; as, hardness, indissolubility (Davies).

ADAMANTINE. In Gmellin's system of oryctology, an order of the class earths, ordinally characterised as consisting chiefly of corunda or adamantine earth, resisting heat, fixt, hard, lamellar.

ADAMANTINE SPAR, or CORUNDUM, a very hard stone found in China, and in the Fast Indies near Bombay. There are two varieties of this stone, which were analysed, after considerable difficulty, by Klaproth, who found that from China to contain 84 parts of alumine, 75 oxyd of iron, 65 of silex: and that from India 89.5 parts of alumine, 1.25 oxyd of iron, and 55 of silex. Adamantine spar exists naturally both in mass and in crystals. That brought from Bengal in the former state, is of

a purplish hue and compact fracture, and its specific gravity 3.876; that from Coromandel is of a foliated texture, appears to be confusedly crystallized, and is of the specific gravity 2-785. Crystals of this spar are procured both from India and China; those from India are generally the purest. The usual form of these crystals is that of a regular hexaedral prism of a rough surface, and little external lustre; but they are occasionally met with in other forms. (See CRYSTALLIZATION.) The colour of the Indian variety is grey, with shades of green and light brown; in thin pieces, and at the edges of the crystals it is semitransparent; it is brittle, and so hard as to cut rock-crystal and most of the gems; its specific gravity is from 3.950, to 3'959. The Chinese crystals differ from these in containing grains of magnetic iron ore; in being generally of a darker colour; and in hav ing a superior gravity though inferior in hardThe use of adamantine spar, throughout India and China, is that of polishing steel and gems, for which its great hardness renders it peculiarly proper. This substance is said to have been found in France, by count Bournon; at Tiree, one of the Hebrides, by M. Raspe; and very lately at Chesnut-hill, about ten miles from Philadelphia, by Mr. Adam Seybert.

ness.

ADAMANTINUS. In oryctology, the only genus of the class earths, order adamantine: consisting of adamantine earth, the greater part alumina, a little silica and iron: very hard, ponderous, and lamellar, with straight foliations intersecting each other in a triple manner, breaking into rhomboidal fragments; perfectly apyrous, and yielding a little to the file. The only known species is the a. corundum, diamond spar; adamantine spar. Corunda of Klaproth. Imperfect corunduin of Thomson. Found in China, Bombay, France, and Spain, in granite; colour grey, with often various shades of green, blue, and brown; lustre transparent; and when polished, shines like mother of pearl; is sometimes found massive; but most commonly in sixsided prisms; and simple, acute, six-sided, truncated, pyramids. It is used like diamond, however, for cutting and polishing hard minerals.

ADAMAS. The diamond. A genus of the Gmellinian class earths, order siliceous. Consists of silica and carbon; slightly ponderous, extremely hard, lamellar, exhibiting a high peculiar lustre; breaking into indetermi nate fragments, parasitical, shining in the dark after being exposed to the rays of the sun, attracting light bodies when rubbed, or heated; crackling and losing its transparency in the fire; and at 14° or 15° of Wedgewood's pyrometer, beginning to burn, till at length it entirely evaporates. Eight species from difference of prism. The adamas, or diamond, is found in Borneo, the provinces of Golcondo and Visiapour, and at the foot of the Orixa mountains in Bengal; in South America; in the district of Terra do Frio in Brazil, generally in loose sand, or inclosed in a loam earth, very

another; whether by sentence of a court, or in the way of sale, to him that bids most for

them.

ADDICTIO IN DIEM, denoted the adjudging of a thing to a person for a certain price; unless by such a day the owner, or some other person, gave more for it.

ADDICTION. s. (addictio, Lat.) 1. The act of devoting, or giving up. 2. The state of being devoted (Shakspeare).

ADDISON (Joseph), was born at Milston, near Ambresbury, Wilts, on May 1, 1672, and being unlikely to live, was baptized the same day. After receiving the rudiments of education at different schools, he was sent to the Charter-house, where he contracted an intimacy with sir Richard Steele. In 1687, he was admitted of Queen's-college, Oxford, and two years afterwards into Magdalen-college. In 1693, he took his degree of M.A. and became eminent for his Latin poetry. In his twenty-second year, he addressed some verses to Dryden in English, and not long after published a translation of the greatest part of Virgil's fourth Georgic. About this time he wrote the arguments prefixed to the several books of Dryden's Virgil, and composed the essay on the Georgies. In 1695, he addressed a poem to king William, which recommended him to lord Somers. In 1699, he obtained a pension of 3001. a year, to enable him to travel. He went leisurely through France and Italy, improving his mind to the best advantage, as appears from his "Letter to Lord Halifax," reckoned the most elegant of his poetical performances, and his Travels in Italy," which he dedicated at his return to lord Somers. He returned home in 1702, and found his old friends out of place. In 1704, lord Godolphin was lamenting to lord Halifax that the victory at Blenheim had not been celebrated as it ought to have been, and desired him to recommend a good poet, who, he said, should not go unrewarded. Halifax proposed Addison, who set about it with vigour, and while he was writing his "Campaign," the treasurer was so pleased with it, that he appointed him to succeed Mr. Locke as commissioner of appeals. In the next year, he was at Hanover with lord Halifax, and the year following became under-secretary of state. The rage for Italian operas which then prevailed, induced him to write his " Rosamond," which did not succeed, probably because it was English. When the marquis of Wharton went to Ireland as lord lieutenant, Addison accompanied him as secretary, and was made keeper of the records there, with a salary of 300l. a year. While he was in Ireland, Steele commenced the Tatler, to which Addison liberally contributed. This was followed by the Spectator, which was enriched by the contributions of Addison, whose papers are distinguished by one of the letters of the word CLIO. In 1713, his tragedy of Cato was brought upon the stage, amidst the plaudits of both whigs and tories. Cato was praised by most of the contemporary poets, criticised by Dennis, attacked

