his kingdom with a formidable army. Hacho roused himself and marched to meet him. Both armies joined battle in the forest where Hacho had been lost after hunting; and the king of Norway challenged him to single combat, near the spot where he had tasted the honey. The Lapland chief, languid and long unused to arms, was soon overpowered, and before his insulting adversary struck his head from his body, he uttered this exclamation; "I fall a sacrifice to sloth and luxury. The honey which I tasted in this forest, and not the hand of the king of Norway, conquers Hacho."

11. History is a successive and connected account of the events which have affected particular nations or people.

12. The substance of History is termed Chronology, which is merely a list of the events which have occurred to any nation or people, with the dates when each of these events happened.

13. Observe the geographical situation of the country where the event took place; its latitude and longitude, climate, the countries adjoining, &c.

14. Remark what the religion of the people is, and its particular ceremonies.

15. Observe what the government is, whether monarchical, aristocratical, democratical, mixed, ecclesiastical, or military.

OF THE DESCRIPTIVE.

16. A description is a detail of the particular circumstances, by which persons, places, and objects, are distinguished from the rest of their species.

17. The description of a person sometimes refers only to the figure and countenance.

The following are examples—

The exterior of this great prince, Henry the Fifth, as well as his deportment, was engaging. His stature was somewhat above the middle size; his countenance beautiful; and his limbs genteel and slender, but full of vigour.

The stature of William the Conqueror was tall, and the composition of his bones and muscles uncommonly strong.

Who is that, with graceful steps, and with a lively air, trips over yonder plain? The rose blusheth on her cheeks, the sweetness of the morning breatheth from her lips; joy, tempered with innocence and modesty, sparkleth in her eyes; and from the cheerfulness of her heart, she singeth as she walks. Her name is Health.

18. The description of a person sometimes refers only to the manners.

Ex. King Henry II. preserved his health by an abstemious diet, and by frequent exercise. When he could enjoy leisure, he recreated himself in learned conversation, or in reading; and he cultivated his natural talents by study, more than any prince of his time.

A vulgar man is captious and jealous; eager and impetuous about trifles; his conversation always savours strongly of the lowness of his education and company. It turns chiefly upon his domestic affairs, his servants, his horses, his dogs, and the little anecdotes of the neighbourhood; all which he relates with emphasis, as interesting matters.

19. The description of a person sometimes refers only to intellect.

Ex. Lady Jane Grey had received all her education with King Edward VI., and seemed even to possess a greater facility in acquiring every part of manly and classical literature. She had attained a knowledge of the Roman and Greek languages, as well as of several modern tongues; had passed most of her time in an application to learning; and expressed a great indifference for other occupations and amusements, usual with her sex and station.

20. Descriptions of persons sometimes refer to more than one, and sometimes to all these parts of the general character.

In these general views of persons, the pupil will take care to observe what is remarkable in the figure or countenance; what is peculiar in the manners; and what appears unusual in the attainments, the wisdom, or genius of the individual.

Ex. Julius Cæsar was endowed with every great and noble

quality that could exalt human nature, and give a man ascendancy in society; formed to excel in peace, as well as war, provident in council, fearless in action, and executing what he had resolved with an amazing celerity; generous, beyond measure, to his friends; placable to his enemies; and for talents, learning, and eloquence, scarcely inferior to any

man.

Charles Linne, better known by his Latinized name, Linnæus, was the son of a poor village pastor, and was born at Rashult, in the province of Smeland, in Sweden, in the year 1707. To great originality of genius, were joined an enthusiastic disposition, and a steadiness of perseverance, which enabled him to make his way through poverty and obscurity, to a distinguished pre-eminence as a man of science and learning. There was scarcely any department of natural science that he did not investigate, and bring within the compass of his methodical arrangements; but botany was his chief and favourite study, and in this department he raised himself a reputation, which can only perish with the science itself.

It is said, that Alfred, king of England, knew how to conciliate the most enterprising spirit with the coolest moderation; the most obstinate perseverance, with the easiest flexibility; and most severe justice, with the greatest lenity; the greatest rigour in command, with the greatest affability of deportment; the highest capacity and inclination for science, with the most shining talents for action. Nature also, as if desirous that so bright a production of her skill should be set in the fairest light, had bestowed on him all bodily accomplishments; vigour of limbs, dignity of shape, and air, and a pleasant, engaging, and open countenance.

21. Descriptions of places include some or all the following circumstances: situation, climate, productions both of nature and art, and their peculiar beauties, curiosities, advantages, and inconveniences.

Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, is situated on the north side of the mouth of the Tagus. It stands on seven hills, and contains many grand edifices, among which, one of the principal is the patriarchal church. The treasures of sacred relics, gold, silver, precious stones, and costly furniture, of this venerable edifice are immense. The new square, called Pracado Commercio, is 615 feet long, and 550 broad; in the centre is a noble Equestrian statue of bronze, of Joseph I. The new church, is the largest and most magnificent edifice erected in Lisbon, since the Earthquake in 1755; the fatal effects of which, are still visible in many parts of the city; and never fail to impress the beholder with an awful remembrance of that disaster. All the new streets erected in Lisbon, in th place of the old, are capacious, regular, and well paved, witl

convenient footpaths for passengers, as in the streets of

London.

Pekin, the capital of the Empire of China, and the usual residence of the emperors, is situated in a very fertile plain, twenty leagues distant from the great wall. It is an oblong square, and is divided into two cities. That which contains the emperor's palace is called the Tartar city, because the houses were given to the Tartars when the present family came to the throne; and they, refusing to suffer the Chinese to inhabit it, forced them to live without the walls, where they in a short time built a new city; which by being joined to the other, renders the whole of irregular form, six leagues in compass. The walls and gates of Pekin, are of the suprising height of seventy-five feet, so that they hide the whole city; and are so broad, that sentinals are placed upon them on horseback; for there are slopes within the city of considerable length, by which horsemen may ascend the walls, and in several places there are houses built for the guards. The gates, which are nine in number, are void of embellishment, but are remarkable for their prodigious height, which at a distance gives them a noble appearance. The arches of the gates are built of marble; and the rest with large bricks, cemented with excellent mortar.

Most of the streets are built in a straight line; the largest are about 120 feet broad, and three miles in length. The shops where silks and porcelain are sold, generally take up the whole street, and afford a very agreeable prospect. Each shopkeeper places before his shop, on a small pedestal, a board about twenty feet high, painted, varnished, and often gilt, on which are written, in large characters, the names of the commodities which he sells. The houses are poorly built in front, and very low; most of them having only a ground floor, and none exceeding one story above it.

The city of Babylon far exceeded Nineveh in extent, and its walls were of sufficient thickness to allow six chariots to run abreast upon them.

On each side of the square, formed by these walls, were twenty-five gates, that is a hundred gates in all. These gates were made of solid brass. Hence it is, that when, according to the Holy Scriptures, God promised Cyrus the conquest of Babylon, he tells him, "that he would break in pieces before him the gates of brass."

A branch of the river Euphrates ran through the city, over which was thrown a magnificent bridge. At the ends of the bridge were two palaces, which had a communication with each other by means of a vault, built under the channel of the river.

The hanging garden of this city, so celebrated among the Greeks, contained a square of four hundred feet on every side;

the ascent was by stairs, ten feet wide; the pile was supported by vast arches raised upon other arches, and strengthened by a wall twenty-two feet thick, the whole was covered with thick sheets of lead, upon which was laid the mould, or earth of the garden. This mould was so deep, that the largest trees might take root in it.

Among the other great works of Babylon, was the temple of Belus, built for the worship of Belus, or Baal. The riches of this temple, in statues, tables, cups, and other sacred vessels, all of massy gold, were immense. Among other images, was one of solid gold, forty feet high, which weighed a thousand talents.

This amazing fabric, stood till the time of the Persian King, Xerxes, who demolished it, having first plundered it of all its riches.

The precise spot on which this magnificent city stood is now unknown. A vast heap of ruins has, however, been discovered by some modern travellers on the banks of the Euphrates, and this heap is supposed to be the remains of Babylon.

22. Descriptions of objects are of two kinds; one relating to living forms, and one to such as are inanimate; of the latter, there are those which are the works of nature, and those which are produced by art.

Ex. The Elephant is the largest of all quadrupeds. Some Elephants are as much as eighteen feet in height. The nose is a long hollow trunk, (called the proboscis) which it uses as a hand; and its two long projecting teeth are what we call ivory. This animal is very docile and faithful, and is possessed of an extraordinary degree of strength; it is able to carry a burden of thirty hundred weight. It feeds on grass and leaves of trees, and lives about one hundred years.

Of all animals that man has subjugated to his dominion, the Camel is the most abject slave. With incredible patience and submission, he traverses the burning sands of Africa and Arabia, carrying burdens of amazing weight. The Arabs consider the Camel as a gift from heaven; a sacred animal, without whose assistance they could neither travel, traffic, nor subsist. The milk of the Camel is their common food; they also eat its flesh, and its hair supplies them with materials for raiment. In possession of their Camels, the Arabs want nothing, and have nothing to fear. In one day they can perform a journey of a hundred and fifty miles into the desert, which cuts off every approach from their enemies. By the assistance of his Camel, an Arab surmounts all difficulties of a country which is neither covered with verdure, nor supplied with water. The tough and spongy feet of the Camel, are peculiarly adapted to hot