"ut posset agnosci." Wagner conceives that this is to indicate the piety of Eneas; that he trusted so much to the sanctity of the league as to neglect arming or defending himself in the midst of the confusion. Forbiger supposes that as Eneas is to be wounded, it would be rather improper to appear in celestial arms, and therefore he is represented as undefended. = =repen 313. Repens discordia, "sudden hostility." Repens here is tina, not repens: serpens. Thus, Ovid. Met. XII. 61. Seditio repens. Sil. III. 220., Lucret. V. 401., &c. Some editions read recens. 316. Faxo. See Æn. IX. 282., XI. 467. 317. Turnum debent hæc jam mihi sacra, "the sacred offerings have now effected, that Turnus is, &c." Some read Turnum jam debent h. m. s., i. e. "that Turnus is now due to my right hand." Wagner. 318. Has inter voces.- -See Æn. IX. 556., and note. 319. Alis allapsa est 66 320. Pulsa, impelled." Quo turbine, "by what fierce motion." "Pro motu, sed vehementi, magno, et hoc pro: QUO MOVENTE, EMITTENTE." Heyne. 321. Casusne deusne. Thus Heinsius, for casusve deusve. Wagner remarks that there is a triple interrogation; the first ended in 1. 320. Casus, here, the same as fortuna, is opposed to dii, as above, Æn. IX. 211., Ovid. Met. XIV. 162. 322. Pressa, "suppressed." 324. Superbus, "spirit," "full of fire," animosus, audax. 327. Molitur, "plies," 'guides.' Wagner remarks that Turnus alone ascends the chariot here; yet his charioteer, Metiscus, is mentioned below, 1. 469., in order to supply a place for Juturna. The poet would probably have altered this, had he lived to revise the Æneid. 330. Raptas frequentibus, "heaps on the fugitives spears eagerly seized." Heyne asks "unde tot hastas sumserit Turnus,” and thinks that this passage would also be remodelled. 331. Apud flumina Hebri.-In Thrace, the usual seat of Mars. Concitus, "in hurried speed;" hence there is no occasion for the copula after sanguineus. Sanguineus, like aiμoxaphs, μiaιpópos. 332. Increpat. Some read intonat. Wagner prefers the former. Jahn and Wakefield the latter. Crepare, increpare, and concrepare, are used peculiarly regarding the clash of arms, and admit of a double construction, so that the arms, or the wearer, may be said crepare. See note on Æn. VI. 209. 333. Bella faciens, "exciting battle," "engaging in the fray." 335. Thraca, from the Greek pain, for the Latin form Thracia. Circumque, i. e. circa currum. Atra formidinis ora, "the visage of gloomy terror flits around." Aguntur discurrunt, incedunt. Formidinis ora. Formido is apparently taken from Lucret. IV. 174. Impendent atra Formidinis ora superne. 338. Fumantes.-See Geor. II. 542. Miserabile.-Adverbially, as in Stat. Theb. XII. 55. See note on Ecl. IV. 43. 341. Jamque. This particle opens the enumeration of the slaughter, generally mentioned above 1. 328. Multa virum, &c.-Thamyris and Pholus are slain in close combat (congressus, ovváyas Tàs xeîpas); Sthenelus, by a missile. Hence hunc et hunc depend on neci dedit, not on congressus, which does not take an accusative. See, below, 1. 510. 344. Ornaverat.-We have adopted this reading of Heinsius for the vulgar oneraverat, and placed a comma, instead of a semicolon, after armis, since the infinitives conferre manum, and equo prævertere ventos, are governed by nutrierat, and ornaverat = instituerat. 348. Animo manibusque parentem.-Virgil here dissents from Homer's character of Dolon. Antiqui, i. e. "noble," "illustrious." 351. Alio pratio, sc. morte. Prætium, used for præmium, as in V. III. See, below, 1. 360. Nec adspirat, “and ceased to long for." Heyne thinks adspirat is put for adspiravit; but this would be, "he never aspired to.' 353. Campo aperto, "in the open plain." See Geor. II. 280. 355. Et .... atque . et. The frequent use of the copula expresses the swiftness and rapidity of Turnus. 358. Mucronem, sc. of Eumedes. Turnus had not yet recovered his own spear. 360. Metire, "amara irrisio! metire agros corpore, quos novis colonis Trojani metiri et assignare volebant." Heyne. 