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Mr. E. W. ALLEN, 11, Ave Maria-lane, Ludgate-hill.
Messrs. CURTICE & CO., Catherine-street, Strand.
Messrs. DAWSON & SONS, 121, Cannon-street, E.C.
Mr. W. HOPKINS, 397, New North-road, Islington.
Messrs. KENT & CO., Paternoster-row.

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street, E.C.

Mr. KNOTT, 26, Brooke-street, Holborn.

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noster-row.

Messrs. POTTLE & SON, Royal Exchange, E.C.
Mr. PILCHER, 144, Gray's-Inn-road.

Mr. PRITCHARD, 82, York-road, Lambeth.

Mr. SIMPSON, 7, Red Lion-court, Fleet-street, E.C.
Mr. B. A. VAN HOMRIGH, 221, Ebury-street, Pimlico.
Mrs. WINTER, 19, Shepperton-road, Islington.

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LA

376, STRAND, W.C.

ADY HOUSEKEEPER, OR COMPANION to an INVALID LADY. A Clergymau's Widow seeks an appointment as above, having had some years' experience in that capacity. Unexceptionable reference given and required. Apply by letter to "A. B.," care of Mr. BATTY, Pilot Office, 376, Strand.

HARLEY STREET, CAVENDISH

SQUARE. One of the small houses in this street to be let suitable for a professional man or small family. Immediate possession. Furniture £300. Apply to J. T. BEDFORD and Co., Estate Agents and Valuers, 60, Wigmore-street, W.

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66

THE PUBLIC WORSHIP ACT AND THE WAY TO MEET IT.
This Day, Price One Shilling, by post 1s. ld.

'DO THEY WELL TO BE ANGRY?"

A SECOND LETTER ADDRESSED, BY PERMISSION, TO CARDINAL MANNING.
WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE HIGH CHURCH PRESS.

By PRESBYTER ANGLICANUS.

By the same Author, price 1s., by post, 1s. 1d.

CHRISTIANITY OR ERASTIANISM?

A LETTER ADDRESSED, BY PERMISSION, TO HIS EMINENCE CARDINAL MANNING,
ARCHBISHOP OF WESTMINSTER.

THE

London: JOHN H. BATTY, 376, Strand, W.C.

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BOOK.

Our

Second and Enlarged Edition. Fourth Thousand. Imperial 16mo., Limp Cloth, Gilt Cross, with Red Edges, price 6d, by post 7d.

SUPERIOR EDITION, Cloth extra, bevelled, gilt Red Edges, and Cross, price 1s., free by post, 1s. ld Service or Mass-service, which is now circulating by thousands among people who still profess to belong to the Church of England. When the young Victoria ascended the throne of England were there even so many as a score of churches open every Sunday morning for early Mass'? At the present moment are there not nearer a thousand?"-The Record.

"Already in its Fourth Thousand'.
Reformers purified the Mass Book of Rome
and here comes a man who will acknowledge himself
to be a Ritualist, who thinks it a good work to put all
the idolatry back again. And his reason is that he
finds it in the Ancient Liturgy of the Western
Church'
Prayers rejected by our Refor-
mers but now reinstated as part of the Communion
London: JOHN H. BATTY, 376, Strand, W.C.

In the Press, and Shortly will be Published,

The Communion of Saints :

THE CATHOLIC DOCTRINE SET FORTH FROM HOLY SCRIPTURE AND THE FATHERS AND
ANCIENT BISHOPS OF THE UNDIVIDED CHURCH.

By WILLIAM GRANT,

Author of "The Catholic Doctrine of the Christian Sacrifice and the First Principles of Ritual," &c.
London: JOHN H. BATTY, 376, Strand, W.C.

CHURCH HASSOCKS,

Cushions, -Seat Mattings-Carpets-Hangings, &c. THOS. BROWN and SON, Church Furniture
Manufacturers, 14, Albert-street, Manchester. Communion Cloths, Gowns, Hoods, Cassocks,
Surplices, &c.

EASTER, A.D. 1876.

THOMAS PRATT and SONS have now ready their usual large Stock of
CASSOCKS AND SUR PLICES.
CASSOCKS For Clergy, in Russell Cord, from 30s.; Serge, 38s., 45s. and 50s.
CASSOCKS For Choirmen, 21s., 24s., 26s., and 283.
CASSOCKS For Chorister Boys, 14s., 16s., 18s.

CINCTURES, GIRDLES, AND WAIST-BELTS.

SURPLICES For Clergy, in Linen, from 20s. to 45s.; Lawn, from 36s. to 63s.
SURPLICES

SURPLICES

For Choirmen, from 10s. 6d. to 20s.

For Boys, from 5s. 6d. to 15s.

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This shape of Surplice was entirely the invention of Messrs. PRATT, and their use has now become universal. Although imitated and advertised by nearly all the clerical firms in England, none fit equal to those supplied by the Original Inventors.

In Black Leather Case, sent on receipt of Post Office Order for 21s., payable at Charing Cross. Extra length, 25s. Upwards of Five Thousand of these Surplices are now in use.

