ANNULET, in heraldry, a mark of distinction which the fifth brother of a family ought to bear in his coat of arms. ANNULLING, a term sometimes used for cancelling or making void a deed, sentence, or the like. ANNULUS, a ring, in geometry, the area of which is equal to the difference of the areas of the outer and inner circles: or it may be found by multiplying the sum of their diameters by the difference, and the product by .7854. To ANNUMERATE. v. a. (annumero, Lat.) To add to a former number. ANNUMERATION. s. (annumeratio, Lat.) Addition to a former number. To ANNUNCIATE. v. a. (annuncio, Latin.) To bring tidings. ANNUNCIATE, ANNUNTIADA, or ANNUNTIATA, a denomination common to several orders, both religious and military; instituted with a view to the Annunciation. The first religious order of this kind was instituted in 1232, at Florence. ANNUNCIATA, or knights of the Annuntiada, was a military order, instituted in 1362, by Amadeus VI. duke of Savoy; in memory of Amadeus I. who defended the isle of Rhodes against the Turks. ANNUNCIATION-DAY. s. (from annunciate.) The day celebrated by the church, in memory of the angel's salutation of the Blessed Virgin; solemnized with us on the twenty-fifth of March (Taylor). The Jews give the title Annunciation to part of the ceremony of their passover; viz. that wherein they explain the origin and occasion of that solemnity.-This explanation they call an, Haggada, q. d. the Annunciation. ANOBIUM, a tribe of Fabricius. PTINUS. See ANOCATHAʼRTICS. (avunadagrina, from aw, upwards, and xafaigw, to purge.) Emetics: medicines which purge upwards. ANODA, in botany. See SIDA. ANO'DMUS, ANO'DMOUS. (from a priv. and ?w, to smell.) 1. Destitute of the sense of smell. 2. Destitute of odour or aroma. A'NODYNES. (anodyna, avudva, from a priv. and ovn, pain.) Narcotics. Hypnotics. Opiates. Paregorics. Antalgics. Those medicines are so termed which ease pain and procure sleep. To ANOINT. v. a. (oindre, enoindre, part. int, enoint, Fr.) 1. To rub over with unctuous matter (Shaks). 2. To smear; to be rubbed upon (Dryden). 3. To consecrate by unction (Shakspeare), ANOINTER. s. (from anoint.) The person that anoints. ANOLYMPIADES, those Olympic games which were celebrated under the direction of the Arcadians and Pisæans. ANOMALISM. (from anomaly.) Irregularity. ANOMALISTICAL YEAR, in astronoany, called also periodical year, is the space of time in which the earth, or a planet, passes through its orbit. The anomalistical, or common year, is somewhat longer than the tropical year; by reason of the precession of the equinox. And the apses of all the planets have a like progressive motion; by which it happens that a longer time is necessary to arrive at the aphelion, which has advanced a little, than to arrive at the same fixed star. To find the anomalistic revolution, say, As the whole secular motion of a planet minus the motion of its aphelion, is to 100 years or 3155760000 seconds, so is 360°, to the duration of the anomalistic revolution. ANOMALOUS. a. (from a priv. and wa205.) Irregular, out of rule; deviating from the general method or analogy of things (Locke). ANOMALOUS. This term is often applied to those diseases whose symptoms do not appear with that regularity generally observed in diseases. A disease is also said to be anomalous when the symptoms are so varied as not to bring it under the description of any known affection. ANOMALOUSLY. ad. (from anomalous.) Irregularly (Brown). ANOMALY. s. (anomalie, Fr.) Irregu larity; deviation from the common rule (South). ANOMALY, in astronomy, is an irregularity in the motion of a planet, by which it deviates from the aphelion or apogee; or it is the angular distance of the planet from the aphelion or apogee; that is, the angle formed by the line of the apses, and another line drawn through the planet. Kepler distinguishes three kinds of anomaly, true, mean, and excentric. The true anomaly, or equated anomaly, as it is sometimes called, is the angle at the sun which is formed by the radius vector, or line drawn from the sun to the planet, and the line drawn from the sun to the aphelion of the planet; the mean anomaly is the angular distance of a planet from its aphelion (taken at the same time with the true anomaly), supposing it to move uniformly with its mean angular velocity. The