Seine, and here, surrounded by trees and flowers, he passed the remaining years of his life. His chief occupation was the care and education of his daughter, who had shared with him all the hardships of exile. Cf. Mitre, Life of San Martin, (Pilling's trans.), p. 473 et seq. 22. Baylen, Capitulation of.-By this capitulation the French general Dupont and his army surrendered to the Spaniards under General Castaños (July 22, 1808). It was the first important success won by the Spaniards over the French in the Napoleonic Wars. Tudela.-A town in Northern Spain, in the province of Navarre. Near here in 1808 the Spanish forces under Generals Castaños and Palafox were twice defeated by the French under Marshal Lannes. 23. Boyacá, Battle of.-On August 7, 1819, Bolívar defeated the royalists under Barreiro at the village of Boyacá in Colombia. This victory practically secured the independence of Colombia or New Granada. 24. For the Battle of Junin see above, note 14. 25. A full account of the Congress of Panama is given in the Reports of the First International American Conference, Historical appendix, (Washington, 1890). 26. On this whole subject see W. S. Robertson, Francisco de Miranda, chs. xiii-xiv. Cf. also note 6 to Lecture II. 27. DRAGO.-See below, Lecture VI, note 34. 28. RIVADAVIA.-See above, Lecture III, note 18. 31. SUCRE, ANTONIO JOSÉ DE.-Born at Cumaná, Venezuela, 1793, died in New Granada, 1830. A famous general of the Spanish American Wars of Independence. By his victory at Pichincha (May 24, 1822) he liberated Quito or Ecuador, and by his victory at Ayacucho (December 9, 1824), completed the independence of Spanish South America. He was elected president of Bolivia in 1826 and subsequently fought in the war between Colombia and Peru on the side of Colombia. The city of Sucre, the official capital of Bolivia, is named after him. 32. DOM PEDRO I.-See Lecture II, note 21. 33. JOSÉ BONIFACIO.-See above, note 18. 34. PAEZ, JOSÉ ANTONIO (1790-1873).-A Venezuelan general and politician. Together with Bolívar he played a prominent part in the liberation of Venezuela from Spain; subsequently under the Republic of Greater Colombia he was made supreme military commander in Venezuela. In 1828 and 1829 he was largely instrumental in detaching Ven ezuela from Colombia. He was president of the new republic from 1831 to 1835 and again from 1839 to 1843; from 1860 to 1863 he was dictator; even during those years in which he held no public office he wielded a decisive influence in Venezuelan affairs. 35. QUIROGA, JUAN FACUNDO (1790-1835).-An Argentine soldier, politician, and caudillo. His parents were shepherds in the Argentine province of San Juan. During his youth and early manhood he was notorious as a gambler and highway robber; later he became one of the henchmen of the dictator Rosas. His cruelty, unscrupulousness, and reckless daring were proverbial; for a time he was absolute master of the provinces of La Roja and Tucumán. Though for a time he worked in harmony with the government at Buenos Aires, he at length forfeited the confidence of Rosas, and at the latter's instigation was assassinated. Sarmiento has made Quiroga the central figure in his celebrated work, Facundo Quiroga o civilización y barbarie en las pampas argentinas, (Buenos Aires, 1852; English translation by Mrs. Horace Mann, London, 1868). 36. MONAGAS, José Tadeo (1784-1868).-—A Venezuelan general and politician, prominent in the affairs of his country from 1835 to 1868. Cf. Dawson, South American Republics, II, pp. 384 ff. 37. ALBERDI, JUAN BAUTISTA (1810-1884).-A noted Argentine historian and economist. Among his important works are: Bases y puntos de partida para la organización politica de la Republica Argentina, (Valparaiso, 1852); La Republica Argentina consolidada en 1880 con la ciudad de Buenos Aires por capital, (Buenos Aires, 1881); Escritos postumos, (16 vols., Buenos Aires, 1895-1901). Professor Reinsch considers Alberdi as "the most original thinker in politics whom South America has produced," ("The Study of South American History" in Turner Essays on American History, New York, 1901, p. 273). 38. ROSAS, JOSÉ Manuel de (1793-1877).-Dictator of Buenos Aires. In 1828 he became chief of the Federalist Party in the United Provinces of Buenos Aires in opposition to the so-called Unitarians, and from 1835 to 1852 he was an absolute dictator. This was one of the dark periods in Argentine history. The press was muzzled, commerce was practically at a standstill, the majority of the leading men of the country were assassinated or driven into exile. Though nominally a Federalist, Rosas really put into operation a highly centralized government. He was at length defeated by Urquiza, the governor of the province of Entre Rios, at Monte Caseros near Buenos Aires, on February 3, 1852. He fled to England, where he lived in obscurity until his death. The standard work on this period is that of J. Ramos Mejia, Rosas y su tiempo, (Buenos Aires, 39. FRANCIA, JOSÉ GASPAR RODRIGUEZ (1761-1840).