Colonial Shipping Agents. Catalogues, Estimates, and Designs sent by Post.

ALBS FOR ACOLYTES AND THURIFERS, ROCHETS, AND EVERY KIND OF LINEN VESTMENT FOR USE
IN THE CHURCH.

22 and 23, TAVISTOCK-STREET, COVENT-GARDEN; and
14, SOUTHAMPTON-STREET, STRAND, W.C.

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We are daily sending to all parts of the Kingdom COSTUMES made from MERINOS, REPS,
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A perfect-fitting Costume is produced from 28s. 9d.

BLACK SILKS, warranted to wear, 24 inches wide, 3s. 6d. and 4s. 6d. the yard.
COLOURED SILKS, 23 inches wide, 4s. 6d. the yard.
MERINOS, all Colours, 43 inches wide, 2s. the yard.

all procession. Explanatory Pamphlet with List of THE

Charges, may be had gratis on application.

LONDON NECROPOLIS COMPANY,

2, Lancaster Place, Strand, W.C.

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Contains every Article requisite for Superior Mourning.

On receipt of letter or telegram, patterns will be sent free.

HARVEY AND CO., WESTMINSTER BRIDGE.

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NEW WORK BY CARDINAL MANNING.

Glories of the Sacred Heart.

By HENRY EDWARD, Cardinal-Archbishop. Price 6s.

CONTENTS.-1. The Divine Glory of the Sacred Heart. 2. The Sacred Heart, God's Way of Love. 3. Dogma the Source of Devotion. 4. The Science of the Sacred Heart. 5. The Last Will of the Sacred Heart. 6. The Temporal Glory of the Sacred Heart. 7. The Transforming Power of the Sacred Heart. 8. The Sure Way of Likeness to the Sacred Heart. 9. The Signs of the Sacred Heart. 10. The Eternal Glory of the Sacred Heart.

The Sermon on the Mount

-to the end of "The Lord's Prayer" (Being the Third Volume of "The Public Life of Our Lord"). By HENRY J. COLERIDGE, S.J. Price 69. 6d.

CONTENTS.-1. Joy in Persecution. 2. The Salt of the Earth. Note 1. On the early traces of Christian influence on the world. 3. The Light of the World. 4. The Fulfilment of the Law and the Prophets. 5. The Gospel Law as to Anger. 6. The Gospel Law as to Lust. 7. The Gospel Law as to Divorce. Note 2. Our Lord's teaching on Marriage and Divorce. 8. The Gospel Law as to Swearing. 9."Resist not Evil." 10. The Love of Enemies. 11. Imitation of the Perfection of God. 12. Almsgiving. 13. Avoidance of Human Praise. 14. Prayer. 15. The Lord's Prayer. 16. Our Father in Heaven. 17. Hallowing the name of God. 18. The Coming of the Kingdom. 19. The Will of God. 20. Our Daily Bread. 21. Forgiveness of trespasses. 22. Temptation. 23. Deliverance from Evil.

Also the First and Second Vols. of same, viz.:

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Baptist. Second Edition, 63. 6d.

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Beatitudes. 68. 6d.

Sermons on the Sacraments.

By THOS. WATSON, the last Catholic Bishop of Lincoln and Prisoner for the Faith during twentyfive years under Elizabeth. First printed in 1558, and now reprinted in modera spelling. With a Preface and Biographical Notice of the author. By Rev. T. E. BRIDGETT, C.SS.R. Price 78. 61.

These Sermons, 30 in number, composed by Rishop WATSON at the desire of the National Council held under Cardinal Pole, were intended for the use of the Clergy. They were published in the last year of Queen Mary, and destroyed under Elizabeth, so that copies are now extremely scarce.

OCIETY for the TOTAL ABOLITION and UTTER SUPPRESSION of VIVI"REPORT of the ROYAL COMMISSION on the PRACTICE of SURJECTING LIVE ANIMALS to EXPERIMENTS for SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES, &c. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of her Majesty. 1876."

CONCLUSION arrived at by the Royal Commissioners. "We have great satisfaction in assuring your Majesty that at the present time a general sentiment of humanity on this subject appears to pervade all classes in this country."

See EVIDENCE below, given before the Royal Commissioners which brought them to the above CONCLUSION!

WILLIAM RUTHERFORD, M.D., PROFESSOR OF THE INSTITUTES OF MEDICINE AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. QUESTION.-"What is the rule by which you guide yourself in determining whether they (animals) shall be rendered insensible to pain or not?"

ANSWER." When the mode of rendering them insensible to pain would interfere with the due result being obtained from the experiment we do not so render them."

QUESTION.-"Is that any large proportion of the experiments?'

ANSWER. "I should say a considerable proportion."

QUESTION.-"Would it be more than half the

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Sancta Sophia; or, Directions dog of unmixed race.

