the incubus, or night-mare.) Medicines which prevent this disease.

ANTEPILEPTICS, in medicine, denotes, a quality in remedies, whereby they prevent, diminish, or cure, epileptic fits.

ANTEPOSITION. (from ante, and pono, I place.) A grammatical figure, whereby a word which by the ordinary rules of syntax ought to follow another, comes before it. As when in the Latin the adjective is put before the substantive, the verb before the nominative case, &c.

ANTEPREDICAMENTS, among logicians, certain preliminary questions which illustrate the doctrine of predicaments and categories.

ANTEQUERA, in geography, a town of Spain, in the kingdom of Grenada, containing about 13,000 inhabitants, built by the Moors, on the ruins of the ancient Singilia, divided into parts or quarters, one of which is situated on a hill much above the rest, where are the castle and the houses of the nobility. It is 26 miles NNW. from Malaga, and 54 W. from Grenada. Lon. 4. 40 W. Lat. 37. 6 N.

ANTERIDES, in architecture, buttresses. ANTERIOR AURIS. One of the common muscles of the ear, situated before the external ear. It arises, thin and membranous, near the posterior part of the zygoma, and is inserted into a small eminence on the back of the helix, opposite to the concha, which it draws a little forwards and upwards.

NERVE.

ANTE'RIOR INTERCOSTAL Splanchic nerve. A branch of the great intercostal that is given off in the thorax. ANTERIOR MALLEI. See LAXATOR

ΤΥΜΡΑΝΙ.

ANTE/RIOUR. a. Going before. ANTEROS. (VTi ws, against love.) A son of Mars and Venus. He did not, as the name imports, preside over an opposition to love, but he was the god of mutual love, &c. Venus had complained to Themis, that her son Cupid always continued a child, and was told, that if he had another brother, he would grow up in a short space of time. As soon as Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength increase, and his wings enlarge; but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, he found himself reduced to his ancient shape. From this circumstance it is seen, that return of passion gives vigour to love. They were always painted in the Greek academies, to inform the scholars that it is their immediate duty to be grateful to their teachers, and to reward their troubles with love and reverence. ANTES, in architecture. See ANTE. ANTESTARI, in Roman antiquity, signifies to bear witness against any one who refused to make his appearance in the Roman courts of judicature, according to the tenor of his bail. The plaintiff, finding the defendant after such a breach of his engagement, was allowed to carry him into court by force, hav-. ing first asked any of the persons present to bear witness. The person so asked expressed his consent by turning his right ear, which

was instantly taken hold of by the plaintiff, and this was to answer the end of a subpoena.

ANTESTO MACH. s. (from ante and sto◄ mach.) A cavity that leads into the stomach. ANTHELION. See IIALO and PARHE

LION.

ANTHELIX, in anatomy, the inward protuberance of the external ear, being a semicircle within, and almost parallel to the helix. ANTHELMIA, Indian pink. See SPIGE

LIA.

ANTHELMINTICS. (anthelmintica, sc. medicamenta, aixμlixa, from al, against, and us, a worm.) Antithelmintics. Medicines which precure the removal of worms from the human stomach and intestines. This class of medicine comprehends four orders. 1. Venenous anthelmintics, as mercurial preparations, tin, and sulphur, which are principally adapted to strong and robust habits, those in the prime of life, and where there is a degree of torpor of the intestines. 2. Lubricating anthelmintics, as common and linseed oil, which are best calculated for reduced habits. 3. Tonic anthelmintics, as sabina, tanacetum, and santonicum, which are principally adapted for children and delicate habits. 4. Cathartic anthelmintics, as scammonium, jalappa, aloe, and gambogia. The constitutions in which these are to be preferred are the strong and robust, and those in the prime of life..

ANTHEM. (from av, and pros, a hymn.) A church-song performed in cathedral and other service, by the choristers, divided for that purpose into choruses, who sing alternately. The word was originally used both for psalms and hymns, when thus performed.