difference between the true and mean anomaly is called the equation of the centre, or the prosthapheresis. If a circle be supposed drawn on the line of the apsides as a diameter, and through the place of the planet a perpendicular to the line of the apsides be drawn till it meet the circumference of the circle; then the angle formed by two lines, one drawn from the centre of the planet's orbit to the aphelion, and the other to the point where the perpendicular through the planet's place intersects the circumference of the circle, is called the excentric anomaly, or the anomaly of the centre. Thus, in fig. 2. pl. 5. where AB is the line of the apsides, and S the place of the sun, the planet being at P; the angle ASP is the true anomaly, ASD the mean anomaly (the circular trilineal ASD being to the whole circle, as the elliptic trilineal AS P to the whole ellipse), and ACD the excentric anomaly The mean anomaly is always proportional to But the mean anomály being given, it is not so easy to find the true, at least, by a direct process. Kepler, who first proposed this problem, solved it by the rule of false position, as may be seen at p. 695 of his Epitome Astron. Copernic. The solution has been attempted by some of the ablest mathematicians; we have not room to lay down the result of many of their investigations, and can only, therefore, present our readers with the excellent approximating rules of M. de la Caille, which ascertain not only the true anomaly, but the pla net's relative distance from the sun. I. As the aphelion distance is to the perihelion distance, so is the tangent of half the mean anomaly to the tangent of an arc, which added to that half, the sum is called the approximated excentric anomaly. If the differ ence between the approximated and mean anomalies does not exceed 3 deg. its difference from the true excentric anomaly will not amount to a second. When this happens, which is always the case in the orbit of the earth, the next four articles become useless; nevertheless, as they are of utility in determining the true anomaly of the other planets, they are added. II. As half the greater axis is to the excentricity, so are 57° 17' 44" (or 206264 whose logarithm is 5:3144250) to a number of seconds, which call A. III. As radius to the seconds A, so is the sine of the approximated excentric anomaly (I) to another number of seconds, which, taken from the mean anomaly, gives another approximated excentric anomaly. IV. As radius to the seconds A, so is the sine of the new approximated excentric anomaly to a number of seconds, which, subtracted from the mean anomaly, gives also another approximated excentric anomaly. V. This analogy must be repeated, always putting the sine of the lastfound approximated anomaly for the third term, till two be found successively, which are equal; then either will be the true excentric anomaly. VI. As the square root of the aphelion distance is to the square root of the perihelion distance, so is the tangent of half the true excentric anomaly to the tangent of half the true anomaly sought. If these anomalies should exceed 180°, their supplements, or half their supplements, must be used instead of these anomalies, or their halves. VII. As radius to the co-sine of the true anomaly, so is the excentricity to a fourth quantity B; then, as half the greater axis, plus or niinus the quantity B, to the perihelion distance, so is B must be added in the 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, the aphelion distance to the distance sought. and 8th signs of the true anomaly; but subtracted in the other signs. Much useful information on this subject may be obtained from Keill's Astron. Cassi ni's Astron. O. Gregory's Astron. ch. xi. Astron. vol. i. p. 105, &c. See also the article Hutton's Mensura. page 298; and Vince's EQUATION OF THE CENTRE, in this work. class and order vermes testacea: thus characANOMIA. In zoology, a genus of the terized. Animal an emerginate cilinte strapshaped body, with bristles or fringe affixed to the body, connivent, projecting, alternate on the upper valve; arms two, linear, longer than the valve, and ciliate each side, the fringe affixed to each valve: shell bivalve, inequivalve, one of the valves flattish, the other gibbous at curved over the hinge; one of the valves often the base, with