Mexico; and is bounded s. by the jurisdiction and alcaldía mayor of Panuco and Tampico, the town of the valleys and province of Guasteca; n. by the province of Coaguila and the beginning of the province of Las Texas. It is 80 leagues from e. to w. from the coast of the sea to the confines of the Nuevo Reyno de Leon, and to a part of the aforesaid province of Coaguila. The greater portion of it is situate in the Torrid Zone; but it is of a mild temperature, and enjoys a pleasant air, as also a territory which is very fertile, and abounding in vegetable productions, and particularly in cattle. It has many saline earths, and some excellent silver-mines in the sierra; and from these mountains flow down many rivers, which fertilize the valleys. This extensive country was peopled by innumerable Indians, who for a long time remained unconquered, until that in 1748 their reduction was begun by the Colonel of Militia of the city of Queretaro, Don Joseph de Escandón, who obtained his end after infinite expenses, troubles, and fatigues; peopling 26 towns and settlements, which have not since flourished. In remuneration, however, the king granted him many privileges, and the title of Count de Sierra Gorda. The capital is the town The capital is the town of the same name, founded by the same conqueror in 1748. It has a good port, which was discovered in 1739, and a fort constructed for its defence. This city, had its advancement been prosecuted with the same spirit of enterprise that its foundation was laid, and every thing made of the advantages offered by its port, would have been a place of the first distinction; although now the greater part of its houses are covered with straw.

[SANTEE, a navigable river of S. Carolina, the largest and longest in that State. It empties into the ocean by two mouths, a little s. of Georgetown, which last lies in lat. 33° 11' n. and long. 79° 9' w. About 14 miles in a direct line from its mouth, it branches into the Congaree and Wateree; the latter, or n. branch, passes the Catabaw nation of Indians, and bears the name of Catabaw River, from this settlement to its source.]

SANTERO, a settlement of the province and government of Cartagena in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, of the division and district of the town of Sinú; near the sea-coast, in the bay of It was formed of different small settlements, which were reunited in this by the Governor, D. Francisco Pimienta, in 1776.

the same name.

SANTIAGO, a province and corregimiento of the kingdom of Chile. It is 21 leagues long

from n. to s. and 26 wide from e. to w. It has some gold-mines, which may be worked in the summer months, namely, December, January, February, and March; but in the winter time the rains and snow, and severity of the weather, force the labourers to desist.

Twenty leagues from the capital is the great mine of Kempú; some of the metals of which are founded, and some otherwise prepared: but the working of this mine is not well established, notwithstanding it has 16 veins. Further towards the s. is another mine, with the name of Maipo, the metals of which are lowered down by engines from a very lofty mountain, discovered more than 100 years ago, and called San Simon; and here also are the mines called De San Pedro Nolasco, which render a considerable portion of massy silver. On the e. of this mountain is a very pleasant place called Valle Blanco, where silk-worms breed; and, in the n. part, by the mountains of the curacy of Colina, are found 34 gold-mines, which are actually worked, independently of 200 others which are also worked. Besides these mines there are five lavaderos, or washing-places, in the mountain of Guindo, and some other veins in the old asiento of Tiltil. The top of Calen is covered with lavaderos of the richest gold.

This province has also copper and tin mines, and in Lampa are three of silver and one of lead. In the small settlement of Montenegro is a vein of jasper lately discovered, which is easily worked; the people forming of it jars, pitchers, and other articles.

This province is watered by the rivers Mapocho, Colina, and Zampa or Lampa, and by several other beautiful streams. It also contains the Lake Pudaguel, which is about three leagues in length. It is the most fertile of any part of Chile, producing great quantities of corn, wine, and fruits, particularly peaches, which in size and flavour surpass any others of the country.

The mountains (as has been observed) and especially those of Caren, abound with mines of gold, and that part of the Andes which is attached to it with silver. But the chief importance of this province is derived from its being the seat of the capital of the kingdom.

