ing, improving, and selling said land by lots and blocks. In July, 1888, the two corporations entered into a writ ten contract, by which respondent covenanted that, in consideration of certain sums of money to be paid it by appellant, it would operate its road between said points for two years; that during said time it would run at least four trains daily at such times as appellant should direct, the appellant to have the right to change its directions; that it would charge for passenger fare not exceeding twenty-five cents for each round trip, and sell to residents at Pacific Beach commutation tickets for a sum not exceeding four dollars and fifty cents per month; and it bound itself to appellant in the sum of thirty-five thousand dollars, and pledged all its property as security for the obligation to comply with all its covenants, and agreed that, in case of its failure to so comply for five days, the said sum of money should be paid to appellant as liquidated damages. In consideration of these covenants appellant gave its three promissory notes to respondent-one for five thousand dollars, due in six months, one for fifteen thousand dollars, due in one year, and the third for fifteen thousand dollars, due in two years. Respondent complied with all its said covenants, and operated its road in accordance with said contract during the two years. The appellant paid the two first notes in full, and paid the interest on the third (fifteen thousand dollar) note up July 10, 1891-the last installment of said interest having been paid by the fifteen hundred dollar note here sued on. Afterward appellant refused to make any further payment; and this suit is upon the second fif teen thousand dollar note, and the said fifteen hundred dollars given for interest, as aforesaid.

The main contention of appellant for a reversal arises out of these facts: The respondent had five directors, and the appellant nine; and, at the time the contract was made, four of the directors of the appellant were also directors of the respondent, and it is also claimed that before the completion of the contract a fifth

director of appellant-D. C. Reed-became a director of respondent. A majority of the directors of both corporations were also stockholders in both. And the contention of appellant is that, because there were common directors of the two corporations as aforesaid, therefore the contract was absolutely void and incapable of ratification. Respondent contends that upon these facts the contract was, at the most, only voidable, and that the appellant ratified it. Appellant also contends that, even though ratification were possible, there

was none.

In this case there is no actual fraud, either alleged or found; and this distinguishes it from many of the cases cited by appellant. The contract seems to have been a fair, open one, and carried into effect before the eyes of all persons interested. Neither is there any question of ultra vires; and this also distinguishes the case from cases cited by appellant. The court found that appellant's charter expressly gave it the power to make such a contract. (See, also, on this point Vandall v. South San Francisco Dock Co., 40 Cal. 83.) The contention, therefore, at this point of the case, is that the mere fact that there were common directors, as above stated, of the two corporations at the time of the contract makes it absolutely void; and this contention cannot be maintained.

Where two corporations, through their boards of directors, make a contract with each other, the directors who are common to both are not within the rigid rule of the cases which hold that one who acts in a fiduciary capacity cannot deal with himself in his individual capacity, and that any contract thus made will be declared void without any examination into its fairness, or the benefits derived from it to the cestui que trust. Two corporations have the right, within the scope of their chartered powers, to deal with each other; and this right is certainly not destroyed or paralyzed by the fact that some, or a majority, of the directors are common to both. Of course, if such directors should

wrongfully and willfully use their powers to the prejudice of one of the corporations, their action, if not acquiesced in, and contested at the proper time, could be avoided-as in any other case of actual fraud. But such common directors owe the same fidelity to both corporations, and there is no presumption that they will deal unfairly with either; therefore, their acts as such cominon directors are not void. There are abundance of authorities to this proposition, but it is hardly necessary to refer to any other than that of Pauly v. Pauly, 107 Cal. 8, 48 Am. St. Rep. 98, and the cases there cited.

