Caesar.――569. Puero puer; the arrangement of the words as in i. 684. Some fancy that the poet meant to indicate here the intimate connection of the Julian and Atian families, or gentes, both of which are represented in the person of Augustus.- -Iulo. Comp. iv. 31, sorori. -572. Esse; Greek construction for ut, or qui, esset. Comp. 538; Madvig, 419.—575. Plausu; join with excipiunt.-Pavidos; trembling. Servius understands this of their eager, trembling desire for glory; but Heyne thinks it may refer to their natural boyish timidity and modesty.- -576. Veterum; here for aetate provectorum; advanced in years, venerable.- -578. Lustravere; passed in review; they rode along in front of the whole assembly.—Paratis; to them (now) ready; i. e. after completing the review. The dative limits dedit.- -579. Longe; from afar.- -580. Pares; Thiel explains correctly as equivalent here to pariter in 587; side by side; i. e. prcserving their order; which is here three abreast.—Agmina; column; their whole body.-Terni; three by three; three abreast.- -581. Deductis choris; their squadrons being drawn off; meaning their three divisions of twelve each.—Vocati; being summoned; they wheel and charge at a signal given by Epytides. The boys have rode in review before the assembly, in three squadrons, marching one after the other, each squadron headed by its own commander, and each arranged in ranks of three; that is, marching three by three. At the given signal the squadrons separate, still preserving their ranks, three abreast, and withdrawing rapidly under their several leaders to their proper positions. Then at another signal they commence the cavalry action, two squadrons manoeuvring as allies, against the third. Thus there is opportunity for the most complicated cavalry movements. In accordance with this view of the passage the translation will be as follows: they galloped apart (from each other) in equal ranks, (pares,) and (thus) broke up the columns, by drawing off their troops, (choris,) (riding) three by three; and again, when summoned, they wheeled (convertere vias) and charged with hostile weapons. The second clause, agmina solvēre, is an epexegesis, explanatory of the first.- –584. Adversis spatiis; in places over against each other; moving in opposite directions, now retreating, and now advancing front to front. Translate the passage thus: Then they enter upon successive advances and retreats, in opposite directions, and intersect circles with circles one after another, and, as armed men, they present an image of battle.-585. Sub armis; for armati. Comp. 440.- -586. Terga nudant; expose their backs in flight. -587. Facta pariter nunc pace feruntur; having made peace they ride side by side; in a united column; just as in the opening review. The complicated curves described in these equestrian exercises are compared to the Cretan Labyrinth. -588. Alta; see on i. 680; the word may refer, however, to the mountains on the island.- -589. Parietibus is scanned as four syllables, par-yet-i-bus. See on ii. 16. It is the ablative of manner. -Textum; wrought; the word is chosen with reference to the web-like arrangement of the passages.- -Caecis ; obscure; because without light.

-589, 590. Ancipitem dolum, etc.; a treacherous winding (rendered) un certain by a thousand pathways, where the untraced and inextricable maze ren dered all guiding marks deceptive.-592. Haud alio cursu; by no different course; with like (devious) course, do the sons of the Trojans intersect (each other's) footsteps, and interweave in sport their retreats and hostile charges. -594. Delphinum. Gr. § 222, R. 2; Z. § 411.- -595. Carpathium; the Carpathian sea was so named from the island of Carpathus, lying between Rhodes and Crete. The dolphins pass swiftly to and fro between the Carpathian and Libyan seas. -597. Albam. See i. 271.- -598. Retulit; revived, renewed.- –599. Quo modo; after the manner in which he himself, in which the Trojan boys with him, celebrated them.-600. Suos; their children, or posterity. -Hinc; of place. Porro; in course; in process of time.-601. Patrium honorem; the ancestral honor; the sacred game in honor of Anchises, handed down by the ancestors of Rome.-602. Troja; and now (the game) is called Troy, the boys the Trojan band.Dicitur agrees with the predicate nominative. See Gr. § 209, R. 9; Z. § 369. The sham fight called Troja was one of the games of the circus at Rome. See Smith's Dict. Antiq., Circus.- -603. Hac-tenus are separated by tmesis.- –Sancto patri; to the divine father; the deified Anchises.

