693-705. Iris is sent down from heaven by Juno, to release the struggling soul from the body.

The dead are regarded as an offering to Pluto and Proserpine; and thus a lock of hair is cut from the forehead of the dying as a sign of dedication to the gods below, just as hair is cut from the forehead of the victims slain in sacrifice, and cast upon the altar fire. Comp. vi. 245. But as Dido is not taken away in the course of nature, nor by a death justly incurred, but dies through the pressure of overwhelming misfortune and despair, life lingers, reluctant to leave her; thus Iris takes the office of Proserpine in obedience to the command of Juno, whom she serves as messenger.

695. Animam nexosque artus; Iris was sent down to set free the spirit, and the members (or body) joined (with the spirit); or that she might release one from the other. The rainbow is supposed to be caused by the descent of Iris from heaven to earth. See cut, p. 597.

Helios, or Sol.

BOOK FIFTH.

Aeneas in Sicily.

Funeral games to Anchises. Burning of four of the ships. Departure to Italy and loss of Palinurus.

1-41. Aeneas sees far off at sea the light of Dido's funeral pile, and with sad feelings divines the cause. His fleet is soon overtaken by a storm, and forced to steer for the coast of Sicily, where he is again kindly received by Acestes.

1. Interea; in the mean time; i. e. while the scenes mentioned at the end of the Fourth Book were transpiring at Carthage.- -1, 2. Medium tenebat iter; was fully on his way. Any part of the way on the open sea, after the harbor is left, is medium, according to the explanation given of the word in i. 505. The phrase, says Ladewig, is equivalent to μécov Tòv πλοῦν, not τὸν μέσον πλοῦν.- -2. Certus; determined, or resolved. He was sure that he was obeying the behest of Jupiter, and hence he was unwavering in his resolution to pursue the voyage.—Aquilone ; as frequently, for the wind in general. The north-west wind, or Aquilo, was adverse to them. and, if the term be taken literally, would seem to be inconsistent with secabat. Some, however, in opposition to Heyne, take the word here in its strict meaning, on the ground that the N. W. was at that season the prevailing wind, (see iv. 310,) that it is in keeping with atros, as the north wind blackens the waves, and that an adverse wind would account for Aeneas remaining so long in sight of Carthage. Thiel and Ladewig are among those who prefer the literal rendering of the word here. Thiel joins the ablat. aquilone with secabat, others with atros.—— -3. Elissae; Dido. See iv. 335.- -4. Quae accenderit; does the poet represent this as his own conception, or as an idea passing in the mind of Aeneas and the Trojans? See Gr. § 266, 3. Supply noti after dolores.- -5. Magno amore is referred

.

by Ladewig to the love of Dido for Sychaeus, whom she has wronged by violating her vows of perpetual widowhood. But it is better understood of her affection for Aeneas, which he has outraged.- -6. Notum agrees with the following interrogative clause. The passage is literally translated thus: But the bitter pangs, great love having been violated, (when great love has been violated,) being known, and what a frenzied woman can do being known, lead the minds of the Trojans through sad foreboding; freely translated: But the knowledge of the bitter pangs occasioned by violated love, and of what a broken-hearted woman in her frenzy can do, leads the thoughts of the Trojans to sad foreboding. The participles notum (and noti understood) are used according to Gr. § 274, R. 5; Z. § 637; Madvig, § 426; the knowing, the knowledge, of the pangs, &c.- -7. Pectora, for animos. The verses 8-12 are the same as those already introduced iii. 192-195.-13. Quianam; an old word for cur.- -14. Deinde; join with jubet; having said this, he then orders. Comp. ii. 391.- -15. Colligere arma; to reef the sails; not here "to furl the sails."- -16. Obliquat sinus; turns the canvas obliquely to the wind; he turns it to such a position that it takes the wind on he side of the ship. 17. Jupiter auctor; Jupiter as guarantee, or adviser.