SANTIAGO, the capital of the above province, and, at the same time, of the whole kingdom, bears the same name; and was founded by Pedro de Valdivia, its conqueror, in 1541, in an extensive valley, enclosed on the e. by the cordillera of the Andes, on the w. by the hills of Prado and Poanque, on the n. by the stream of Colina, and on the s. by the river Mapocho, called also Topo

calma, and which laves the city to the n. traversing and fertilizing the valley to which it gives its name. This city was called, at first, the New City Estremadura, in memory of the native place of its founder. Its situation is one of the most advantageous and agreeable that can possibly be offered to the imagination: and its temperature is equally so. The territory is so fertile and abundant throughout, that every thing around bursts forth to render life charming. The streets are wide, paved, and in straight lines, forming little insular squares. The houses, although low, are convenient and handsome, and to each is a garden, which is watered by aqueducts from the river. The chief square, which is nearly in the centre of the town, has a magnificent fountain: its n. front is occupied by the palace of the president, the tribunal of the audience, the houses of the corporation, and the prison; that of the w. by the cathedral church, and the bishop's palace.

Towards the n. and on the other side of the river are two suburbs called, the one Chimba, the other Cañadilla; and on the e. nearly touching the houses, is a moderate mountain, with the name of Santa Lucia; from the top of which may be discovered the whole of the plain, which is six leagues long, and seven wide.

It is a head of a bishopric, suffragan to Lima, erected by his Holiness Paul IV. in 1561. It has, besides the cathedral, which is magnificent, three parishes with the names of San Pablo, Santa Ana, and San Isidro; and lately there was erected another, with the name of San Francisco de Borja, in one of the churches which was held by the Jesuits. It has three convents of religious; namely, of San Francisco, which is that of the Casa Grande; the college for students of San Diego; and the Recoletans without the city, called De Monte Alberne; two convents of Augustins, one of St. Domingo, one of La Merced, and another of San Juan de Dios, with a great hospital. It had five colleges of the Jesuits, namely, San Miguel, El Noviciado, San Pablo, San Xavier, which was a house of students, with an university in which they conferred titular degrees, and called San Felippe; and the Olleria, as a house for exercises. It had seven monasteries for religious women: the two of Santa Clara, the other two of Carmelites, one in the city, and the other in the suburb of Cañadilla; one of Capuchins, another of Dominicans, with the title of Señora de la Pastoria; another of Augustins, and a convent of this same order : also a house of recluse women, another for ex

ercises, and another for the reception of orphans. Besides all the above convents, the religious of St. Domingo have one of the Recoletos, in the aforesaid suburb of Chimba; and at a short distance a chapel of Nuestra Señora del Rosario, commonly called De la Viña, and that of La Merced, a college in La Cañada.

This capital is adorned by many families of great riches and distinction. The tribunal of royal audience, founded in the city of Concepcion, was translated to this in 1574; it was afterwards abolished, and re-established in 1609. Here are the tribunals of Santa Cruzada, of accounts, and of the mint, wherein vast quantities of money are coined.

The surrounding territory is delightful, pleasant, and fertile. The Indians of the country called this llanura Promocaces, which, in their idiom, signifies the place of dancing and delight, and this in order to express its exceeding beauty.

This city enjoys the title of very noble and very loyal, a title granted to it by the king in 1552; and it has for arms a shield in a white field, and in the middle a lion rampant with a sword in his paw, and for orle eight golden scallops.

The natives are robust, well personed, and corpulent, and the women are of particular beauty, elegance, and grace. But all the advantages of this fine province are counterpoised by the frequency with which it experiences the scourge of earthquakes; and those, which were particularly lamentable in their effects, happened in 1570, 1647, 1657, 1722, 1730, and 1737. It was entirely destroyed by the Araucanos Indians in 1601. Its population is composed of more than 4000 families, and it has been the native place of Don Antonio de Irazabal and Andía, Marquis of Valparaiso, Commandant-General of the Canaries, Viceroy of Tremecén, of Orán, and of Navarra, and of the supreme council of state and war. [Fifty-five miles from the port of Valparaiso in the S. Sea, in long. 70° 44′ w. lat. 33° 26' s. See index to additional history of Chile, Chap. 2.]

Bishops who have presided in Santiago of Chile.

1. Don Rodrigo Gonzalez Marmolejo, native of Carmona in Andalucia. He was curate and vicar of Santiago of Chile when nominated for bishop of Cuzco, to the diocese of which this kingdom belonged; and when this was dismembered and erected into a bishopric, he was presented to it by the Señor Don Felipe II. He erected the church into a cathedral, and governed

it with great zeal and sanctity, and died at the age of 74 years, in 1565.