604-699. The conflagration of the ships While the games are in progress, Juno sends Iris down to excite discontent among the Trojan women, who are assembled near the shore, and not witnessing the games, but gazing mournfully on the sea, while they bemoan the death of Anchises. While they are grieving that so much of the sea is still to be crossed, and that they cannot put an end to their hardships by settling in Sicily, Iris presents herself in the form of Beröe, a Trojan matron, and gives utterance to the feelings which fill them all. They are roused to fury, and, seizing fire-brands from the altars of Neptune, on which sacrifices are burning near the water, they hurl them into the ships. Presently the alarm is conveyed by Eumelus to the Trojan assembly at the tomb of Anchises. Ascanius, having scarcely completed the cavalry exercise, hastens on his horse, followed by Aeneas and the rest, to extinguish the fire. But it has already penetrated into the holds of the ships, and all human efforts are unavailing. Aeneas then calls upon Jupiter, who answers his prayer by sending down a flood of rain, and preserving all the ships, save four.

604. Hic primum; now first; for up to this moment the games had been going forward without any untoward accident.- -Mutata novavit ; a poetic expression for mutavit; so Heyne correctly explains it: capricious Fortune broke her faith. Her favor thus far had been a pledge or promise of continued favor throughout the day, which she now violates, by suddenly bringing evil. To change herself, or her aspect, and make new faith, is to be treacherous, perfida. -605. Tumulo; the dat. as in avo, 550; in honor of the tomb. -606. Irim. Gr. § 80, 1, exc. 2; Z. § 71.- -60%. Ventos adspirat eunti; as she goes aids her with the winds. Comp. iv. 223.- -608. Antiquum saturata dolorem; and not yet having glutted her long cherished revenge. Comp. i. 25. For the acc. dolorem, see on i. 228; also comp. Madvig, § 237, b.- −609. Illa; Iris.—Coloribus; ablat. describing arcum. See on i. 326.-Cito tramite ; in a swift pathway.

-610. Nulli.

Virgo is in apposition with illa; she the virgin.- 611. Concursum; the assemblage at the tomb. -612. Relictam; left by the men. -613. Secretae; apart; separated from the assembly which was engaged in the games; for the ancient custom did not suffer women to attend public spectacles.- Sola acta; on the lonely strand; lonely because all the Trojan men were absent.- -Troades; from Troas; a Trojan woman.―615, 616. Heu—maris; alas, that so many waters, that so much of the sea remains for the weary voyagers! For the infinitive, see on i. 37, desistere.618. Medias; as medios, i. 440.620. Tmarii; of Tmaros, a hill in Epirus.Beroë, according to 646, was a Rhoeteïan, that is, a Trojan. Those who wish to hold the poet to historical precision must imagine a marriage between the aged dame and Doryclus while Aeneas was on his visit to Helenus; thus affording the Epirote an inducement to emigrate; or else we must resolve the difficulty by substituting some other word, perhaps Ismarii, for Tmarii; which would make the husband a Thracian instead of an Epirote.

−621. Cui; as one to whom. See Gr. § 264, 8; Z. § 564. As Doryclus had been a person of high descent, therefore his wife would now have influence; and for this reason, as well as because she was disabled by sickness from being present with the rest, Iris assumes her form. Some good authorities refer cui to Beröe rather than to Doryclus.- -622. Dardanidum ; genit. as i. 565.- -Matribus; dative after infert. Comp. xi. 36.-623. O miserae. The same sentiment as in i. 94, iii. 321.- -Achaica; like Argiva, ii. 254, a specific for the general term, Graeca.——624. Traxerit; for the mode, see on cui, 621, and comp. i. 388.- -626. Septima; this seems inconsistent with the statement in i. 755. Forbiger quotes Gorsraû's explanation; the seventh summer commenced with the departure of the Trojans from Sicily, and their speedy arrival in Carthage. This same summer (as Virgil employs aestas) is not yet over; that is, winter has not yet set in.