-18. Spondeat-sperem; for the present subjunctive see Gr. § 261, 2; Z. § 524; for the present instead of the future infinitive after sperare, see Gr. § 272, note 4; Z. § 605, and comp. iv. 487.-Hoc coelo; in this weather.- -19. Transversa; the neuter pl. acc. used adverbially; transversely; athwart our course. For this use of the adjective see Gr. § 192, ii. 4, (b); Z. § 267; comp. iv. 390, vi. 467.- -21. Tantum; so much as the strength of the winds requires if we would overcome them: we have not power enough (nec tantum sufficimus) to struggle against them, nor to keep our course.- -23. Quoque; and whither.- -23, 24. Litora portusque ; the latter term more clearly defines the former; not only the shores about Eryx, but the harbors of the Sicani. Comp. i. 2, 3.- -24. Fraterna; Eryx, the giant who formerly dwelt in Sicily, and gave his name to the town and mountain of Eryx, was the son of Venus and therefore brother of Aeneas.- 25. Si-Astra; if only remembering well I retrace (measure again) the stars observed; that is, observed on our voyage from Sicily to Africa.Bite―recte, is joined with servata, according to Ladewig; Forbiger puts it with remetior; but it is more correct to join it with memor. Comp. bene memores, iv. 539.- -27. Jamdudum cerno; I have for some time seen. See Arnold's L. P. C. §§ 413, 420.-28. Flecte viam velis ; turn your course by (means of) the sails.Sit; can then any land be. Gr 260, R. 5.- -28, 30. Ulla tellus; "a substantive common to two connected propositions is sometimes not introduced until the second clause, or an adjective and a substantive are put each in a separate clause." Madvig § 474, g. Comp. iv. 154.- -30. Acesten. See on i. 195. Anchises was buried in Sicily during the year just passed. See iii. 710.- -36. Occurrit; hastens to meet them.. -37. Horridas-ursae; roughly equipped with

spears, and with the skin of a Libyan bear. Horridus can be properly salą both of the spears pointed and, as it were, bristling, two of which were usually carried by a huntsman, and of the shaggy hide of the bear. The ablative alone after horridus, as in iii. 23, would, according to Thiel, denote some natural attribute; with in something assumed and added, as a mark of distinction, is indicated.—Libystidis; strictly a substantive, is used here as an adjective for Libycae.- -38. Crimiso conceptum flumine; conceived of the river (god) Crimisus. This was a river of Sicily.39. Veterum parentum; of their early (and common) parentage; the mother of Acestes, the father of Aeneas, and the ancestors of all the Trojans, are of the same race. The mother of Acestes was called Egesta, or Segesta.

42-103. Arrived in Sicily, and entertained by Acestes, Aeneas assembles the Trojans, and proclaims a sacred festival and games, in honor of his father, the anniversary of whose death has now come round. He then conducts them to the tomb of Anchises, and there performs a solemn sacrifice.

42. Oriente; used substantively; at the rising of the sun. -43. Litore ab omni; from the whole shore; from all along the shore, where they were near, or on board, their ships. Comp. iv. 397.-44. Tamuli ex aggere; from the summit of a mound; a tribunal, made by throwing up the soil, as was customary in preparing the tribunal from which the Roman general addressed his soldiers in camp. 45. Genus alto a sanguine divum; the children of Dardanus are great, and a race from the blood of the gods, because Dardanus was the son of Jupiter. For the elliptical use of the preposition a here, see on i. 730.46. Exactis; completed.47. Ex quo; since. Divinique; the versification has forced the conjunction out of its proper place after ossa. So Hor. Car. Saec. 22: ut cantus referatque ludos.