as a party play at Oxford, and vindicated by Dr. Sewel. It was translated into Italian, and performed at Florence, and into Latin at the college of St. Omers. At this time the Guardian appeared, to which Addison largely contributed, whose papers are marked by a hand. But the violence of politics soon put a stop to this paper, and Addison himself engaged in the party warfare, but his political pieces being on temporary topics, soon sunk into neglect. An attempt was made to revive the Spectator, but after the publication of eighty numbers, which compose the eighth volume, the work was relinquished. Addison's quota amounts to about a fourth part. December 23, 1715, he began the Freeholder, and continued it till the middle of the next year, in defence of the government. In August 1716, he married the countess dowager of Warwick, after a long courtship; but much / happiness did not result from this connection. The following year he was appointed a secretary of state to George I.: but his health, which had before been impaired by an asthmatic disorder, suffered by his advancement; on this account, together with his want of courage to speak in public (as some assert), he resigned this office. In his retirement, he applied himself to the writing A Treatise in Defence of the Christian Religion; part of which appeared after his death, and makes us regret that he did not live to perfect it. We have been told that he had, likewise, formed the design of compiling an English Dictionary: but this he never began; for a severe relapse put a period to his life, on the 17th of June, 1719, in the 48th year of his age. A little before his death, he had an interview with his former pupil the young earl of Warwick, of which Dr. Young gave the following account. After a long and manly, but vain struggle with his distemper, he dismissed his physicians, and with them all hopes of life. But with his hopes of life he dismissed not his concern for the living, but sent for a youth nearly related, and finely accomplished, but not above being the better for good impressions from a dying friend. He came; but life now glimmering in the socket, the dying friend was silent: after a decent, and proper pause, the youth said, "Dear sir! you sent for me; I believe, and hope, you have some commands; I shall hold them inost sacred." May distant ages not only hear, but feel, the reply! forcibly grasping the youth's hand, he softly said, See in what peace a Christian can die." He spoke with difficulty and soon expired. We shall not enter into a critique of Addison's writings: but shall conclude with the words of Dr. Johnson, who after drawing his character in a forcible and elegant manner, says, "whoever wishes to attain an English style, familiar but not coarse, and elegant but not ostentatious, must give his days and nights to the volumes of Addison."

ADDITAMENT, something added to another. Thus physicians call the ingredients added to a medicine, already compounded, additaments.

1

ADDITAMENTUM. (from addo, to add.) The same as EPIPHYSIS, which see. ADDITAMENTUM COLLI. See APPEN

DICULA CECI VERMIFORMIS.

ADDITION, the act of joining one thing another, or of augmenting a thing, by the acession of others.

ADDITION is also used for the thing added with itself.

ADDITION, in arithmetic, is the first of the four fundamental rules of that science: it is, in fact, the finding of the most simple expression in the established notation, equivalent to the sum of certain numbers. Simple addimay be performed by this rule. Example. Write the numbers distinctly, units 346863 under units, tens under tens; and so 876734 Then reckon the amount of the 123467 right-hand column. If it be under 314213 ten, mark it down. If it exceed ten, 712316 mark the units only, and carry the 438987 teas to the next place. In like man- 279654 ner, carry the tens of each column to the next, and mark down the full of the left-hand column. 3092234 One of the best methods of proof, is to sepathe numbers into two or three smaller pls; then to find the sum of each parcel: the aggregate of those sums corresponds the total of the original operation, the werk is right.

COMPOUND ADDITION, is that by which abers of different denominations, are collected into one sum.

Rule.

1. Place the numbers so that those of the same denomination may stand directly under rach other, and draw a line below them. 2. Add up the figures in the lowest denomination, and find how many ones of the next higher

3.

CIRCULATING

DECI

ADDITION OF MALS, may be performed by converting each of them into its equivalent vulgar fraction, and finding the sum of such fractions. But the following rule is easier, and full as accurate: make the repetends similar and conterminous, and arrange them so that the decimal points fall under each other: then in adding, first reckon up about three of the left-hand columns of the circulating part, and let the tens which arise from the last of these, be carried as so many units to the right-hand column of the circulate; after which the whole must be added as in common addition.

Example.

column.