2. Don Fr. Fernando de Barrionuevo, of the order of San Francisco, native of Guadalaxara, a man of extraordinary good life, and of great literature. He was the second bishop of Santiago de Chile, presented in 1566. He governed his church only 18 months, and died in 1568.

3. Don Fr. Diego de Medellin, whom others call Pedro, of the same order as the former; a collegiate in the royal college of Lima, and the first priest and doctor who presided there; an admirable preacher, and a man of great virtues. He was provincial of the province of the 12 apostles of Lima, guardian of the convent of this capital, of blameless life; elected bishop of this holy church of Santiago of Chile in 1574. He assisted at the council of Lima, and governed with holiness and prudence 17 years, being venerated by all. He died very poor, and was buried in a chapel which he had built, in 1593.

4. Don Fr. Pedro de Azuaga, native of Medellin in Estremadura, religious of the order of San Francisco, in the province of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada: elected bishop of Santiago de Chile in 1595, of which he took possession the following year, without being consecrated. He died in 1597.

5. Don Fr. Juan Perez de Espinosa, also a religious of the order of San Francisco, native of Toledo. He passed to America as missionary, where he remained 44 years, and was presented by the king, Don Philip III. to this bishopric in 1600. He founded a seminary in its church, and, having returned to Spain without permission, he was sent back to his office, and died in the convent of his order at Sevilla, in 1622.

6 Don Francisco de Salcedo, canonical dignitary of the treasury of the church of Tucumán; dean of the metropolitan of Charcas, elected bishop of Santiago de Chile in the aforesaid year, 1622, celebrated a synod for the better government of his diocese in 1628, erected the parish of Santa Ana; and, in his time, a celebrated victory was gained by the Spaniards over the Araucanos. He died in 1635.

7. Don Fr. Gaspar de Villaroel, of the order of San Augustin, native of Quito. He was lecturer of arts, and prior of some convents in its province. He passed over to Spain, where he acquired the reputation of being a celebrated preacher, and great author, as his works testify, and particularly by that work entitled "Pacifica Union y Concordia de los dos cuchillos Pontificio & Regio." He was elected bishop of Santiago

de Chile in 1637; and in his time the Marquis of Baydes, Count of Pedroso, made a peace with the Araucanos Indians, in 1642, and in the same year happened a great earthquake, which ruined the greater part of the city. He was promoted to the church of Arequipa in 1651.

8. Don Diego de Zambrana y Villalobas, native of Mérida in Estremadura: he studied canons, and graduated in the university of Salamanca; was curate of Torre-Mocha in the bishopric of Badajos, passed over to Peru, and was made beneficed clergyman of the church of Potosi and its vicar, judge in ordinary; was visitor of the bishopric of La Paz, commissary of the holy office and of the holy crusade; and was elected bishop of Concepcion of Chile, and promoted to Santiago in 1651. He became deacon of the prelates of the Indian women, and endeavoured, though in vain, to procure a license to retire, from king Philip IV. He died in

1653.

9. Don Fernando de Avendaño, native of Lima, morning professor of theology in its university; calificador of the holy office, curate and rector of archiepiscopal church, chanter and archdeacon of the same, and visitor of the Indians: elected bishop of Santiago de Chile in 1655; but he died without taking possession.

10. Don Diego de Encinas, native of Lima, professor of its university, canonical penitentiary, treasurer, chanter, and archdeacon of its holy metropolitan church: a very excellent and wise man; elected bishop of Santiago de Chile, and died before he was consecrated, in 1659.

11. Don Fr. Diego de Umansoro, religious of the order of San Francisco, native of Guizcoa, provincial of the province of Cuzco: elected bishop in 1660. He governed with prudence and zeal, and celebrated the third synod in 1670, and died in 1676.

12. Don Fr. Bernardo Carrasco, of the order of St. Domingo, native of Zaña in Peru, provincial there; presented to the bishopric of Santiago de Chile in 1679. He celebrated the fourth synod in 1688, consecrated the cathedral church, to the building of which the king granted some of the royal tythes. He added to it a beautiful sacristy and offices, and was promoted to La Paz in 1694.