-Vertitur; is closing; finishing its revolution. Comp. iii. 284.-627. Quum; since traversing the waters, since traversing all lands, (encountering) so many perilous rocks and vicissitudes of the weather, we have been wandering while we pursue over the great deep the ever-receding Italy. Comp. iii. 496. Quum is sometimes joined with the present indicative, to denote that an action has been going on, and is still continuing. Arnold's Lat. Prose, 488, d, (1).—————628. Emensae ; an instance of the zeugma.- -630. Fraterni; the country is called fraternal, as in 24, on account of the relationship between Aeneas and Eryx.- –631. Jacere; instead of quominus jaciamus. Gr. § 262, R. 11, n. What prevents us from founding walls? Jacere, ponere, extruere, muros, or fundamenta.- -Civibus; to our countrymen. -632. Nequidquam; snatched from amidst the enemy in vain; for we have failed to secure for them a new abode.- -633. Nullane jam; shall no walls now any more be called the walls of Troy? that is, are we now at length to give up all hope? The particle jam has the force of now (at length) no more. Comp. 194; i. 556, iii. 260. Shall I nowhere see the Hectorean rivers, Xan

thus and Simois? Hectorean is a more stirring word than Trojan, because Hector is dear to them, and his heroic deeds are associated with these two rivers. Comp. 190. They had hoped to find a new fatherland where old names should be revived just as they were by Helenus in Epirus.635. Quin agite; but, come on! Gr. § 262, n. 9; Z. § 542.- –636. Nam, etc.; for the form of the prophetess Cassandra seemed, in a dream, to give me burning fire-brands; saying, here seek Troy, here is your home.- -638. Jam tempus agi res; even now is it the moment for action; literally, for things to be done is seasonable; the infinitive is the subject of est, and tempus is the predicate. The prose form would be tempus est res agendi. See Gr. § 275, iii. n. 1; Z. § 598 and 659, n.- -639. Mora; supply sit.Tantis; so great; namely, as this dream.-Quatuor arae; there were four altars on the shore, erected to Neptune, as some understand, by the captains of the four ships, before engaging in the race.- -641. Prima. Comp. i. 24, ii.

613.

–642. Sublata, etc. With her right hand raised on high, putting forth all her strength, (connixa,) she brandishes and hurls (the fire) from far.644. Iliadum; from Ilias.- -646. Vobis; the dativus ethicus; our form of expression would be, you have not Beröe here.—Rhoeteïa; she is called the Rhoeteïan from the promontory of Rhoeteüm, near Troy. See on iii. 108. –648. Qui spiritus illi; what a (godlike) air she has.- 651. Quod, etc.; because she alone (of all) was deprived of such a festival; munere is here the festival in honor of Anchises.- -654, 655. Oculis malignis spectare; began to look with angry eyes. The infinitive is historical. -Ancipites, ambiguae ; uncertain, hesitating. –655. Miserum amorem ; strong desire. Miser is not unfrequently applied to love, in the sense of great or deep, with the accessory notion of pain-producing. -657. Paribus alis. Comp. iv. 252.658. Arcum; the track of Iris as she mounts to heaven is the rainbow.