At present, the term is used in a somewhat narrower sense; being applied to certain passages taken out of the Psalms, &c. and often accommodated to the particular solemnity in hand. Anthems were first introduced into the reformed service of the English church in the beginning of the reign of queen Elizabeth.

ANTHEMIS. (from aros, a flower.) Chamomile: a genus of the class and order syngenesia polygamia superflua. Receptacle chaffy; seeds generally crowned with a slight border; calyx hemispherical, nearly equal; florets of the ray more than five, oblong. Thirty-nine species, chiefly natives of the south of Europe and the Barbary coasts: five are indigenous to our own country; the a. maritima; a. nobilis; a. arvensis; a. cotula; a. tinctoria.

ANTHEMIS COTULA. (cotula, a dim. of cos, a whetstone; so called from its leaves resembling a whetstone.) The systematic name for the plant called cotula fœtida in the pharmacopoeias. See COTULA FŒTIDA.

ANTHEMIS NOBILIS. The systematic name for the chamaemelum of the shops. See CHAMMELUM.

ANTHEMIS PYRETHRUM. The plant is so called from which we obtain the pyrethrum of the pharmacopoeias. See PYRETHRUM.

ANTHER. (avn;a. anthera.) Apex of Ray; capsula staminis of Malpighi. Summit, semet, pendent, or tip, of Grew and other

English writers. Pars floris gravida polline, qued matura dimittit: or foeta granulato polline, et hoc fovila. A part of the flower, big with pollen or farina, which it emits or explodes when ripe: or, big with granulated pollen, and that with fovilla. Or, it may be defined to be a vessel destined to produce and emit a substance for the impregnation of the germ. It forms a part of the stamen, and is placed on the top of the filament.

There is generally one anther to each filament: in cucurbita, however, there is one to three; and in the class syngenesia, one to five filaments. In mercurialis we find two, in fumaria three, anthers to a filament; in bryonia, five to three filaments; in theobroma, five to each. In some flowers anthers are regularly wanting on one or more of the filaments: as in chelone and Martynia, one-in pinguicula and verbena, two-iù gratiola, bignonia, and some geraniums, three-in curcuma, four-in pentapetes and other geraniums, five. These are called barren filaments.

syng wart

Distinct, separate, not cohering. Globularia. , coalescent, united. Solanum, --Twin (didyma), swelling outwith two knots. Boerhaavia, salicornia, blitum, ammannia, potamogeton. Upright, pointing upwards. Salicornia, ligustrum, olea, chionanthus, verbascum, tulipa.-Incumbent, horizontal, and then versatile, being fixed only in the middle so as to move freely. Gladiolus, globularia, dipsacus, scabiosa, passiflora. Exsert, or standing out or beyond the corolla,

in some species of erica.-Included, or in closed within it. Jasminum, syringa, pri

Lanceolate, or shaped like the head of a spear, in banksia. Hastate, or shaped like the head of a halbert, in Jacquinia. Cordate, or heartshaped, in capraria, tinus, bucida, malphigia, thea. Renitorm, or kidney-shaped, in ginora, tradescantia, and the class monadelphia. Ovate, or egg-shaped, in limeum, gladiolus, commelina, convolvulus. Three-cornered, (trigona), in rosa. Four-cornered (tetragona), in cannabis, populus, dictamnus, cestrum, arum, cannabis. Lunular, or shaped like a crescent, in fragaria, comarum. Spiral, or twisted like a screw, chironia.

They have only

Two cells, in

Que cell, in mercurialis. epimedium, asclepias, daphne, helleborus, Three cells, in orchis. Four cells, in fritillaria, tropæolum, pæonia, salix.

ANTHERICUM. Spider-root: a genus of the class and order hexandria monogynia. Corol six-petalled, spreading, permanent: filaments filiform; capsule superior: seeds angnlar; calyxles. There are fifty-four species; almost all of them Cape plants. The a. seroti mun, however, is also found on the Welsh nountains, but is the only species indigenous to Britain. They may be divided into those, 1. with leaves channeled; filaments mostly bearded: 2. leaves fleshy, bearded filaments: 3. stamens dilated in the middle, root bulbous.