-The famous dictator of Paraguay. From 1814 to 1840 he ruled Paraguay as an absolute despot; during this period Paraguay was practically cut off from the rest of the world. Carlyle has written a brilliant though one-sided defense of "the lonely Francia," depicting him as "a man or sovereign of iron energy and industry, of great and severe labor." The essay originally appeared in the Foreign Quarterly Review for 1843, and is reprinted in his Critical and Miscellaneous Essays. Cf. also The History of Paraguay, by C. A. Washburn, (2 vols., New York, 1871). NOTES ON LECTURE V. I. BELLO, ANDRES.-Born at Caracas, Venezuela, 1781; died at Santiago, Chile, 1865. A distinguished Spanish American author and scholar. On the outbreak of the Wars of Independence he threw in his lot with the revolutionists, and in 1810 was sent by Bolívar on a diplomatic mission to London, where he resided for nineteen years. In 1834 he accepted a post in the Chilean treasury, took up his residence at Santiago, and was instrumental in founding the University of Santiago (1843), of which he became rector. His literary activity was amazing; he wrote prose works dealing with law, philosophy, literary criticism and philology; of these the best known is his Grammatica castellaña (1847). An authority both in Spain and Spanish America, his fame as a poet was won by his Silvas Americanas, in which the natural beauties of South America are described with extraordinary charm. He was chiefly responsible for the Chilian law code promulgated in 1855. Bello's complete works in fifteen volumes were published under the auspices of the Chilian government between 1881 and 1893. The standard biography of Bello is that of M. L. Amunátagui, (Santiago de Chile, 1882). 2. MORILLO, PABLO (1777-1838).-A Spanish general, who from 1815 to 1820 attempted to put down the revolution in Venezuela and New Granada. At first successful, he was later outwitted and outgeneraled by Bolívar, by whom in 1829 he was obliged to sign a truce; he was then recalled to Spain at his own request. 3. MORENO, MARIANO (1778-1811).-Argentine lawyer and editor. He studied law at Buenos Aires and in the year 1800 completed his studies in Upper Peru at Chuquisaca. In 1805 he returned to Buenos Aires and at the request of the Argentine land owners drew up the Representación de los hacendados, alluded to by Dr. Lima in Lecture VI. He took an active part in the movement looking towards national emancipation, and on May 25, 1810, was appointed secretary general of the first governing "junta." At the same time he was editor of "La Gaceta." As his views conflicted with the president of the Junta, Cornelio Saavedra, he resigned on December 18, 1810. In January 1811 he was appointed the first representative of the new nation to England, but died on his way thither (March 4, 1811). Our chief source for his life and political activity is the biography written by his brother, Manuel Moreno, Vida y memorias del Dr. Mariano Moreno, secretario de la junta de Buenos Aires, (London, 1812; enlarged ed., 1836). 4. GUIBERT, JACQUES ANTOINE HIPPOLYTE, Comte de.-A French general and celebrated military writer. His work, Essai général de tactique, (Paris, 1770), has been styled the best essay on war produced by any modern writer previous to 1871. The letters of the famous Mlle de Lespinasse (1732-1776) were written to Guibert between 1773 and 1776; they were published in 1809, and have been compared by Sainte Beuve to the Latin Letters of Héloïse to Abelard. 5. Olmedo, José Joaquin (1782-1847).—A famous Ecuadorian poet and politician. He played a prominent part in the Wars of Independence; after the creation of the Republic of Ecuador he held various positions of importance and trust up to his death. He is chiefly known outside of Ecuador as a lyric poet; the Pindaric poem referred to by Dr. Lima was published in London in 1826 under the title La victoria de Junin, canto á Bolívar. 6. Battle of Ayacucho.-See Lecture IV, notes II and 31. 7. Cuervo, Rufeno José (1847-1892).—The most important works of this distingished Colombian scholar are: Apuntos criticos sobre el lenguaje bogantano, (5th ed., Paris, 1907); Diccionario de construcción y regimen de la lengua castellaña, (Paris, 1886); and his edition of Bello's Grammatica de la Lengua castellaña destinada al uso de los Americanos, (10th ed., Paris, 1907). Cf. also Vida de Rufino Cuervo y noticias de su epoca por Angel y Rufino Cuervo, (Paris, 1892). 8. Congress of Tacumán.-A general congress held in Tacumán in 1816 in order to give a permanent organization to the revolted provinces of the Rio de la Plata. Complete separation from Spain was decreed; the new state took the name of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, and Pueyrredon was chosen "Supreme Director" of the confederation. Cf. Mitre, Historia de San Martin, tomo I, passim. 9. Assembly of 1823.-This was the famous body summoned by Dom Pedro (later Emperor Dom Pedro I) to draw up a constitution for Brazil. The sessions of this assembly, which began in May 1823, became so stormy, and in the opinion of Dom Pedro so menacing to his authority, that he dissolved it in November of the same year. The constitution which the Assembly drew up was not promulgated. On this subject see Pereira da Silva, Historia de fundacão do imperio do Brazil, (Rio de Janeiro, 1864-1868), tomos VI y VII, passim; Armitage, History of Brazil, (London, 1836), vol. II. 10. GAMARRA ET DAVALOS (JOANNES BENEDICTUS).-The only re |