13. Don Francisco de la Puebla Gonzalez, native of Pradena in the bishopric of Segovia, collegiate of Lugo in Alcalá de Henares; curate of the parish of San Juan de Madrid: elected bishop in 1694, but did not take possession till 1699. He governed with a skill corresponding

to his great learning until 1704, when he died; but after being promoted to Guamanga.

14. Don Luis Francisco Romero, native of Alcobendas, in the archbishopric of Toledo. Collegiate of the real of San Martin of Lima, and of that of the Teólogos de Alcalá de Henares, where he graduated as doctor: he was chanter and dean of the church of Cuzco; took possession of the bishopric of Santiago de Chile in 1708, built the altar of Los Santos Justo y Pastor, and was promoted to the church of Quito in 1717.

15. Don Alexo Fernando de Roxas, whom some call Alexandro; native of Lima, collegiate of the real and mayor of San Felipe: elected bishop of Santiago de Chile, of which he took possession in 1719, and promoted to La Paz in 1723. 16. Don Alonso del Poso y Silva, native of La Concepcion de Chile; collegiate of the Convictorio de San Francisco Xavier of this city, curate and rector, magisterial canon, archdeacon and dean of the same cathedral; from whence he was promoted to the bishopric of Tucumán; and from this to Santiago de Chile in 1723. He was extremely charitable and virtuous, and passed to the archbishopric of Charcas in 1731.

17. Don Juan de Sarricolea y Olea, native of Lima, collegiate of the real of San Martin, noonprofessor and afterwards prime professor in theology in the royal university of San Marcos: penitentiary canon of that holy metropolitan church: elected bishop of Tucumán, and promoted to Santiago de Chile in 1731, and from hence in 1735 to the bishopric of Cuzco.

18. Don Juan Bravo del Rivero, native of Lima, first collegiate in the royal college of San Martin, and afterwards of the mayor of San Felipe, oidor of the royal audience of La Plata, and afterwards canon and treasurer of that city: presented to the bishopric of Santiago de Chile in 1735. He endowed his church with many costly ornaments, rebuilt the tower which had been demolished by an earthquake, was very charitable, and governed with great zeal till 1743, when he was promoted to Arequipa.

19. Don Juan Gonzalez de Melgarejo, native of the city of La Asuncion del Paraguay; in which cathedral he was canon, likewise archdeacon, dean, provisor, and vicar-general of its bishopric: presented to the bishopric of Santiago de Chile, of which he took possession in 1745. He began the building of the new cathedral, giving towards it upwards of 40,000 dollars, and many valuable articles and sacred vases. He

was promoted to Arequipa in 1754, but died before he took possession.

20. Don Manuel de Alday y Aspee, native of the city of Concepcion de Chile; where he studied philosophy and theology in the convictorio of San Joseph, and afterwards jurisprudence in the college of San Martin and royal university of San Marcos de Lima; in which cathedral he was canonical doctor and judge sub delegate of the tribunal of the holy crusade. He was made bishop of Santiago de Chile, of which office he took possession in 1754. He continued the building of the cathedral, contributing to it 5000 dollars annually. He celebrated the fifth diocesan synod, and governed 34 years with the greatest credit for his virtue, zeal, and charity.

SANTIAGO, another city, with the surname of Alanje, in the province of Veragua and kingdom of Tierra Firme. See ALANJE.

SANTIAGO, another, with the surname of Los Caballeros, in the island of St. Domingo; one of the principal of that island; situate on the e. shore of the river Yagua, in a fertile territory, and of a good temperature. It was fortified by Admiral Christóval Colon, contains 26,000 souls, and is 10 leagues from the city of Concepcion, and 30 from the capital, St. Domingo.

SANTIAGO, another, in the island of Cuba, and capital of the same, called also Cuba; situate on the s. coast, and founded by Diego Velazquez in 1514, in the interior of a bay, and on the shore of a river of its name. It has a beautiful port defended by a castle called El Morro, and by another fort which is within the same city, and has the name of San Pedro de Roca, as having been built in 1641 by the governor Don Pedro de Roca y Borja, knight of the order of Santiago, native of Valencia; and also by a battery which they call La Estrella. It is a small town, but of beautiful structure, and frequented by vessels and a great concourse of people on account of its trade and abundance of its productions, which are, principally, sugar and tobacco. It is a head of a bishopric erected in 1523, although the bishop is accustomed to reside in the Havana ; and a separate government was made of this in 1607. It has besides the cathedral church the convents of the religious of San Francisco and Santo Domingo, and an hospital with the dedicatory title of Nuestra Señora de la Concepcion: in lat. 20°, long. 76° 6′.