ANTHERI LIUM. In botany, a genus of the class and order icosandria monogynia. Calyx inferior, four-parted; petals four; capsule one-celled, three-valved, many-seeded. The only known species is a tree in St. Thomas's island.

ANTHESPHORIA, an ancient Sicilian festival. in honour of Proserpine.

ANTHESTERIA, in antiquity, a feast celebrated at Athens in honour of Bacchus.

ANTHESTERION, in ancient chronology, the sixth month of the Athenian year. It contained twenty-nine days; and answered to the latter part of our November and beginning of December.

ANTHINE, among ancient naturalists, an appellation given to certain species of wine and

oil.

ANTHISTEʼRIA. In botany, a genus of the class and order polygynia monœcia. Herm., florets sessile, male florets pedicelled. Calyx, glume four-valved, three or four-flowered coriaceous; corol, glume two-valved, awnless; filaments three; styles two; stigmas clavate; seed one. One species alone, the a. ciliata, of Indian growth.

ANTHOCEROS. In botany, a genus of the class and order cryptogamia hepatice. Male: calyx six-parted, or entire; anthers from three to eight, obovate, at the bottom of the calyx. Four species, of which two are natives of our own wastes and commons.

ANTHOLOGY. s. (arboroyia.) 1. A collection of flowers. 2. A collection of devotions. 3. A collection of poems.

ANTHOLOMA. In botany, a genus of the class and order polyandria monogynia. Calyx from two to four-leaved; corol cup

shaped; capsule? four-celled, many-seeded. The only known species is a shrub of New Caledonia.

ANTHOLYʼZA. In botany, a genus of "the class and order triandria monogynia. Corol tubular, six-cleft, unequal, recurved; capsule inferior. Six species, all natives of the Cape: generally with red or scarlet corols, and mostly very elegant.

ANTHONII SANCTUS IGNIS. The erysipelas, or ignis sacer of the Romans: called St. Anthony's fire, because he was supposed to be endowed with a miraculous power of curing it. He is yet addressed in the Roman missals as the preserver from all sorts of fire. ANTHONY (Knights of), an order of knighthood, established in 1382, by Albert of Bavaria, &c. who had then taken a resolution to make war against the Turks. The knights of this order wore a collar of gold, with a hermit's girdle, to which hung a crutch and a little bell. Some authors mention another order of St. Anthony in Ethiopia, instituted in 370, by Prester John.

St. Anthony also gives the denomination to an order of religious founded in France about the year 1095, under the pontificate of Urban II. to take care of those afflicted with St. An

thony's fire.

ANTHOPHYLLI. (anthophyllus, avlopun her, from aveos, a flower, and puxor, a leaf, so called from the fragrance of the flowers and the beauty of the leaves.) Cloves are so termed when they have been suffered to grow to

maturity.

ωπος

ANTHROPOLOGY. s. (cve;wro; and λoyw.) The doctrine of the form and structure of man. ANTHROPOMORPHITE. (ανθρωπομορ.) One who believes a human form in the deity (Locke.)

ANTHROPO PAT ATHY. s. (apwTos and a.) The passions of man. ANTHORA. (quasi antithora, avl9ope, from a, against, and opa, monkshood, so called because it is said to counteract the effects of the thora, or monkshood.) Wolfsbane. The root is the part of this plant (aconitum anthora; floribus pentagynis, foliorum laciniis linearibus of Linnéus), which is employed medicinally. Its virtues are similar to those of the aconitum, see ACONITUM.

ANTHORISMUS, in rhetoric, denotes a contrary description or definition of a thing from that given by the adverse party. Thus, if the plaintiff urge, that to take any thing away from another without his knowledge or consent, is a theft; this is called opo;, or definition If the defendant reply, that to take any thing away from another without his knowledge or consent, provided it be done with design to return it to him again, is not theft; this is an avopios. ANTHOS, ANTHUS. (from avw, upwards, and Sew, to run.) 1. The anther, or uppermost part of the stamen of a flower. 2. The entire flower, or corol itself. 3. The flosculent parts or flowers of minerals. 4. The aroma or fine volatile parts, or essences of spirits and other chemical preparations.