a produced beak, generally perforated near the base: hinge with a linear, prominent cicatrix and a lateral tooth placed within, but in the flat valve on the very mirgin: two bony rays for the base of the anidifferent seas of the globe on its shores: many mal. Fifty-one species, spread through the of which, however, have only been found in a fossile state. In this state two are occasionally met with in our own country, and the only ones that have yet been discovered: the a. cus pidata found in Derbyshire, and a. spinosa found in other places as well. ANOMEANS, in ecclesiastical history, the name by which the pure Arians were tion to the Semi-Arians. The word is formed called in the fourth century, in contradistincFor the pure Arians asserted that the Son was from the Greek, avoμoog, different, dissimilar. of a nature different from, and in nothing like, that of the Father; whereas the Semi-Arians acknowledged a likeness of nature in the Son; at the same time that they denied, with the pure Arians, the consubstantiality of the Word. A'NOMY. s. (a priv. and voμbs.) Breach of law (Bramhall). ANO'N, ad. 1. Quickly; soon; in a short time (Waller). 2. Now and then; at other times (Milton). ANONYMOUS. a. (a priv. and c) Wanting a name (Ray). ANONYMOUSLY. ad. Without a name, ANOʻRCHIDES. (anorchis, avagyis, from priv. and xs, the testicle.) Children are so termed which come into the world without testicles. This is a very common occurrence. The testicles in the human subject begin to 4 ANOREXIA. (anorexia, from a priv. and , appetite.) A want of appetite, without loathing of food. Cullen ranks this genus of disease in the class locales, and order dysorexia; be believes it to be generally symptomatic, but enumerates two species, viz. the anorexia humoralis and the anorexia atonica. ANOʻSMIA. (anosmia, avocμa, from a priv. and w, to smell.) A loss of the sense of smelling. This genus of disease is arranged by Cullen in the class locales, and order dysæsthesiæ. When it arises from a disease of the Schneiderian membrane, it is termed anosmia organica; and when from no manifest cause, anosmia atonica. ANOSSI, CARCAURSI, or ANDROBEIZAHA, in geography, a province of Madagascar, situate in S. lat. 23. 18, and extending from the province of Manatengha to the river Mandrerei, in lat. 26. ANOTHER. a. (from an and other.) 1. Not the same (Locke.) 2. One more (Shakspeare.) 3. Any other (Samuel). 4. Not one's self (South). 5. Widely different (South). ANOTHERGAINES. a. Of another kind: ERGA obsolete (Sidney). ANOTHERGUESS. a. Of another kind: a low word (Arbuthnot). ANOTTA, or ARNOTTA, in dyeing, an elegant red colour, formed from the pellicles or pulp of the seeds of the bixa, a tree common in South America. It is also called Terra Orleana, and roucou. In making it, the red seeds are steeped in water till the liquor begins to ferment; then strongly stirred and stamped with wooden beaters, to promote the separation of the red skins: this process is repeated several times, till the seeds are left white. The liquor passed through close cane-sieves is pretty thick, of a deep red colour, and a very ill smell. In boiling, it throws up its colouring matter to the surface in form of scum, which is afterwards boiled down by itself to a due consistence, and made up while soft into balls. To rectified spirit of wine it very readily communicates a high orange or yellowish red, and hence is used as an ingredient in varnishes, for giving an orange-cast to the simple yellows. Alkaline salts render it perfectly soluble in boiling water, without altering its colour. Wool or silk boiled in the solution acquires a deep, but not a very durable orangedye. ANOTTA, in botany. See BIXA. ANSÆ, in astronomy, implies the parts of Saturn's ring projecting beyond the disk of the planet. The word properly signifies handles; these parts of the ring appearing like handles to the body of the planet. ANSARIANS, a people of Syria, so called in the country, but styled in Delisle's maps Ensarians, and in those of Danville, Nassaris. The territory occupied by these Ansaria is that chain of mountains which extends from Antakia to the rivulet called Nahr-el-Kahr, or the Great River. A'NSATED. a. (ansatus, Lat.) Having handles. ANSATUS, in conchology, a species of mu rex. ANSER, in astronomy, a star of the fourth or