--482. Dedit;

Acratos; bronze, covered with bronze. Comp. i. 448, 449.made. -Ore limits fenestram; Gr. § 211, R. 6; made an opening with a broad mouth.-483. Apparet. Through this opening the great central apartments of the palace are at once visible to the Greeks; for the vestibule admitted directly to the open courts, which were connected by porticoes, so that the eye could range through the whole at one view.-485. Armatos; the armed men guarding the vestibule, mentioned in 449, 450.————Vident ; the Greeks see.- -487. Cavae aedes; the court, or hollow square, around which the other apartments were built, was often called cavaedium.- -491. Instat vi patria; presses on with his father's fury; with the impetuosity inherited from his father, the wrathful Achilles; whom Horace describes as impiger, iracundus, inexorabilis, acer.—4 -492. Sufferre; to withstand him.

-Ariete; pronounced Aryete. See on 16. The battering-ram, in its primitive form, is meant; that is, a long stick of timber, borne and wielded by men without the aid of machinery.- -Crebro ariete; as below, 627: with frequent blows of the ram. It is hardly probable that Virgil intended to use the term aries here, as Heyne understands it, in a figurative sense.

-493. Cardine, postes. See above, 480. Join cardine with emoti : being started from the pivot. -494, 495. These two verses express admirably the suddenness with which the palace is filled the instant the entrance has been forced.Milite; with soldiery; a collective noun. See on 20.496. Aggeribus ruptis; the dikes being broken down. The Po and the Tiber in many places were kept within their channels, like the lower Mississippi at the present day, by embankments; and Virgil was familiar with the disas trous floods produced by a crevasse, or breach in the dike.—————49%. Exiit; has gone forth; i. e. from its channel.- -498. Cumulo; in a mass; ablat. of manner, as in i. 105.499. Vidi ipse; I myself saw. Aeneas, who had been repelling the storming party of Greeks from the battlements, was compelled to witness the entrance of Neoptolemus and the other assailants at the gate, the destruction of the interior of the palace, and the slaughter of Priam, without the power to render help.-501. Hecuba; the wife of Priam.- -Nurus; daughters; here both for the daughters and daughtersin-law of Hecuba. -Per aras; for inter aras.- -504. Barbarico; barbaric; because the gold and spoils which adorned the door-posts were trophies formerly captured from foreign or barbarian enemies of the Trojans. It was customary to hang such spoils on the door-posts of houses, as well as temples. Comp. v. 393, vii. 183.- -505. Tenent; as i. 308; occupy; hold all, where the fire does not rage.- -506. Fuerint. Gr. § 265; Z. § 552. The fate of Priam has just been indicated in general terms; but it is natural to ask the particulars of his death.- -Requiras. Gr. § 260, R. 4; Arn. Lat. Prose, 494; Z. § 728.-50%. Uti; when; an adv. of time, as ut, in 67.- -508. Medium in penetralibus; in the midst of his sacred apartments. Comp. i. 348.509. Arma; especially the lorica, or coat of mail. Din; join with desueta.- -Senior; the aged king.- -510. Humeris; da

tive.

Gr. $ 249, R. 3; Z. § 418.- -Ferrum; accusative, after cingitur, by a Greek construction, instead of the ablative. See on 392. Literally: he -511. is girded on as to his sword; freely: he girds on. Gr. § 234, R. 1.Fertur; is being borne; is hurrying; but he is interrupted by Hecuba.. See 525.- -Moriturus; destined to die; comp. periturus, 408.- -512. Aedibus in mediis; in the midst of the palace; in the open court of the palace, where were the great altar and the sacred laurel.-Nudo sub axe; under the open vault.-514. Complexa; having embraced, but not ceasing to embrace; translate by the present, embracing. See Gr. § 274, R. 3, last pait. 515. Nequidquam; they were gathered around the altar in vain, for, in the end, its sacredness failed to save them.-Circum. See on i. 32.

-516. Praecipites; for se praecipitantes; flying down swiftly.—517. Amplexae. See on complexa, 514.-Sedebant; it was the custom to flee for refuge, in time of peril, to the altars and images of the gods. Imagine a high altar, with a wide base, and a flight of steps, ascending to the summit, or place of sacrifice. Altaria applies to an altar of this kind; ara to an altar of any kind. The custom here alluded to is also illustrated in the Scriptures: "And Joab fled unto the tabernacle of the Lord, and caught hold on the horns of the altar.". -519. Mens; purpose. Comp. xii. 554.

-524.