-48. Maestas; funereal.-49. Nisi fallor; the doubt arises from the want in ancient times of means for determining the sidereal year with exactness.- –50. Honoratum; a day on which honores, or sacrifices, and other tokens of religious homage are rendered to the gods, either for sad or joyful dispensations.- -51. Hune (diem) ego agerem si; even if I were spending this day, &c. Our punctuation of this passage is that preferred by Jahn, Peerlkamp, Forbiger, Ladewig, and all the latest authorities.- -52. Deprensus ; overtaken; not by the enemy, but by this anniversary, or period of the year, in so unfavorable a situation.- -Et urbe; on the Argolic sea and in the city of Mycenae, that is, in the midst of our worst enemies; or on the Gaetulian quicksands, that is, in the midst of the greatest natural perils. Mycenae is usually of the plural form. Comp. i. 284, 650, ii. 331.

-53. Solemnes; annual.-Ordine; in course; one after the other, according to the usual order. Gr. § 247, 2, 3d paragraph; Ž. § 472. 54. Struerem-donis; I would cover with their appropriate sacrifices. To make sacrifices to a hero after his death, as a god, was in accordance with the ancient customs; see on iii. 328; hence Anchises was to be honored with an altar and sacrifices.- -55. Nunc ultro; now moreover; besides the mo

tive I should have to keep the day anywhere, and under the most unfavora ble circumstances, I have now this great encouragement added thereto, that I am on the very ground, at the very tomb, and among friends. Thiel renders ultro, instead of moreover, "without our agency," ‚”—involuntarily, and therefore, as said below, not without the divine will.- -56. Sine mente, sine numine; without the purpose, without the will.- -58. Honorem; festival.—59. Poscamus ventos; let us pray for winds; that is, after performing our sacrifices in honor of Anchises. The winds were conciliated by prayers and offerings. See below, vs. 772-777; iii. 253. But Lactantius understood in quoting this passage that it was of Anchises that the favorable winds were asked.- 60. Velit; and that he (Anchises) may suffer me, when my city shall have been built, to offer yearly these sacrifices in temples (a temple) consecrated to him. Velit depends on poscamus, connected by ut understood.61, 62. Bina boum capita in naves; two heads of cattle for each of the ships. Numero qualifies bina. These beasts are for the sacrificial feast which is immediately celebrated on the same day.- -64. Si is here for quum. Comp. vi. 829.66. Prima certamina; I will fix as the first contests (of the day); the real sense is, I will appoint contests, the first of which shall be those of the swift fleet. It was the custom of the Greeks, imitated to some extent by the Romans, to celebrate funeral rites with games.- -67. Viribus audax; confiding in his strength.- -68. Incedit melior; walks superior; a livelier expression than is superior. Comp. i. 46.—Jaculo and sagittis are coupled together as belonging to the same class of weapons in the forthcoming trials of skill; namely, those that are aimed at a mark.- -69. Seu is taken in its strict meaning, or if, answering to the foregoing qui—qui, for si quis—si quis; if any excels—and if any walks superior—or if (any one) dares to engage in battle with the cestus of raw hide.-71. Ore favete; evonueîre; favor ye with the mouth; keep solemn silence. This was the common formula addressed to the assembly by the priest at the commencement of religious rites. The words here, and the whole verse, refer, not to the future games, but to the ceremonies now immediately to be performed at the tomb of Anchises.-Ramis; with wreaths; also the custom at festivals.- 72. Materna; the myrtle was sacred to Venus. -73. Helymus; a Sicilian, friend of Acestes, also of Trojan birth. -Aevi. Gr. § 213, R. 1, (a).—77. Rite; the order and form were essential in all religious worship.- -Mero Baccho; this and the following ablatives limit carchesia as abl. of description. Gr. § 211, R. 6.78. Humi. See on i. 193.-Novo; fresh; just from the dugs of the cow. All offerings to the gods must be uncontaminated by common use.—— -80. Iterum salvete; again all hail! This punctuation of Jahn is also adopted by Peerlkamp. Others join iterum with salve.————80, 81. Recepti nequidquam cineres; ye ashes (of my father) rescued in vain; in vain rescued from Troy and from the sea, because he did not after all survive to reach Italy. Comp. iii. 711. This accords with the following non licuit, etc... -82.