fifth magnitude, in the milky way, lying between Lyra and Aquila. A'NSERES. In zoology, the third order of the Linnéan class aves: thus ordinally characterised. Bill smooth, covered with a soft skin, and broader at the point; feet formed for swimming; toes palmate, connected by a membrane; shanks short, compressed; body fat, downy; flesh mostly tough; food fishes, frogs, aquatic plants, worms, &c. nest mostly on the ground; the mother takes but little care in providing for the young: frequently polygamous. For the genera, see ZOOLOGY. ANSERI'NA. (anserina, from anser, a goose, so called because geese eat it.) Wild tansey or goose-grass. Argentia. This herb, potentilla anserina, foliis pinnatis serratis, caule repente, pedunculis unifloris of Linnéus, was formerly used as an astringent in laxity of the intestines and phthisical complaints, but is now fallen into disuse. ANSES. See ANSÆ. ANSIKO, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the W. by the river Umbre; on the N. by some deserts of Nubia; and on the S. by Songo and Sunda, provinces of Congo. ANSON (George, lord), was the son of William Anson, esq. of Huckborough in Staffordshire, at whose seat he was born in 1697. He went to sea very early, and in 1724 was made post-captain. Being sent to South Carolina, he purchased land, and built a town there, which is called after his name. In 1739 he was chosen commander of an expedition against the Spanish settlements in South America, and sailed from Portsmouth, September 18, 1740, with five men of war, a sloop, and two victuallers.. He doubled cape Horn in March 1741, after losing two of his ships. In June following he arrived off Juan Fernandez, with no more than two ships, two tenders, and only 335 men. This place he left in September, took some prizes, burnt Paita, and continued on the American coast, in expectation of falling in with the annual Acapulco ship, till May 1742; when having only his own ship, the Centurion of 64 guns, left, he crossed the southern ocean for China, where he staid several months, and then returned in quest of the galleon, which he fell in with, and captured after a smart action. Having sold his prize in China, he sailed for England, and arrived at Spithead, June 15, 1744, having sailed in a fog through the midst of the French fleet, then cruizing in the Chops of the Channel. Not long after his return he was made rear-admiral of the blue, and one of the lords of the admiralty. He was also chosen member of parliament for the borough of Heydon. In 1747, he commanded the Channel fleet, and fell in with six French men of war, and four East-Indiamen, all of which he captured. For these services he was created by George II. lord Anson, baron of Soberton, in Hants, and on the death of sir John Norris, he was appointed vice-admiral of England. In 1751, he was appointed first lord of the admiralty, which post he held, with a slight interval, till his death. In 1758, he commanded the Channel fleet, having under him the gallant sir Edward Hawke. After this he was appointed admiral and commander-in-chief of his majesty's fleets. The last service he was engaged in, was in convoying to England her present majesty. He died suddenly at his seat at Moorpark, in Hertfordshire, June 6, 1762. He married a daughter of the late earl of Hardwicke, who died before him without issue. Lord Anson was a cool and steady man, but too fond of play, of which he knew but little, so that he was the constant dupe of sharpers; this made some person say smartly, that though he had been round the world, he was never in it." His Voyage round the World was drawn up under his own eye, by Mr. Benjamin Robins, though published in the name of the chaplain, Mr. Walter. ANSPACH, a town and castle of Franconia, and capital of the margravate of Anspach. It is seated on a river of the same name. Lat. 49. 20 N. Lon. 10. 47 E. ANSTRUTHER, a borough on the SE. coast of Fifeshire. Lat. 56. 15 N. Lon. 2.34 W. To A'NSWER. v. n. (andspaɲian, Saxon.) 1. To speak in return to a question (Dryden). 2. To speak in opposition (Boyle). 3. To be accountable for (Brown). 4. To vindicate; to give a justificatory account of (Swift). 5. To give an account (Temple). 6. To correspond to; to suit with (Prov.) 7. To be equivalent to (Ecclesiasticus). 8. To satisfy any claim or petition (Raleigh). 