-520. Cingi; supply te. See on 433.- -521. Auxilio; for the ablative case, see Gr. § 250, 2, (2); Z. § 460.-Defensoribus istis. Dr. Henry is followed by Forbiger and Ladewig in referring these words to telis; thus the sense will be, such defences, i. e. such as those weapons of thine. For the force of istis, see Gr. § 207, R. 25; Z. § 127.-522. Non si, etc.; not even if my Hector were now here. For not even Hector would now avail us with arms; it is only the altar, and the gods, that can save us.- -Ore. Comp. i. 614. -Sacra in sede; on the altar, or steps of the altar.Simul; with us. — -526. Polites has been defending the entrance to the palace, in company with those mentioned in 449. Pyrrhus, who has already wounded him, is on the point of despatching him.—Pyrrhi de caede; from the deadly blows of Pyrrhus. -528. Porticibus; in the porticoes; the ablat. of situation. His flight is through the colonnades which surround the courts, and also across the courts, which are now vacua, because the occupants of the palace are either with Priam around the altar, or still contending with the Greeks at the entrance of the first court. We must conceive of a palace composed of several courts, each surrounded with its porticoes and ranges of apartments.- -Lustrat; traverses.- -529. Infesto vulnere; with a deadly aim, or thrust; join with insequitur.-530. Jam, jam; now, even now. -Premit; is pressing upon him; is on the point of piercing him. Others translate, transfixes him. -533. In media mo.te tenetur; he is held (or placed) in the midst of death. His son lies before him dead, and his own death impends instantly. Ladewig adopts the sug gestion of Servius, referring morte to the death struggle of Polites alone! he is restrained in the death struggle.535. At. This particle is used

2.

lent to oculis meis.

to denote a violent burst of emotion, in connection with prayers and imprecations. Comp. viii. 643.-Ausis; reckless deeds. Gr. § 205, R. 7, -536. Si; as in i. 603.- -Pietas; mercy; righteous pity.-Curet ; which regards such things. Gr. § 264, 6; Z. § 561.- -538. Coram; equiva-Me cernere fecisti; hast caused me to see. For the prosaic construction, fecisti, ut cernam, see Gr. § 273, 1, 6; Z. § 618.539. Foedasti; hast violated. It implies both the outrage to his nature as a father, the defiling of his person with the blood of the slain, and the religious impurity caused by contact with the dead. For the touch, or even the presence, of a corpse, rendered the individual religiously impure. See vi. 150. -540. Quo. Gr. § 246; Z. § 451, 2d paragraph.- -Mentiris; you falsely pretend. -541. In hoste; in respect to his enemy. -Jura fidemque supplicis. A suppliant had a right, by the laws of Jupiter, to the protection of him to whose faith he committed himself: cujus in fidem venit. When Priam went to the tent of Achilles to beg the body of Hector, Achilles observed his rights, and the faith due to him as a suppliant. So Forbiger. Supplicis, with respect to jura, is a possessive, with respect to fidem, an objective genitive. Comp. i. 462. Others understand fidem of the trust or confidence placed in the victor by the suppliant.542. Erubuit; respected; as a transitive verb. See Gr. § 232, 2; Z. § 383-Sepulcro; dative of the end; for sepulture.-543. Hectoreum; a possessive adjective, for thre genitive of the substantive Hectoris. Such adjectives are quite frequent in poetry. See 584, and iii. 304. So Horace, O. 3, 3, 28: Hectoreis opibus.

-550.

-Regna; palace.- -544. Senior. Comp. 509.- -Sine ictu; without inflicting a wound.---545. Repulsum; supply est; which was instantly repelled by the resounding brass. Summo umbone; from the top of the boss. -547. Referes, ibis; as imperatives. Gr. § 267, R. 2; Z. § 586.Ergo; so then; the particle here expresses bitter irony.-548. Pelidae. Achilles was the son of Peleus.-Degenerem; a scornful allusion to the comparison between father and son, just made by Priam, 540 sq.Hoc dicens; while saying this. -Trementem; trembling; not with fear, but with age. See 509.- -551. Lapsantem. Gr. § 187, ii. 1; Z. § 231, 1.552. Comam laeva implicait; for comae laevam. Comp. 723.Lateri; in his side; dative for the more usual construction, in latus, or in latere. See on 18.553. Extulit; raised on high.Capulo tenus; up to the hilt; for the position of tenus, see Gr. § 241, R. 1.- -555. Sorte tulit; according to his destiny took him away. Gr. § 249, ii.---556. Populis-terris; trans

Priam..

late, with Forbiger, as an ablative, denoting the cause of superbum; thus, the sovereign of Asia once proud of so many tribes and countries, (under his sway.) Thiel and others give regnatorem a verbal power, and make populis and terris in the dative after it: the proud sovereign over so many, &c.; but. comp. 504, and v. 268, 473, where superbus is in like manner accompanied by an ablative of cause.—— -557. Asiae. The western part of Asia Minor is meant. -558. Sine nomine; without a name; because deprived of the head, that by which the individual is distinguished.