-659. Tum vero. When it was manifest that a goddess had been advising them, they were the more stimulated to execute their purpose.-—660. Focis penetralibus; from the sacred hearths; i. e. of their temporary dwellings by the sea-shore. The fire-place of a house is penetralis, in the penetralia, where is the home altar, and sacred part of the dwelling.- -Frondem; boughs.662. Immissis Vulcanus habenis; the fire rages with unbrıdled fury.———663. Pictas; painted. The whole ship was painted; hence called μixτожάρnot by Homer; the stern is also sometimes spoken of separately as adorned with painting. Comp. H. O. 1, 14. The fire spreads over the benches, among the oars, and to the sterns, i. e. over all parts of the ships.Abiete; for ex abiete; made of fir. The word is scanned as a trisyllable, ab-ye-te; as in ii. 16.- -664. Cancos; the seats. As before in the terms arena, theatrum, circus, so here Virgil employs a technical word which is not strictly applicable to the place. The semicircular seats of the real theatre rose tier after tier, like steps, and were divided by transverse alleys into equal compartments, which increased in width from the lowest to the highest tier, so that each division was in form like a wedge.-664,

665. Nuntius perfert; reports as a messenger; translate, bears the tidings. –665. Incensas naves; that the ships are on fire; the setting on fire of the ships. Gr. § 274, R. 5.- —667, 668. Ut—sic; even thus as he was; not laying aside his arms, and still mounted.669. Castra; the fleet; as drawn up on the shore. Comp. iv. 604. -Magistri; Epytides and others, guardians and instructors of the boys, directing them in the equestrian combat.. -670. Iste; that fury of yours. Gr. § 207, R. 25.

-Quo tenditis. Gr. § 191-672. En. With this interjection there is an ellipsis of the verb esse or videre; hence it is followed either by the nominative or accusative, but usually by the former. Thus also it is used as here with the nominative of a pronoun: lo, I (am) your Ascanius. Comp. i. 461; see Hand's Tursell. vol. ii. 367. Ascanius, while uttering these words, takes off his helmet to verify them.—673. Inanem; empty; a natural appellative of the helmet. Some understand, however, light, or mimic, helmet.674. Ludo; manner of ciebat; others connect it with indutus.——675. Accelerat; here used intransitively; hastens.—676. Diversa per litora ; along different parts of the shore.—677. Sicubi; if anywhere (there are) hollow rocks, they stealthily seek them.―679. Mutatae; transformed; "coming to themselves.". -Excussa; Juno, through Iris, had stimulated them to execute a mad purpose; her influence is now shaken off, driven from their breasts. -681. Posuere; have abated; have laid aside.--Udo; water has been cast on the outside, but does not penetrate into the closely packed calking of tow or oakum, through which the fire is stealing its way.-Lentus; slow. —682. Carinas; put for the frames of the ships.on iv. 66. -Vapor; by metonymy for incendium. the strength of heroes. Aeneas, Acestes, and the commanders of the ships take the lead in the common effort to put down the fire.-685. Abscindere. Gr. § 209, R. 5; Z. § 599. The garment was torn off as a token of distress.

-683. Est; eats. See -684. Vires heroum;

-687. Exosus (es). Gr. § 183, notes 1 and 3.- -Ad unum; all without exception. The full form in prose is omnes ad unum. -688. Quid; adverbial acc. qualifying respicit. If thy pity, which is of old, has any regard for mortal sufferings.—Pietas; compassion; as in ii. 536.- -689. Da evadere; literally, grant to the fleet to escape the fire; the infinitive is the direct object, as an accusative after da.—Classi; the remote object in the dative. Evadere takes the acc. also in ix. 560.- -690. Tenues; sinking; reduced. -691. Quod superest; that which (alone) remains; the only thing which remains to consummate my misfortunes, if my ships are now destroyed, is my own destruction by thy hand. Quod superest is referred by Jahn and Thiel to the whole remnant of the Trojans; that which survives of our race. But comp. xii. 643.—691, 692. Morti demitte; cast me down to Hades. Comp. ii. 85.——693. Effusis imbribus; rains being poured out.

–694. Sine more is equivalent to praeter consuetudinem; without precedent; such as men never saw. Comp. viii. 635.—695. Ardua terrarum et campi; the hills and plains.—Aethere toto; from the whole heaven.