9. To act reciprocally (Dryden). 10. To stand as opposite or correlative to something else (Taylor). 11. To bear proportion to (Swift). 12. To perform what is endeavoured or intended by the agent (Atterbury). 13. To comply with (Shakspeare). 14. To succeed; to produce the wished event (Bacon). 15. To appear to any call, or authoritative summons (Shaksp.). 16. To be over against any thing (Shak ). A'NSWER. s. (from the verb.) 1. That which is said in return to a question, or position (Atterbury). 2. Confutation of a charge (Ayliffe). ANSWER-JOBBER. s. He that makes a trade of writing answers (Swift). 1. 2. A'NSWERABLE. a. (from answer.) That to which a reply may be made. Obliged to give an account (Swift). 3. Correspondent (Sidney). 4. Proportionate (Milton). 5. Suitable; suited (Milton). 6. Equal; equivalent (Raleigh). 7. Relative; correlative (Hooker). ANSWERABLENESS. s. (from answere.) The quality of being answerable. A'NSWERABLY. ad. (from answerable.) In due proportion; with proper correspondence; suitably (Brerewood). A'NSWERER. s. (from answer.) 1. He that answers. 2. He that manages the controversy against one that has written first (Swift). ANT. A contraction for and it, or and if it. ANT, in entomology. See FORMICA. ANT-BEAR and ANT-EATER. See MYRMECOPHAGE. ANT-HILLS, in husbandry, little hilloes of earth which the ants throw up for their habitation for the breeding their young. They are a very great mischief to dry pastures, not only by wasting so much land as they cover, but by hindering the scythe in mowing the grass, and yielding a poor hungry food, pernicious to cattle. ANTA, in the ancient architecture, a square pilaster, placed at the corners of buildings. Anta is used by M. Le Clerc for a kind of shaft of a pillar, without base or capital, and even without any moulding. ANTA, in zoology. See TAPIR. ANTA CIDS. (antacida, sc. medicamenta, from anti, against, and acidus, acid.) Those medicines that have the power of destroying acidities in the stomach and intestines. The remedies which possess this power are comprehended in two orders. 1. Eccoprotic antacids, as magnesia alba, tartarum solubile, sapo, and all alkaline preparations, which are also calculated to remove costiveness. 2. Restringent antacids, as creta, oculi cancrorum, testæ ostreorum, and other forms of the carbonat of lime, which are to be selected when there is a looseness of the bowels. ANTA CRIDA. ANTA CRIDS. (from T, against, and acris, sharp.) Medicines which correct or destroy acrimony. ANTE, in ancient architecture, square pilasters placed at the corners of gateways, walls, &c. of temples. ANTEUS, in fabulous history, a giant of Libya, son of Neptune and Terra. Designing to build a temple to his father of men's skulls, he slew all he met; but Hercules fighting him, and perceiving the assistance he received from his mother, lifted him up from the ground, and squeezed him to death. ANTAGONIST. s. (avi and ay..) 1. One who contends with another; an opponent (Milton). 2. Contrary (Addison). ANTAGONIST MUSCLES. (musculi antago nisti, from av, against, and aywne, to strive.) Muscles are so called, which act in opposition to others. To ANTAGONIZE. v.a. (avr, and ayun (4) To contend against another. ANTAGORAS. The most remarkable of this name was a Rhodian poet, much admired by Antigonus. One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him whether Homer ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of Agamemnon? And do you think, replied the poet, that he wλοι τεπιτετράφονται και πίσσα μεμελε, ever enquired whether any individual dressed fish in his army? Plut. ANTAʼLGICA. ANTALGICS. (antalgica, sc. medicamenta, avlakyixa, from arti, against, and anyos, pain.) Remedies which ease pain. Anodynes. ANTA'LKALINES. (antalkalina, sc. medicumenta, from anti, against, and alkali, an alkali.) Medicines which possess the power of neutralizing alkalis. ANTANACLA'SIS. s. (from avlavaxλacıs.) 1. A figure in rhetorick, when the same word is repeated in a different manner, if not in a contrary signification. 2. It is also a returning to the matter at the end of a long parenthesis (Smith). ANTAPHRODITICK. a. (from av, and appodin.) Efficacious against the venereal dis ease. ANTAPOPLEC/TICK. a. (from avr and a.) Good against an apoplexy. ANTARADUS, in ancient geography, a town of Syria, commonly called Tortosa. ANTARCTICK. a. (avri and ɑgxlo;.) Something opposite to the arctic or northern pole. Thus, an arctick pole is the south pole; and antarctick circle is a less circle of the sphere, at the distance of 23°. 