In that case the court in its opinion says: "The stumbling-block in this case, however, seems to have been the double relation of agency of Collins, Dare, and Havermale, being at the same time officers and directors. in both corporations," and quotes approvingly from Adams Min. Co. v. Senter, 26 Mich. 73, and Leavenworth v. Chicago etc. Ry. Co., 134 U. S. 688, which cases strongly declare the rule above stated. The conclusion reached is correctly condensed in the syllabus as follows: "The fact that some of the directors of the bank were also directors of the cable company, does not prevent them from being distinct corporations who have the right to contract with each other in their corporate capacities, and, if the relation of the parties has not been abused, it constitutes no bar to a recovery of moneys advanced by the bank and used for the benefit of the cable company. We will notice one or two other recent authorities to the same point. In Coe v. East etc. Ry. Co., 52 Fed. Rep. 543, Judge Pardee says: "That the East & West Railroad Company could lawfully contract with the Cherokee Iron Works, although all the stockholders of the one were also stockholders of the other, in the absence of fraud and misrepresentation, is indisputable; nor would the fact that the two corporations had substantially the same directors, who were the active agents negotiating the contract, render it void-at worst, only voidable, but subject to ratification." In Jesup v. Illinois Cent.

Ry. Co., 43 Fed. Rep. 483, the validity of a lease between two corporations in which there were common directors was involved; and Justice Harlan held (we quote, for brevity, from the syllabus, which is correct) as follows: "The contract by which the Dubuque Company leased the Cedar Falls road would not have been void even if the majority of the directors of that company had been personally interested in the Cedar Falls Company. It would have been simply voidable at the election of the Dubuque Company, or in a proper case at the suit of its stockholders, and that election must have been exercised, or the suit brought, within such time as was reasonable, taking into consideration all the facts and circumstances of the case." In the notes to section 658 of Cook on Stocks and Stockholders, third edition, there are many cases cited on the subject. They are not all in perfect harmony; but they abundantly warrant the statement in the text that, "This class of contracts certainly are not void." (See, also, Booth v. Robinson, 55 Md. 419; Kitchen v. St. Louis etc. R. R. Co., 69 Mo. 224.) The decisions of this court, and of other courts cited by appellant, are mostly in cases where trustees attempted to contract about the trust property directly with themselves for their individual benefit, and not cases where corporations dealt with each other through common directors; or in cases of ultra vires in the strict sense; or in cases where actual fraud was the ground of the alleged invalidity of the contract. For instance, Graves v. Mono Lake etc. Min. Co., 81 Cal. 303, is greatly relied on by appellant; but, in that case, the directors of a single corporation had undertaken to vote themselves money-partly for salary prohibited by the by-laws, and to execute in the name of the corporation a note and mortgage for a large amount of money to themselves as individuals. This was an entirely different state of facts from those in the case at bar. Moreover, that case was decided upon the grounds of actual fraud and a failure. to prove ratification-the court saying: "The fairness, honesty, and good faith of the transaction under con

sideration are further impeached by the testimony," etc; and the court say-even in that extreme case "It is not intended to decide, however, that these directors may not have recovered from the corporation the value of money or property honestly advanced by them, and which had been used by and for the benefit of the corporation in carrying on its business, or the value of services rendered by them outside of the duties of their office, in a proper case and upon a proper showing." It is true that the opinion there holds-no doubt correctly—that directors of corporations are trustees within the meaning of sections 2228-30 of the Civil Code; but those sections, so often invoked by appellant, are mere statements of the fundamental principle of the law of trusts that a trustee cannot deal with the trust property for his own individual benefit; and that principle obtained in all the jurisdictions where the decisions about common directors herein before cited were rendered. It is unnecessary to notice each of the other cases cited by appellant; it is sufficient to say that each case, in some of the features above indicated, differs essentially from the case at bar.

The contract, therefore, was not void; and assuming that it was voidable, and might have been avoided by the appellant at the proper time and in the proper manner, it is clear that it was not so avoided, but that it was ratified. In the first place, there was no attempt to avoid it nor any intimation of such intention, until long after the time mentioned in the contract had expired, and respondent had performed all its covenants. therein provided; until long after appellant had received all the benefits coming to it from respondent's performance; and until long after it had become impossible to restore anything to respondent, or to put it, in whole or in part, in statu quo. And during this time appellant without objection paid, from time to time, the greater part of the principal and a large part of the interest which by the contract it had promised to pay, thus inducing respondent to perform the whole of its part