THEOREM 4. The sum of all the terms, of any geometrical progression, is found by adding the greatest term to the difference of the extremes divided by 1 less than the ratio. So, the sum of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1024-2 (whose ratio is 2), is 1024 + 2-1 =10241022=2046. The foregoing, and several other properties of geometrical proportion, are demonstrated more at large in the Algebraic part of this work. A few examples may here be added of the theorems, just delivered, with some problems concerning mean proportionals. EXAMPLES. 1. The least of ten terms, in geometrical progression, being 1, and the ratio 2; what is the greatest term, and the sum of all the terms? Ans. The greatest term is 512, and the sum 1023. 2. What debt may be discharged in a year, or 12 months, by paying 17 the first month, 27 the second, 4/ the third, and so on, each succeeding payment being double the last; and what will the last payment be? Ans. The debt 40951, and the last payment 20481. PROBLEM I. To find One Geometrical Mean Proportional between any Two Numbers. MULTIPLY the two numbers together, and extract the square root of the product, which will give the mean proportional sought. EXAMPLE. To find a geometrical mean between the two numbers 3 and 12. 12 36 (6 the mean. 36 PROBLEM PROBLEM II. To find Two Geometrical Mean Proportionals between any DIVIDE the greater number by the less, and extract the cube root of the quotient, which will give the common ratio of the terms. Then multiply the least given term by the ratio for the first mean, and this mean again by the ratio for the second mean: or, divide the greater of the two given terms by the ratio for the greater mean, and divide this again by the ratio for the less mean. EXAMPLE. To find two geometrical means between 3 and 24. Here 3) 24 (8; its cube root 2 is the ratio. Or 24 ÷ 2 = 12, and 12 26, the same. That is, the two means between 3 and 24, are 6 and 12. PROBLEM III. To find any Number of Geometrical Means between Two Num bers. DIVIDE the greater number by the less, and extract such root of the quotient whose index is 1 more than the number of means required; that is, the 2d root for one mean the 3d root for two means, the 4th root for three means, and so on ; and that root will be the common ratio of all the terms. Then, with the ratio, multiply continually from the first term, or divide continually from the last or greatest term. EXAMPLE. To find four geometrical means between 3 and 96. Here 3)96 (32; the 5th root of which is 2, the ratio. Then 3 x 2 = 6, & 6×2=12, & 12 × 2 = 24, & 24 X 2=48. Or 96-2=48, & 48÷2=24, & 24 2 ≈ 12, & 12÷ 2 = 6. That is, 6, 12, 24, 48, are the four means between 3 and 96. OF OF MUSICAL PROPORTION. THERE is also a third kind of proportion, called Musical, which being but of little or no common use, a very short account of it may here suffice. Musical Proportion is when, of three numbers, the first has the same proportion to the third, as the difference between the first and second, has to the difference between the second and third. When four numbers are first has the same ratio to 12 :: 8 6: 12-8, 12 :: 2 : 4. in musical proportion; then the the fourth, as the difference between the first and second has to the difference between the third and fourth. As in these, 6, 8, 12, 18; where 6 18 :: 8-6: 18-12. When numbers are in musical progression, their reciprocals are in arithmetical progression; and the converse, that is, when numbers are in arithmetical progression, their reciprocals are in musical progression. = 1 1 = So in these musicals 6, 8, 12, their reciprocals, are in arithmetical progression; for and } +}=}; that is, the sum of the extremes is equal to double the mean, which is the property of arithmeticals. The method of finding out numbers in musical proportion is best expressed by letters in Algebra. FELLOWSHIP, OR PARTNERSHIP. FELLOWSHIP is a rule, by which any sum or quantity may be divided into any number of parts, which shall be in any given proportion to one another. By this rule are adjusted the gains or loss or charges of partners partners in company; or the effects of bankrupts, or legacies in case of a deficiency of assets or effects; or the shares of prizes; or the numbers of men to form certain detachments; or the division of waste lands among a number of proprietors. Fellowship is either Single or Double. It is Single, when the sharer or portions are to be proportional each to one single given number only; as when the stocks of partners are all employed for the same time: And Double, when each portion is to be proportional to two or more numbers; as when the stocks of partners are employed for different times. SINGLE FELLOWSHIP. GENERAL RULE. ADD together the numbers that denote the proportion of the shares. Then say, As the sum of the said proportional numbers, Is to the whole sum to be parted or divided, To the corresponding share or part. Or, as the whole stock, is to the whole gain or loss, To his particular share of the gain or loss. TO PROVE THE WORK. Add all the shares or parts-together, and the sum will be equal to the whole number to be shared, when the work is right. EXAMPLES. 1. To divide the number 240 into three such parts, as shall be in proportion to each other as the three numbers 1, 2 and 3. Here 1+ 2+ 3 = 6, the sum of the numbers. Then, as 6 : 240:1: 40 the 1st part, and as 6 : 240 :: 2 : 80 the 2d part, also as 6 : 240:3: 120 the 3d part, Sum of all 240, the proof. Ex. 2. Ex. 2. Three persons, A, B, C, freighted a ship with 340 tuns of wine; of which, a loaded 110 tuns, B 97, and c the rest: in a storm the seamen were obliged to throw overboard 85 tuns; how much must each person sustain of the loss? Here 110+ 97 207 tuns, loaded by a and B; 207 = 133 tuns, loaded by c. theref. 340 110 3. Two merchants, c and D. made a stock of 1201, of which c contributed 754, and D the rest: by trading they gained 304; what must each have of it ? Ans. c 18/ 15s, and D 114 58. 4. Three merchants, E, F, G, made a stock of 7007, of which E contributed 1237, F 3581, and G the rest: by trading they gain 1257 10s; what must each have of it ? Ans. E must have 221 F Is Od 23339. 64 3 8 03 32 39 5 35. 33° 1 5. A General imposing a contribution* of 700 on four villages, to be paid in proportion to the number of inhabitants contained in each; the 1st containing 250, the 2d 350, the 3d 400, and the 4th 500 persons; what part must each vilPage pay? Ans. the Ist to pay 116 138 4d. the 2d the 3d the 4th 163 6 8 233 6 8 6. A piece of ground, consisting of 37 ac 2 ro 14 ps. is to be divided among three persons, L, M, and N, in proportion to their estates: now if L's estate be worth 5001 a year, M's 3201, and N's 751; what quantity of land must each one have? Ans. L must have 20 ac 3 ro 39133 ps. 13 1 30-46 3 0 M 2317 7. A person is indebted to o 57 158, to P 108/ 38 8d, to q 22/ 10d, and to R 731; but at his decease, his effects * Contribution is a tax paid by provinces, towns, villages, &c. to excuse them from being plundered. It is paid in provisions or in money, and sometimes in both VOL. E R are |