559-631. Aeneas is reminded by the fate of Priam and his house, of his own father and family, and is hastening homeward, when he discovers the Grecian Helen, the cause of all these misfortunes, lurking in one of the temples. He stops, and is on the point of taking vengeance by putting her to death, but is deterred by his mother, who appears to him in her own form, and reveals to him the gods at work in the destruction of Troy. He submits to fate, and, guarded by Venus, arrives at his home in safety.

559. At. See on i. 267.--Tum primum. Aeneas is now for the first time awakened to all the horrors of his own situation, and that of his family, which, perhaps, is undergoing all the outrage he is now witnessing in the palace of Priam.— -561. Aquaevum; of the same age; i. e. as Anchises.

-562. Subiit; came to my mind. Supply mentem. Comp. 575.Creusa; the wife of Aeneas, and daughter of Priam.- -563. Domus; the last syllable is lengthened here by the ictus. Gr. § 309, R. 1, (1).— Casus; the fortune; as in i. 623.—564. Respicio; I look about. He has been absorbed in the scene in the court below, and the death of Priam. Now he withdraws his eyes to consider what is going on around him on the battlements. -Sit; for the mode, see on 506.— -Quae copia; what number, or force?- -566. Ad terram, etc.; they have cast themselves (from the battlements) to the ground. The perfect definite is used here with reference to the foregoing historical present. -567. The passage included in brackets is inconsistent with vi. 510-527, and is said to have been set aside by Tucca and Varius, the critics to whom the manuscript of Virgil was committed by Augustus. Hence they are wanting in most of the manuscripts; but they are regarded as genuine by the best recent commentators, and, also, as not unworthy of the poet.Adeo. Virgil often joins this particle with jam. It may be translated, now indeed. Comp. v. 268, 864, viii. 585, xi. 275, 487.-Super unus eram; for supereram unus; I was remaining alone.- -Limina; shrine. -568. Servantem; keeping; i. e. holding, as a place of refuge, secure on account of its sacredness.—569. Tyndarida; the daughter of Tyndarus. Helen, the daughter of Tyndarus and Leda. See i. 652.- -570. Erranti; to me wandering. He has left the battlements of the palace, but is still on the Acropolis, and seeking to escape to his own house, without coming in contact with the enemy. Hence he pursues a devious course, looking about cautiously; per cuncta oculos ferenti.-571. Eversa Pergama; the overthrow of Troy. Gr. § 274, -Poenas Danaum; punishment from the Greeks. Comp.

R. 5; Z. § 637.

Ulix, 435.-Conjugis; Menelaus.-573. Communis Erinys the common fury of Troy and of her own country; because she had been the cause of

the ten years' war, which had been attended with many disasters to the Greeks, and was now closing with the destruction of Troy.- -574. Aris sedebat. Comp. 525.—Invisa; in its literal signification; unseen, unnoticed. Others understand by it, odious, hateful, both to gods and men.―→→ 575. Ignes; fury; the fires of passion.-Subit ira; the angry impulse, or purpose, enters my mind.- -576. The infinitives as in 10.- -Sceleratas poenas; for sceleris poenas, or sceleratae poenas: the penalty of her guilt, or from the guilty one; the former is preferable. Comp. vi. 563.- -577. Scilicet; forsooth.- -Mycenas; for Graeciam. Comp. i. 650.578. Triumpho; ablat. abs., with parto.-579. Conjugium; for conjugem. Comp. xi. 270.-Patres; parents; as soceros, 457.- -580. Phrygiis; Trojan; as in 68.- -Comitata. Comp. i. 312, and note.- -Ministris. Gr. § 248, R. 3. In the Odyssey, books 4th and 15th, we find Helen reinstated as queen in the palace of Menelaus at Sparta. It should be remarked that the impression given by Virgil of Helen is widely different from that which we get from the Iliad and Odyssey, where she is represented rather as the victim of misfortune, than as a deliberate evil-doer.-581, 582. The future perfects anticipate the time when the sack of Troy shall be looked back upon as a past event, and they relate to the foregoing futures, ibit and videbit. Comp. iv. 591.583. Non ita; it shall not be thus.- -584. Feminea; possessive; a woman's punishment; as Hectoreum, 543.- -585. Extinxisse. The infinitive here is peculiar, as it expresses the cause of laudabor, which, in prose, would be quod extinxerim; translate, I shall be praised for having destroyed the wretch.- -Nefas; for nefariam; the accursed woman.- -Merentis; from (lit. of) her deserving it. Comp. 229.

-586. Explesse; more intensive than implesse; to have filled up, to have satisfied.—587. Ultricis flammae; with avenging fury; literally, to have filled my mina of (to have made it full of) vengeful flame. The genitive,