362. Asbuten. We have thus read, following Nauger, for the common reading Butem, for Butes was slain above, XI. 690. 364. Sternacis, "restive." "Ferocis, qui facile sternit sedentem.” Serv. 365. Edoni, "Thracian," from the 'Hdwvol, a people of Thrace. The north winds have powerful effect on the Ægean Sea, and are frequently mentioned under the name of Etesian. 367. Fugam dant, “ fly." See En. X. 870. 369. Conversa, sc. in fugam. 66 370. Et cristam, &c.- Non otiosè hoc adjectum; sed menti objicit speciem hominis ruentis." Heyne. Adverso curru, against the wind.” 66 as the chariot flies 372. Spumantia frenis ora, "covering with foam the bit." 374. Lata retectum. The adjective retectum peculiarly refers to his being undefended by his shield: hence the spear must have reached his right side (dextra retorsit, above 1. 373.), not his back, as Heyne supposes. 375. Bilicem loricam.-See Æn. III. 467. 376. Summum degustat vulnere corpus, "with the missile grazes the surface of his body." With degustat Heyne compares the Greek expressions γεύεσθαι and ἐπιγράφειν χρόα. The opposite of degustatis found in XI. 804. hasta ALTE BIBIT acta cruorem. Vulnus, the spear. VII. 533. -- 379. Rota et axis currus. See Geor. III. 170. Præcipitem impulit, "dashed headlong to the ground.' 381. Imam INTER galeam.-A concise expression for vulnere inter galeam et thoracem facto. 385. Comes. Some editions read puer, which is preferred by Heyne. 386. Nitentem cuspide gressus, "proceeding and supporting his footsteps, &c.' Wagner refers to the twofold meaning of niti, i. e. se sustentare aliqua re, and simply, also, ingredi; so that an accusative of cognate meaning may be placed with it, as in the phrases ire viam, ire iter. Cuspide. The lower part of the spear, i.e. the σavpwrhp. Wagner. See Æn. I. 81. 317. Sævit, 66 rages. Heyne, comparing Hom. Il. XVI. 508., remarks that Homer is more consistent with natural truth; Virgil, with the ideas of our own time. 389. Latebram.-Some MSS. read latebras; but Wagner prefers the former, as more suited "parvo telo, quale sit sagitta, nec ei altissime adacto." 391. Tapis. This personage is introduced, in conformity with his prototype Machaon, the healer of Menelaus. Il. IV. 213. Some MSS. read Tapyx; but Heyne remarks that Tapis (from láoμai) is much better suited to a physician, than a gentile name from Apulia. He quotes Ausonius, Epigr. 19. Idmona quod vatem, medicum quod Iapida dicunt, 394. Dabat, “offered;" dare volebat. For this use of the imperfect see VI. 468. 395. Ut depositi proferret fata parentis, "that he might defer the day of death from his parent, already despaired of." Depositi refers to the ancient custom of placing those, for whose sickness no remedy availed, before the doors of their habitation, that haply, among the passers by, some might mention a favourable mode of treatment. Fatum.-Here death," as in Æn. XI. 160. 397. Et mutas agitare inglorius artes, "and, uncelebrated by fame, to pursue an inglorious profession." The practice of physic was generally confined to slaves or freedmen; hence, its professors were unsung of by poets, and, in comparison of warriors and heroes, were inglori i 398. Acerba fremens, et dolore et ira, indignatione. Heyne. 400. Ille .... senior.-See above, XI. 809. 401. Pæonium in morem, "after Peonian fashion." Apollo Pœon, i. e. "the healer." Poonium is a trisyllable. See Æn. I. 73., VII. 96., and 769. Jahn considers the ŏ to be shortened by the same licence which prevails in Argyrĭpa, XI. 246., and orichalum, XII. 87. Bothë reads Paonem in morem. 402. Multa manu trepidat, &c., "with healing hand, anxiously essays many attempts." Nulla fortuna.-See Geor. I. 102., Æn. IV. 232. 406. Horror, cause of horror." 66 = 407. Malum - pugna et fuga. Heyne. Jam pulvere cœlum stare vident.-Copied from Ennius "stant pulvere campi, and from Hom. II. ΧΧΙΙΙ. 365. ποδῶν δ ̓ ὑπένερθε κονίη ἵστατ ̓ ἀειρομένη. 