species (The Freshwater Fishes of British Guiana).

Material at hand from

Pará represents two distinct forms, which seem to be referable to this and

the following species.

Seven specimens were collected in the market at Pará, and one near the mouth of the Madeira River (by Mr. Mann and Dr. Baker). They are from 10 to 20 inches in length, or measuring the length of the disk only, from 5 to 11 inches. In these the preoral part of the snout is contained in the length to the front of the vent from 4 to 41⁄2 times. The width of the mandibular tooth-patch is contained from 13 to 131⁄2 times in the same length. The interspiracular width is contained from 13 to 11⁄2 times in the length of the snout from the eyes. The teeth are stained brown in all of the large specimens, and usually in the small ones. Counting the longest rows of teeth in the mandible from the outer side obliquely to the median line they number from 12 to 14. The largest papillæ behind the teeth are about 3 times longer than broad, and nearly or quite half as long as the eye. The color is variable. All of them are light dusky brown with lighter spots scattered over the back of cream or light sienna color. The spots are with blended edges shading into the ground color. Surrounding the spots at some distance from their edges are usually elongate, irregular, black blotches forming more or less regular broken rings of greater diameter than the eye. In one or two of the smaller specimens the rings are nearly complete, but in one they are entirely absent. Usually the black spots forming them are sharp-edged and very definite, but occasionally they are soft and blended. Sometimes they are so separated that they scarcely suggest rings, but run irregularly in various directions. The side of the tail is very distinctly barred with alternate light and dark spots.

10. Potamotrygon motoro (Müller and Henle).

Three specimens from 11 to 22 inches in length (or measuring the disk only, from 6 to 12 inches) were collected in the market at Pará.

The preoral part of the snout is longer than in P. hystrix, being contained in the length to the front of the vent from 33 to 31⁄2 times. The width of the mandibular tooth-patch is contained 101⁄2 to 11 times in the same length. The interspiracular width is contained 134 times in the snout from the eyes. The teeth are not stained brown and the longest rows from the outer side to the middle of the mandibular patch number 19 or 20. The longest papillæ in the mouth are scarcely longer than broad, and do not exceed the length of the pupil. The disk is more thickly set with fine spinules than in P. hystrix, so that it is more like ordinary shagreen.

In life the disk is dark brownish drab, growing more drab toward the edges. Scattered everywhere are small orange spots as large as the pupil and sharply defined by rings of color similar to the ground color but of a darker shade. These are more crowded at the middle of the back and at the edges of the disk. On the tail they are less distinct and without much orange color. The side of the tail is mottled rather than barred.

FAMILY ELOPIDÆ.

11. Elops saurus Linnæus.

A common species on the Brazilian Coast. A few specimens were collected in Lake Papary. The elongate, transparent, larval forms of this or Albula were frequently taken in the seine.

12. Tarpon atlanticus (Cuvier and Valenciennes).

One specimen was obtained at Lake Papary.

FAMILY ALBULIDE.

13. Albula vulpes (Linnæus).

A single small specimen from Natal.

FAMILY CLUPEIDE.

14. Sardinella sardina (Poey).

Specimens obtained in great abundance at Natal are placed here with some doubt. They have a distinct lateral band, which may be due to the action of formalin in destroying the overlying silvery pigment. The scales are thin and entire edged, not laciniate as in Sardinella macrophthalmus, which they resemble in form. The scales seem to be, moreover, more firmly adherent than is usual in S. sardina. In the lateral band they are very similar to the Pacific Coast species, S. stolifera, but the eye is considerably larger.

15. Opisthonema oglinum (Le Sueur).

Several specimens were collected at Natal. The variation of the depth is remarkable in this species as it is in the Pacific species, Opisthonema libertate. It varies from 234 to 334 times in the length to the caudal base. 16. Ilisha flavippinnis (Valenciennes).