ANTHOSPERMUM.

a

Amber-tree: genus of the class and order diccia tetrandria. Calyx four-parted; corolless. Fem. pistils two; germ inferior, four-sided. Three species, natives of Africa: two of them of the Cape.

ANTHOXANTHUM. Vernal grass: a genus of the class and order diandria digynia. Calyx, glume two-valved, one-flowered; corol, glume two-valved, pointed, awned; seed one. Four species; of which the a. odoratum is common to our own meadows, and chiefly gives the fragrance to our new-mown hay; the a. secunda of Malabar resembles an avena.

ANTHRACIA, ANTHRAX. (anthrax, avopa, a burning coal.) Carbunculus. A hard and circumscribed inflammatory tubercle like a boil, which sometimes forms on the cheek, neck, or back, and in a few days becomes highly gangrenous. It then discharges an extremely fetid sanies from under the black core, which, like a burning coal, continues to destroy the surrounding parts. It is supposed to arise from a peculiar miasm, and is most common in warm climates.

ANTHRAX, a tribe, or family of the genus bombilius. See BOMBILIUS.

ANTHRE'NNUS. In zoology, a genus of the class and order insectæ coleoptera. Antennas clavate, the club solid; feelers unequal, filiform; jaws membranaceous, linear, bifid; lip entire; head hid under the thorax. Thirteen species: all inhabitants of the continent of Europe except a. serraticornis and a. denticornis, both of which are residents in Santa

Cruz.

ANTHROPOGLOTTUS, amor

gists, an appellation given to such an als as have tongues resembling those of mankind, particularly the parrot kind.

ANTHROPOLATRÆ, in church history, an appellation given to the Nestorians, on account of their worshipping Christ, notwithstanding that they believed him to be a mere man.

ANTHROPOLITES, a term denoting petrifactions of parts of the human body, as those of quadrupeds are called zoolites.

ANTHROPOLITHUS. In orycthology, a genus of the class petrifactions; consisting of the human body, or some of its parts, changed into a fossile substance. Two species have been found.

1. A. totalis. Petrified entire skeleton (Zoolitus hominis of Linnéus Syst. Nat.), discovered at Faklun in Sweden, imbedded in a mass of sulfuret of iron, or pyrites, and (as is asserted) converted into a hard stone in the year 1585 discovered also in some mineral waters in France; and in others near Freyburg in Saxony.

2. A. partialis. Petrified cranium, or other bones: a specimen of the former of which has been found in the mountains near Rheims in France.

ANTHROPOMORPHISM, among eccle

of parliament for the borough of Heydon. In 1747, he commanded the Channel fleet, and fell in with six French men of war, and four East-Indiamen, all of which he captured. For these services he was created by George II. lord Anson, baron of Soberton, in Hants, and on the death of sir John Norris, he was appointed vice-admiral of England. In 1751, he was appointed first lord of the admiralty, which post he held, with a slight interval, till his death. In 1758, he commanded the Channel fleet, having under him the gallant sir Edward Hawke. After this he was appointed admiral and commander-in-chief of his majesty's fleets. The last service he was engaged in, was in convoying to England her present majesty. He died suddenly at his seat at Moorpark, in Hertfordshire, June 6, 1762. He married a daughter of the late earl of Hardwicke, who died before him without issue. Lord Anson was a cool and steady man, but too fond of play, of which he knew but little, so that he was the constant dupe of sharpers; this made some person say smartly, that though he had been round the world, he was never in it." His Voyage round the World was drawn up under his own eye, by Mr. Benjamin Robins, though published in the name of the chaplain, Mr. Walter.

ANSPACH, a town and castle of Franconia, and capital of the margravate of Anspach. It is seated on a river of the same name. Lat. 49. 20 N. Lon. 10. 47 E.

