multiply and divide by 7, it is plain the Answer will be the fame if we entirely omit the Seven, and only divide by 20, and multiply the Quotient by 2 and 5 respectively.

364. B

ARTER the fecond Sort fhews, if one Man raises the Price of his Goods, how much another ought to raise the Price of his Goods, to barter with the former.

365. Question 1. A hath Sugar at 6 d. per t ready Money, but in Barter will have 7 d. per tb; and B hath Corn at 35. 6d. per Bufhel ready Money: What ought B to have per Bufhel to barter with A?

Solution. Here it is evident, that as 6d. 7 d. 35. 6d. 4s. 1d, the Barter Price of B's Corn. 2, E. I. 366. Scholium. It is common amongst Authors to find the Barter Price, in Order to find the Quantity of Goods that must be given in Exchange; but this is certainly going a round-about Way to no Purpofe; for, if the Prices are raised proportionably, there can nothing be gained by either Party by raising them, and therefore it will be the fame Thing to compute the Quantity by the ready Money Prices; whence, for what may be done by one Stating, it is common for moft Authors to make two. For Example, if in the above Question it had been demanded, how much Corn B ought to give A for a given Quantity of Sugar, moft Authors would say, firft, as we have done in the above Solution, and then, if 1tb.: 7 d. :: given Quantity: the Barter Price of A's Sugar; and then, if 45, d. 1 Bufhel:: the Barter Price of A's Sugar: the Bufhels of Corn required; making in all 3 Statings, whereas there are but two neceffary; viz. first,

if 1 tb. 6d. the given Quantity: the ready Money Value of A's Sugar; and then, if 3s. 6d. : 1 Bufhel the ready Money Value of A's Sugar: the Bufhels required.

367. Question 2. A and B barter; A hath 1000 b of Sugar at 6d. per tb ready Money, but in Barter 7 d. 7d. per, which he fells to B, for which he will have

of the Barter Price in ready Money, and the rest in Corn; now B's Corn is 3s. 6d. per Bufhel ready Money: It is required to find how much in Money, and alfo in Corn, B muft give for his Sugar?

*

I

Solution. First, find, by the Rule of Three direct or Practice, the Value of 1000 lb at 6d. and 7 d. per †, 257 and 291. 35. 4 d. refpectively; of which laft, or the Barter Price, is 97. 145. 5d. 1gr. nearly the ready Money to be paid by the Qgation. Now, fince it is the fame Thing in Effect, whether we confider the Goods fold by the ready Money or Barter Price, we fhall chufe the ready Money Price; and ... 251. -91. 145. 5d. 1 qr.15l. 5s. 6d. 3 qrs. = the Value of the Corn, and if 35. 6d. : 1 Bufhel: 15% 5s. 6d. 3 qrs.: 349 Bufhels and of a Bufhel. Note, The Solutions given to Questions of the Nature of this, by fome Authors, are not true. For they take the propofed Part, here, and fubtract it both from the ready Money and Barter Price, and then fay, as the first Remainder : the second :: B's ready Money Price: his Barter Price: But this Proportion is falfe; for B's ready Money, to his Barter Price, ought to be in the fame Ratio as A's ready Money to his Barter Price, and not in the Ratio of the above Differences.

42

CHAP. XXVII.

LOSS and GAIN.

368. THand

THIS is the Rule by which Merchants and others compute their Lofs or Gain. It is divided into two Parts; in one the Continuance of the Money or Goods in Trade

* 366.

is not taken into Confideration, and for that Reafon is called Lofs and Gain without Time; the other, because in it we alfo confider the Time, is called, Lofs and Gain with Time. Both thefe Rules being eafily performed by fuch as underftand the Golden Rule, we fhall be very compendious in illustrating them.

369. Example 1. A Man bought 384 Yards of Cloth at 4s. 6d. per Yard, and fells it at 5s. per Yard; what did he gain by it?

Solution. This may be folved by two Statings, viz. by finding what 384 Yards come to at 4s. 6d. per Yard, and alfo at 55; for it is evident the Difference of the Values thence arifing must be the Gain required. However, it is better folved by one Stating thus: If it be bought at 4s. 6d. per Yard, and fold at 5s. per Yard, there must be gained 5s. 4s. 6d. = 6d. on each Yard, and ., if 1 Yard: 6d. :: 384 Yards 97. 125. the Sum gained on all the Yards. Q. E. I. 370. Question 2. If a Perfon buys 50 Yards of Cloth for 12, how muft he fell the Cloth per Yard, to gain after the Rate of 10l. per Cent?