A few specimens collected in the market at Pará.

in front of the first long one, and 21 anal rays with the 2 short anterior ones. The base of the anal slightly exceeds the length of the head. The length of the pectoral is two-thirds that of the head, and it reaches a little past the front of the ventral. There are 37 cross series of scales and 7 longitudinal series, counting under the front of the dorsal.

No color whatever is present in the alcoholic specimen, except a few fine, scattered dark points on the back.

The type and sole specimen is 4 inches in length, and was collected in the market at Pará.

In the shape of the head and body as well as in various other characters this species is very much like Cetengraulis edentulus, but there is no trace of membrane connecting the branchiostegal membranes that characterizes the genus Cetengraulis. Should future specimens, however, prove it to belong to that genus it may be known from C. edentulus by the much shorter operculum as compared with the long oblique cheek, longer maxillaries and pectorals, the anal under the middle of the dorsal base, and several other minor differences. C. juruensis differs in the same characters, and in addition is much more slender.

In the genus to which it is here referred it seems to be closest to Anchovia vaillanti (Steindachner), but it has twice as many gill-rakers and lacks a lateral stripe.

21. Anchovia brownii (Gmelin).

A few specimens seined at Natal from 234 to 334 inches in length. It was not taken so commonly as A. januaria or Lycengraulis grossidens.

These specimens were compared with some from Jamaica and agree in all respects, but they show some discrepancies with current descriptions. The depth is contained from 5 to 51⁄2 times in the length to the caudal base. The eye is contained from 334 to 4 times in the head; the snout from 44 to 41⁄2 times. The anal rays, counting back from the first long ray, number 18 or 19. The front of the anal is under the posterior fourth of the dorsal base. The front of the dorsal is midway between the base of the caudal and the front of the eye.

22. Pterengraulis atherinoides (Linnæus).

This species is very common in the market at Pará, where many specimens were secured. In the following notes specimens from 6 to 10 inches in length are considered.

The head is contained from 4 to 43 times in the length to the base of the caudal; the depth from 32 to 4 times. The eye is much longer than

the snout and is contained in the head from 5 to 51⁄2 times.

The maxillary

has a bluntly rounded end which is even with the posterior end of the mandible.

23. Lycengraulis grossidens (Cuvier).

A few specimens were seined in the harbor of Natal, the largest 61⁄2 inches in length.

The head is contained from 4 to 45 times in the length to the caudal base; the depth from 42 to 434 times. The eye is longer than the snout and is contained from 2 times in the postorbital part of the head (in specimens 31⁄2 inches long) to 21⁄2 times (in specimens from 5 to 6 inches long). The number of teeth in the mandible is very variable, as might be expected from their uneven size and position. The maxillary teeth are more even in size and smaller. Those on the anterior part of the bone are directed downward or slightly backward, while those on the posterior part are directed slightly forward. The mandible curves upward and is sharp at the tip. The maxillary is slender, slightly widened, lance-head-like, posteriorly, and ends in a slender point just behind the articulation of the mandible. The head is rather broadly rounded behind at the gill cover, and not particularly elongated obliquely.

The insertion of the dorsal is midway between the base of the caudal and a point varying from the middle to the posterior edge of the eye. The front of the anal is under the middle of the dorsal. In the large specimens the pectorals reach to, or nearly to, the ventrals.

The head and particularly an area just behind the upper half of the shoulder girdle is richly supplied with ramifying canals. On the cheek and on an area behind and above the eye the canals form a net-work, inclosing small spots that appear, at first sight, like well separated, imbedded scales.

24. Lycengraulis batesii (Günther).

A single specimen, 8 inches long, was collected in the market at Pará. In this specimen the teeth in the mandible are fewer and a little farther apart than in Lycengraulis grossidens, though more were described for the type. Their number is doubtless variable. This species differs in being much more slender, in having the front of the anal only slightly behind that of the dorsal, in having the head shorter as compared with the entire length, and in having the gill-rakers shorter. The last are low on the side of the arch and are about as long as the mandibular teeth, though they are not "like tubercles," as originally described.