411. Dictamnum.-The origanum dictamnum of Linnæus, called so from Dicte, a mountain of Crete. Cretaâ ab Ida, as Dicte was a projecting portion of Ida. 413. Puberibus foliis, "with full-grown leaves." The poet describes the stage of growth at which dittany was most useful for medicinal purposes. Serv. and Wagn. "Pubescere enim haud raro à pubertate, i. e. à flore ætatis, hominum transfertur ad florem herbarum, qui jam maturitatem instantem exspectare jubeat." Forb. Caulem, &c.—A tufted stem with full-grown leaves, and decked with a purple flower. Others refer foliis to the petals. "Immo COMAT CAULIS FOLIIS ET FLORE nihil aliud est quàm large præditus est foliis et floribus, naturâ eorum prorsus non spectatâ, vid. Geor. IV. 122." Forb. 414. Non incognita capris, i. e. quæ capræ quærere et quibus uti solent. Heyne. 417. Fusum, &c.--Heyne remarks that Virgil has ornamented every particular; thus, for aqua he uses amnis; for labrum, lebes; and for miscere, inficere. Wagner thinks inficere is not put simply for miscere ; but "ita miscere cum aliquá re, ut ea vires, vel saporem, vel colorem quendam inde trahat; hence the phrases pocula infecta, lana infecta, &c. 419. Ambrosia sucos.-See Geor. IV. 415. Panacea, Tavάkela.—A sanative application, called alco panaces and panax, derived from wây and akelolaι. The herb belongs to the genus Heraclea, whence it is called by Theophrastes πάνακες ηράκλειον. Many fabulous stories of its healing powers are mentioned; see, e. g., Callim. Apoll. 40., Plin. XXV. 4. 11., and 11. 84., XXVI. 8. 56. 58. Odoriferam.—Lucretius also mentions this peculiarity, IV. 122. · Quæcunque suo de corpore odorem 420. Fovit ea vulnus.—Fovere is a word peculiarly used for medicinal applications. 421. Ignorans, "not aware of the power of the remedy." Hence, below, 1. 427. lapis exclaims, non arte magistrá. 422. Quippe, = certè, dn," truly" used here like scilicet. 424. Rediêre in pristina vires, "his strength returned to its former vigour." 425. Arma properate viro.-See Geor. IV. 171. happen," 428. Proveniunt, 66 cessús notione." Wagner. 66 "occur," 'adjectâ tamen prosperi suc 429. Major deus, "a greater than Iapis, yea, a deity, &c." Agit, TроTÉμTEL, "ushers to the fray," like remittit. Servius explains, simply, by "Apollo facit hæc." 430. Incluserat, "had already encased;" the tense marks the eagerness of Æneas. 431. Hinc atque hinc, evdev тe kaì ĕvlev.—Hastam coruscat.-See Æn. V. 642, 432. Est - factus est.—Habilis lateri.-Comp. II. III. 332. (Oúpač) ἥρμοσε δ' αὐτῷ. The spear (hasta) is, above, habilis, that is, "easily wielded;" and thus a lorica is also habilis, which suits or adapts itself to the motions of the body. 434. Delibans oscula. See above, Æn. I. 256. 435. Virtutem ex me verumque laborem, "learn from me valour, and patient endurance of toil." = 437. Defensum dabit, defendet, "will defend." Rather, says Heyne, "efficiet, ut stes defensus," for the part. perf. pass. added to the verbs dare, reddere, curare, &c., often conveys the idea of duration of effect. Inter præmia, Wagner explains by ad præmia, comparing Ecl. 1. I. 52. It is more poetical to consider Ascanius as proceeding through a long series of spoils (inter), and passing from one valuable prize to another. Forb. Thus Ecl. II. 3., inter densos fagos veniebat. 444. Caco pulvere, "with_blinding_dust." "Solet poëta id, quod visum eripit, cæcum dicere." Heyne. See Æn. II. 19. 445. Excita tellus, “ quia resonat pedum pulsu." Heyne. Rather, "is affrighted;" properly terror itself is said exciri; hence the use of the verb is transferred to the object affected. Wagner. Comp. En. VII 722. pulsuque pedum CONTERRITA tellus. 449. Juturna, now flies in terror, but returns 1. 468., when Turnus, her brother, engages in the contest. 450. Ille, sc. Eneas.