ADDITION, in algebra, is the uniting or incorporating of indeterminate quantities, denoted by letters, into one contracted expression, or mass. The operation is performed by connecting the quantities together by their proper signs, and uniting or reducing such as are susceptible of it, namely similar quantities, by adding their co-efficients together if the signs are the same, but subtracting them when different. Thus the quantity a added to the quantity b, makes a+b; and a joined with makes a-b, also a and b make-a-b; and 3 a and 5 a make 3 a + 5 a or 8 a, by uniting the similar numbers 3 and 5 to make 8. :

Thus also 3a+2bc-4a2b+ c3 added to 2a-2 bc +3 a2b+2 c3

makes

Also

4a 2a ба

3c

+

-

3c 3c с

and 3 ac+5/ac − 1 {√√/ ac = 6} //ac;

and

b,

ADDITION OF RATIOS. See COMPOSI

TION.

ADDITION OF CONCORDS.

CORD.

See CONADDITION OF FORCES, is or ought to be, made use of, to express the sum of two or more forces when the directions in which they act coincide. For, if two forces act in the same direction, we cannot, with propriety, speak of their composition into a third, since that implies a difference in the direction; while, in this instance, the direction remains unchanged, and the force is increased in full proportion to the sum of the combined powers. See COMPOSITION.

ADDITIONS, in distilling, a name given to such things as are added to the wash, or liquor, while in a state of fermentation, to improve the vinosity of the spirit, produce a larger quantity of it, or give it a particular flavour. Of these additions there are four kinds, salts, acids, aromatics, and oils; and sometimes, by prudent management, a large proportion of rectified spirit may also be introduced with advantage. See DISTILLATION.

ADDITION, in law, is that title which is given to a man over and above his proper name and surname; to show of what estate, degree, or profession he is; and of what town, village, `or country.

ADDITIONS OF ESTATE, or QUALITY, are, yeoman, gentleman, esquire, and such

like.

ADDITIONS OF DEGREE, are those we call names of dignity; as knight, lord, earl, marquis, and duke.

ADDITIONS OF MYSTERY, are such as scrivener, painter, mason, and the like.

ADDITIONS OF PLACE, are, of thorp, of dale, of wood-stock. Where a man hath household in two places, he shall be said to dwell in both so that his addition in either may suffice. Knave was anciently a regular addition.

ADDITIONS, in heraldry, denote a kind of bearings, in coats of arms, wherein are placed rewards, or additional marks of honour.

ADDITIONAL. a. (from addition.) That is added (Addison).

ADDITIVE, denotes something to be added to another. Thus astronomers speak of additive equations, namely, those which added to the sun's mean anomaly, give the true one. ADDITORY. a. (from add.) That has the power or quality of adding (Arbuthnot).

ADDLE... (from arel, a disease, Sax.

and

signifying such as produce nothing; thence transferred to brains that produce nothing (Burton).

To A'DDLE. v. a. (from the adjective.) To make addle; to make barren (Brown).

A'DDLE-PATED. a. Having barren brains (Dryden).

1.

To ADDRESS. v. a. (addresser, Fr.) To prepare one's self to enter upon any action (Shakspeare). 2. To get ready (Hayward). 3. To apply to another by words.

2.

5.

ADDRESS. s. (addresse, Fr.) 1. Verbal application to any one; petition (Pr.). Courtship (Addison). 3. Manner of accosting another. 4 Skill; dexterity (Swift). Manner of directing a letter. ADDRESSER. s. (from address.) The person that addresses or petitions.

ADDUCTOR. (from ad, and duco, to draw to.) A name given to various muscles, whose office is to approximate those parts of the body to which they are annexed.

Adductor ad minimum digitum, a muscle of the little finger.

Adductor auris, a muscle of the ear. Adductor brachii, a muscle of the arm. Adductor digiti minimi pedis, muscle of the little toe.

Adductor femoris primus vel longus, a muscle of the thigh.

Adductor femoris secundus vel brevis, a muscle of the thigh.

Adductor femoris tertius vel magnus, muscle of the thigh.

Adductor femoris quartus, a muscle of the thigh.

Adductor indicis, a muscle of the forefinger. Adductor oculi, a muscle of the eye. Adductor pollicis manus ad indicem, a muscle of the thumb.

Adductor pollicis pedis, a muscle of the great toe.

ADE CTA. (from a neg. and saxvw, to bite.) Medicines that remove the biting sensations produced by pain. Emollients.

ADEL, or ZEILA, a kingdom in Africa, bounded on the south by Magadoxo, on the east by part of the Eastern ocean, on the north by the streights of Babelmandel, and on the west by the Gallees. This country abounds with wheat, millet, frankincense, and pepper. The inhabitants are Mahometans. Adel, its capital, is situated about 300 miles south of Mocha. Lat. 8. 5 N. Lon. 44. 20 E.

ADE'LIA. In botany, a genus of the Linnéan class and order, dioecia gynandria: thus generically characterised: male calyx, threeparted; corolless; stamens numerous, united at the base. Female calyx, five-parted; corolless; styles three, lacerated; capsule threegrained. It is a native of Jamaica, which offers three species.

ADELOUS. (adelus, adios, from & neg. and Eno;, manifest.) In medicine, insensible, imperceptible, as applied chiefly to cutaneous perspiration.