30

I

Solution. Say firft, as 100l.: (100%. + 10%. =) 110l. 12. 13. 45. what he must fell the 50 Yards for, fay, if 50 Yards: 137. 45. :: 1 Yard 5s. 3 d. the Price per Yard. Q, E. I. Note, This Queftion might also have been folved by firft finding the Value of 1 Yard, as bought; and then finding how that Price per Yard must be raised, to gain 10l. per Cent.

See Miscellaneous Questions at the End of this Volume.

371. O Q

UESTION 1. If I buy Cloth at 2s. 8d. per Yard, and fell it at 2 s. 10d. per Yard, to be paid in 4 Months; what is gained per Cent. per innum?

This may be folved by two Statings of the Rule of Three direct, viz. by faying firft, as 2 s. 8d.: (2s. Iod. 25, 8 d.) 2d. :: 100l.: 61. 55. the Money gained by 100l. in 4 Months; . fay, if 4 Months 61. 55. 12 Months: 187. 15s. the Anfwer. It may also be folved by 5 Numbers thus:

Here the Blank falls under the third Place, and therefore, by the fecond Theorem of that Rule, we have 2 x 24000 x 3 = 144000 for a Dividend, and 32 x 1 = 32 for a Divifor, and... 144000 ÷ 32 = 4500d. 181. 15s. for the Anfwer, as before.

=

372. Corollary. Hence it appears, that, fince 100/. and one Year are always two of the given Terms, any Three of the other four Terms being given, the other may be found by the Rule of five Numbers; which we shall leave for the Learner's Amusement.

373.

CHAP. XXIX.

Of EXCHANGE.

UND

NDER this Head, we propose to shew the Method of computing, what Sum of Money ought to be received in one Country for a certain Sum of a different Species paid in another, with other Questions relating to fuch Exchanges.

374. The current Rate of Exchange betwixt any two Countries rifes and falls, upon every Occafion depending, in a great Measure, on the Plenty or Scarcity of the Coin, &c. but the Par of Exchange, that is, the real Value of any foreign Piece or Sum, being always according to the Weight and Fineness of the Coin, remains fixed, unless a new Kind of Coin be ftruck.

375. The chief Places, with which England exchanges, being France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and

N 3

Hol

Holland, it will be convenient to give a fhort Account of their Money, and,

I. Of France.

At Paris, Lyons, Rouen, &c. they keep their Accompts in Livres, Sols, and Deniers, which are thus divided; 12 Deniers

20 Sols

3 Livres

5 Livres

I Sol

1 Livre

I Crown old, or Crown Turncis
I Crown new.

The French exchange with the English by the French Crown; the Par of the Crown Turnois is 45, 6 d. * Sterling.

The Courfe of Exchange between London and Pa_cap.372 ris, October 26, 1756, was 30 d. per French Crown. II. Of Italy,

3720

376. In Genoa, Leghorn, &c. they keep their Accompts in Livres, Sols, and Deniers.

At Genoa 5 Livres

At Legborn 6 Livres}={1 Piece of Eight.

They exchange upon the Dollar, or Picce of Eight, the Par of which with England is 4s. 6d. Sterling. The Course of Exchange, between London and Genoa, October 26, 1756, was 46 d. per Piece of Eight, or between London and Leghorn 47 d. g.

3

5

III. Of Portugal.

377. At Libon, Oporto, &c. they keep their Accounts in Rees, of which 1000 1 Mill-kee. They p.372 exchange on the Mill-Ree, the Par of which is 65. 8 d. 2 qrs. Sterling. The Courfe of Exchange, between London and Lisbon, October 26, 1756, was 5s. 4d. per Mill-Ree; and the fame between London and Oporto.

IV.

English lawful Silver Coin is called Sterling; concerning the Derivation of this Appellation there are various Conjectures, fome deriving from the Efterlings, fome of whom were employed by King Richard the Firft, on Account of their Abilities; others from the Saxon Word Ster, a Rule or Standard, &c.