ANSTRUTHER, a borough on the SE. coast of Fifeshire. Lat. 56. 15 N. Lon. 2.34 W.

To A'NSWER. v. n. (anerparian, Saxon.) 1. To speak in return to a question (Dryden). 2. To speak in opposition (Boyle). 3. To be accountable for (Brown). 4. To vindicate; to give a justificatory account of (Swift). 5. To give an account (Temple). 6. To correspond to; to suit with (Prov.) 7. To be equivalent to (Ecclesiasticus). 8. To satisfy any claim or petition (Raleigh). 9. To act reciprocally Dryden). 10. To stand as opposite or correlative to something else (Taylor). 11. To bear proportion to (Swift). 12. To perform what is endeavoured or intended by the agent (Atterbury) 13. To comply with (Shakspeare). 14. To succeed; to produce the wished event (Bacon). 15. To appear to any call, or authoritative summons (Shaksp.). 16. To be over against any thing (Shak ).

A'NSWER. s. (from the verb.) 1. That which is said in return to a question, or position (Atterbury). 2. Cenfutation of a charge (Auliffe).

ANSWER-JOBBER. s. He that makes a trade of writing answers (Swift).

I.

2.

ANSWERABLE. a. (froin answer.) That to which a reply may be made. Obliged to give an account (Swift). 3. Correspondent (Sidney). 4. Proportionate (Milton). 5. Suitable; suited (Milton), 6. Equal; equivalent (Raleigh). 7. Relative; corrclative (Hooker).

ANSWERABLENESS. s. (from answerable.) The quality of being answerable.

A'NSWERABLY. ad. (from answerable.) In due proportion; with proper correspondence; suitably (Brerewood).

A'NSWERER. s. (from answer.)

1. He

that answers. 2. He that manages the controversy against one that has written first (Swift).

ANT. A contraction for and it, or and if it.

ANT, in entomology. See FORMICA. ANT-BEAR and ANT-EATER. See MYRMECOPHAGE.

ANT-HILLS, in husbandry, little hillocs of earth which the ants throw up for their habitation for the breeding their young. They are a very great mischief to dry pastures, not only by wasting so much land as they cover, but by hindering the scythe in mowing the grass, and yielding a poor hungry food, pernicious to cattle.

ANTA, in the ancient architecture, a square pilaster, placed at the corners of buildings. Anta is used by M. Le Clerc for a kind of shaft of a pillar, without base or capital, and even without any moulding.

ANTA, in zoology. See TAPIR.

ANTACIDS. (antacida, sc. medicamenta, from anti, against, and acidus, acid.) Those medicines that have the power of destroying acidities in the stomach and intestines. The remedies which possess this power are compre hended in two orders. 1. Eccoprotic antacids, as magnesia alba, tartarum solubile, sapo, and all alkaline preparations, which are also calculated to remove costiveness. 2. Restringent antacids, as creta, oculi cancrorum, testa ostreorum, and other forms of the carbonat of lime, which are to be selected when there is a looseness of the bowels.

ANTA'CRIDA. ANTA CRIDS. (from avti, against, and acris, sharp.) Medicines which correct or destroy acrimony.

ANTE, in ancient architecture, square pilasters placed at the corners of gateways, walls, &c. of temples.

ANTÆUS, in fabulous history, a giant of Libya, son of Neptune and Terra. Designing to build a temple to his father of men's skulls, he slew all he met; but Hercules fighting him, and perceiving the assistance he received from his mother, lifted him up from the ground, and squeezed him to death.

ANTAGONIST. s. (at and yw..) 1. One who contends with another; an opponent (Milton). 2. Contrary (Addison).

ANTAGONIST MUSCLES. (musculi antagonisti, from avat, against, and zywife, to strive.) Muscles are so called, which act in opposition to others.

To ANTAGONIZE. v.a. (avr, and ayur.) To contend against another.

ANTAGORAS. The most remarkable of this name was a Rhodian poet, much admired by Antigonus. One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him whether Homer ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of Agamemnon? And do you think, replied the port, that he κλαοι τ επιπεσράφονται