SANTIAGO, another, in the island of Jamaica, which was the capital of the same: situate six miles from the coast, to the n. e. in a great level,

from whence it has obtained the surname of La Vega; on the shore of the river Cabras: founded by Juan de Garay, governor of the same island; and it was one of the largest and best towns of any here but the English destroyed it when they took the island, although they immediately rebuilt it on account of its fine situation, still leaving to it the prerogative of being the capital, together with a governor and its tribunals of justice. It has some very beautiful edifices, is large and of considerable commerce; and its vicinities are adorned with country houses and estates, and sugar manufactories, and they are cultivated with all the vegetable productions that may be necessary to the comfort or luxury of life; and amongst other parts that called La Havana is particularly delightful. The admiral, Charles Knowles, being governor of this island, endeavoured, in 1754, to change his residence to Kingstown; but he met with such opposition from the inhabitants, that he was obliged to abandon his enterprise for fear of dangerous consequences: it is five leagues from Puerto Real, in lat. 18°.

SANTIAGO, a settlement of the head settlement and alcaldía mayor of La Puebla de los Angeles, in Nueva España. It contains 95 families of Indians, and is one league from its capital.

SANTIAGO, another, in the head settlement and alcaldía mayor of Xuchipila in the same kingdom: 10 leagues to the w.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement and alcaldía mayor of Cocotlán in the same kingdom; a league and a half distant of that head settlement.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement of the district and alcaldía mayor of Zacatlán in the same kingdom: it has a chapel of ease and 150 families of Spaniards, Mustees, and Mulattoes, who dwell in various farms, where they gather good crops of maize, barley, vetches, and beans, and breed a good proportion of swine, horses, cows, and sheep, although not so many of the latter: two leagues from its capital.

SANTIAGO, another, a small settlement or ward, united to the settlement of Tequiszitlan in the alcaldía mayor of Teotihuacan in the same kingdom.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement of Yautepec and alcaldía mayor of Cuernavaca in the same kingdom.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement and district of Tepoxtlan in the same alcaldía and kingdom as the former.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement and alcaldía mayor of Marinalco in the same kingdom; one short league from its capital.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement and alcaldía mayor of Tochimilco in the same kingdom, in a beautiful situation, and being fertile in wheat, fruit, and wild cochineal. It contains 64 families of Indians, and is one league w. of its head settlement.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement of Amatepec and alcaldía mayor of Zultepec in the same kingdom. It contains 10 families of Indians, and is very close to its head settlement.

SANTIAGO, another, of the alcaldía mayor of Lerma in the same kingdom. It contains 86 families of Indians, and is one league e. of its head settlement.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement of Escateopán and alcaldía mayor of Zaqualpa in the same kingdom, and contains 73 families of Indians.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement and alcaldía mayor of Tepeaca in the same kingdom. Five leagues from its capital.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement of the district of Tecamachalco and of the same alcaldía and kingdom as the former. It contains 95 families of Indians, and is one league from its head settlement.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement of Xonotla and alcaldía mayor of Tetela in the same kingdom. Two leagues and a half from its head settlement.

SANTIAGO, another, a small ward of the head settlement and alcaldía mayor of Justlahuaca in the same kingdom.

SANTIAGO, another, also small, of the head settlement of Mistepec in the same alcaldía and kingdom as the former.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement of Tecomaxtlahuaca in the same alcaldía and kingdom as the former.

SANTIAGO, another, a small ward, with the surname of La Puente, in the district and jurisdiction of the city of Valladolid in the province and bishopric of Mechoacán.

SANTIAGO, another, of the alcaldía mayor of San Luis de Potosí in Nueva España. It contains 75 families of Indians, and is to the n. of its capital very near to it, and at a much greater distance from the settlement of Tlaxcalilla, being divided from the same by a river.

SANTIAGO, another, of the head settlement of Xacona and alcaldía mayor of Zamora in the