28'. from the south pole. ANTARES, in astronomy, a star of the first magnitude, marked & in Scorpio, and often called Cor Scorpio. ANTARTHRITICS. (from art, against, and apps, diseases of the joints, as rheumatism, or gout.) Remedies against these and similar maladies. ANTASTHMATICS. (from avri, against, and actua, an asthma.) Remedies against an asthma. ANTATRO'PHICS. (from avri, against, and arpopie, a consumption, or decline.) Medicines which oppose, or relieve consumptions. ANTAVARE, in geography, a province of Madagascar, is situated to the north of Matatane, in 21. 30 of S. lat. and bounded by the province and cape of Manousi. ANTE, in heraldry, denotes that the pieces are let into one another in such form as is there expressed; as, for instance, by dove-tails, rounds, swallows' tails, or the like. A'NTE. A Latin particle signifying before, which is frequently used in composition; as, antediluvian, before the flood. A'NTEACT. s. (from ante and act.) former act. A ANTEAMBULATION. s. (from ante and ambulo, Lat.) A walking before. ANTEAMBULONES, in Roman antiquity, servants who cleared the way before persons of distinction. ANTECANIS, a name sometimes given to the constellation Canis minor. To ANTECE'DE. v. n. (from ante and cedo, to go.) To precede; to go before (Hale). ANTECEDENCE. s. (from antecede.) The act or state of going before (Hale). ANTECEDENT. a. (antecedens, Latin.) Going before; preceding (South). ANTECEDENT. s. (antecedens, Latin.) 1♫ That which goes before (South). 2. [In grammar.] The noun to which the relative is subjoined (Ascham). 3. [In logick.] The first proposition of an enthymeme (Watts). ANTECEDENT OF A RATIO, in mathematics, denotes the first term, or that which is compared with the other. ANTECEDENTAL METHOD, a branch of general geometrical proportion, derived from an examination of the antecedents of ratios, having given consequents, and a given standard of comparison, in the various degrees of augmentation and diminution, which they undergo by composition and decomposition. This was invented by Mr. James Glenie, and published by him in 1793; which he says he always used instead of the fluxional and differential methods, and which is totally unconnected with the ideas of motion and time. We do not learn, however, that any of our most active mathematicians have availed themselves of this calculus: and if we esti mate it by its practical utility, we shall proba bly not find it productive of such advantages as its very learned author expected from it. This method, and that called the Residual Analysis, are inonuments of the genius and profound knowledge of their respective inventors: but we do not conceive that any real benefit would accrue to science, by substituting either of them in place of the method of Auxions. ? ANTECEDENTIA, a term applied by astronomers to denote that apparent motion of a planet, or other heavenly body, which is westward, or contrary to the order of the signs Aries, Taurus, &c. ANTECEDENTLY. ad. (from antecedent.) Previously (South). ANTECESSOR. s. (Latin.) One who goes before, or leads another; the principal. ANTECHAMBER. s. (from ante and chamber.) The chamber that leads to the chief apartment (Addison). ANTECU'RSOR. s. (Latin.) One who runs before; a forerunner. To A'NTEDATE. v. a. (from ante and do, datum, Latin.) 1. To date earlier than the real time (Donne). 2. To take something before the proper time (Pope). ANTEDILUVIAN. a. (from ante and diluvium, a deluge.) 1. Existing before the deluge (Woodward). 2. Relating to things existing before the deluge (Brown). ANTEDILUVIANS, a general name for all mankind who lived before the flood, and in which are included the whole of the human race from Adam to Noah and his family. ANTEGO, or ANTIGUA, one of the Antilles or Caribbee isles, situated 20 leagues east of St. Kitt's, in lat. 17. 4 N. lon. 62. 9 W. It is about 50 miles in circuit. ANTEJURAMENTUM, an oath which anciently both accuser and accused were to take before any trial or purgation. ANTELOPE. Antelope. A genus of the class and order mammalia pecora. Horns |