-Rapit, "hurries with him," rapidè ducit, secum aufert. Agmen atrum, sc. "ob pulverem." Heyne. See l. 444. Abrupto sidere. Tempests often followed close upon, or at, the risings of the constellations (sidera); hence sidus often denotes "a tempest ;" and, since tempests are consequent upon, or concomitant with, broken clouds, sidus is boldly used for nubes. Thus we have abruptis procellis in Geor. III, 259., and abruptis nubibus, in Æn. III. 119. 453. Dabit, "it surely will bring." Certo enim sciunt, eum daturum esse ruinas. Heyne. Wakefield thus punctuates, agricolas: "Dabit... venti," rendering the latter an exclamation of the rustics, which Wagner justly considers to be inconsistent with the dignified style of epic poetry. 454. Ruet omnia laté.—Ruet is here active, as in Lucret. I. 273. Hor. Ep. II. 2. 75., Æn. I. 86. 456. Rhateius heros, i. e. Trojanus.-See Æn. III. 108. 457. Cuneis coactis, "in condensed, wedge-like masses." Some editions have cuneis coacti, i. e. coacti in cuneos. 458. Thymbræus, and the other victors heré, are Trojans. Osiris and the vanquished are Latins. Heyne. Gravis, "valiant," Serv.; "dignified," Heyne; Wagner, more correctly, "gigantic," comparing Æn. V. 447., and 437., where stat gravis is the same as mole suá stať, X. 771. The epithet seems to correspond with ingens above, 1. 441. 464. Ipse, sc. Æneas. See Geor. IV. 464. Sternere morti.-See Æn. VIII. 566., X. 319. 465. Tela ferentes: sibi inferentes, telis se adortos. 466. Densa in caligine, sc. pulvere excitato et telis emissis effectâ. 468. Virago, Heyne thinks to be simply used for virgo, the poet using the more ancient form of the word as best suited to epic poetry. Wagner and Forbiger better understand the word to mean, "a heroine," i. e. a female of masculine and stern nature, in contradistinction to the proper softness and gentleness which is as well the charm as the defence of the sex. What is here related of Juturna is told of Pallas by Homer, in II. V. 835. Similar 473. Nigra hirundo, "the black swallow," whose back is of a dark and purple tint, the ȧkavoúλλs of the Greeks. 475. Nidis loquacibus, "her twittering nestlings," veoσσoîs tρúšovσL. 480. Conferre manum, sc. cum Ened. See above, 1. 12. 481. Tortos legit orbes, "tracks his entangled maze." 482. Disjecta per agmina, "impetum ruentis currús declarat, quo dissipati cedunt ordines." Heyne. 483. Tentavit fugam "hic significat periculum facere, utrum equos celerrimo cursu (fugă, Geor. III. 142.) æquare possit." Forb. 491. Se collegit in arma, "crouched beneath the covert of his shield,” συσταλεὶς ἐν ἀσπίδι. Subsidens, ὑφιζάνων. 494. Insidiis subactus, i. e. “irá propter insidias, quibus se viderat petitum, victus." Heyne. 495. Sentit. We have thus restored for sensit, with Wagner, who remarks, "Literæ sibila sæpe hic recurrenti veræ lectionis mutationem in vulgatam deberi, quæ locum habere nequeat, quum non sermo sit de re semel ac certo quodam tempore factâ, qualem indicet particula UBI perfecto juncta, sed de re, quæ iterum iterumque fiat; quoties enim Turnus in conspectum veniat Æneæ, toties à Juturnâ currum in partem diversam flecti; quapropter etiam CURRUM REFERRI, non CURRUM RELATUM poëta scripserit.' 500. Quis mihi nunc .... deus, &c.-See note X. 164. 503. Placuit, "has Jupiter willed." The verb placere frequently indicates the inevitable determination of destiny, or the unchangeable will of some deity. See Hor. Od. I. 33. 16., Æn. II. 428. 505. Prima, i. e. primum. Loco statuit, "confirmed," "rallied the Trojans," who as yet were rushing in confusion in different directions. Ruentes is not the same as fugientes. See 1. 457, &c. 506. Haud multa morantem, "who could not long oppose him." The idea of the prowess of Eneas is amplified by the fact that so valiant a hero could give him no delay. Some MSS. and editions read moratus, which Wagner thinks has been transferred from Æn. III. 610., or Æn. V. 381. 507. Excipit in latus, i. e. excipit in latere vulnerans. See Geor. II. 207., Æn. IX. 763. Quà fata celerrima, 80 μáλioтa kаíρióv ẻσтi, "where a mortal wound is most quickly dealt.' Crudum, "cruel," "deadly." |