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out of more than Forty Treatises written by the late Ven. Fr. F. AUGUSTIN BAKER, a Monk of the English Congregation of the Holy Order of St. Benedict; and methodically digested by the R. F. SERENUS CRESSY, of the same Order and Congregation. And printed at the charges of his Convent of St. Gregories in Doway. Vol. I. Vol. II. at Doway, by JOHN PATTE and THOMAS FIEVET. Anno D. MDCLVII. Now edited by the Very Rev. DOM NORBERT SWEENEY, D.D., of the same Order and Congregation. Price 10s. 6d.

The Voice of Creation as a

Witness to the Mind of its Divine Author. Five
Lectures by FREDERICK CANON OAKELEY, M.A.
Price 1s. 6d.

CONTENTS.-1. The Love of God in Creation. 2. The Ways of God in Creation. 3. Vestiges of the Fall. 4. Types of the Gospel in Creation. 5. The Subject Reviewed.

London: BURNS AND OATES, 17 and 18, Portman Street, W., and 63, Paternoster Row, E.C.

10 CLERGYMEN and the READING "The CHRISTIAN APOLOGIST," will be started on July 1. Its object will be to discuss all matters connected with Religion from a Christian point of view. Science, Philosophy, and all literature bearing directly or indirectly on Christianity will have a place and be discussed in this Magazine. Subscription, 4s. a year, by post, 4s 6d. ; single numbers, 18. Persons wishing to subscribe are requested to send their names to the Publishers.

WILLIAMS and NORGATE, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Professor Rutherford and his "wonderment" at the amount of torture he could inflict on the docile, intelligert, and affectionate collie, and be suffered with resignation by the unhappy animal, an amount he himself (Professor Rutherford) confesses himself amazed at-God knows WHAT it was!-stand a contrast to another Scotsman, ROBERT BURNS, wh said of the same creature:-"The more we know of this wonderful species the greater room shall we find to admire that Beneficent Being who gave the dog to man as his companion and friend, and the greater indignation shall we feel against the worse than brutal human beings who abuse the devotion of this most affectionate and docile creature."

The LIFE of Sir ASTLEY COOPER, Bart. By BRANSBY BLAKE COOPER, Esq., F.R.S. London: John W. Parker. 1843.

"When animals were wanted for some physiological illustration or investigation, Charles was never at a loss to invent means of procuring them, and he tells me that he has known as many as thirty dogs, besides other animals, at one time in the hayloft, the subjects, or about to become so, of experiments connected with the pursuits of his master. To obtain these Charles used to employ the servants, or any person indirectly connected with my uncle's establishment, and to induce them to procure them, used to allow half-acrown for each dog as soon as it was safely housed in the premises. This temptation, I have reason to believe, led to a frequent breach of the laws relating to dog STEALING, for my uncle's old coachman has lately given me some idea of the system by which these animals were kidnapped into this scientific receptacle."

• NOTE.

The Quarterly Review, Vol. 71, in its criticisms of the above work, made the following remark :-" The biographer intimates that the supply depended principally on the professional dog-stealers; but his own servants, it is confessed, were all dabblers in the trade. The coachman and footman had their eyes about them while he was paying a visit, and many an unsuspicious pet was lured into the odorous basket beneath the hammercloth."

How little the public suspected that this noted surgeon (whose practice was so large that he made £20,000 in one year) while talking blandly to his fair

patients was at that very time actually stealing their favourite animals-and for what purpose? To dissect them alive!

Sir Astley ruthlessly tortured hecatombs of animals, but, as the Quarterly Review says, he was not a man of genius, or in any high sense of the word a man of science, and never will be classed among the most eminent men of his profession. His utterly erroneous treatment of fracture of the thigh bone within the capsule is somewhat notorious; and the numbers of patients whom, from his immense practice, he thereby probably lamed for life, something serious to contemplate.

Here is another proof that the secrets of taciturn Nature are not to be wrenched, wrung, and extorted from her by Torture, and Professors Brodequin, Pinniewinks, Thumbscrew, and Rack-the fanatical Priesthood of Science-whose glorious name they abuse and prostitute even more grossly than did bigots of bygone ages the still nobler name of Religion. Shakspeare.

N.B. To be CONTINUED WEEKLY.

The proceedings in Chancery, set on foot by certain persons, against the Honorary Secretary to eject him from his position, and the direction of the first Society which he and his friends founded, have been, and continue to be, a great obstruction to his labours in the cause of Animals. AN INJUNCTION IS NOW MOVED FOR TO STOP HIS ADVERTISEMENTS. The. NEW Society was established to meet the difficulty, and the real friends of animals are called upon to support it as they have hitherto done.

Subscriptions may be paid to Messrs. HERRIES, FARQUHAR, and CO., 16, St. James's-street. S.W., or to GEORGE R. JESSE, Esq, Honorary Secretary, Henbury, Macclesfield, Cheshire.

N.B. Petitions to Parliament, praying for the Total Abolition and Utter Suppression of Vivisection, should be prepared and rent in as early as possible. Forms can be had on application to the Honorary Secretary. The Society for the Total Abolition and Utter Suppression of Vivisection" has no connection with the Society for the Abolition of Vivisection," or any other society whatever.

NIMAL TORTURE.-Now Ready,

AN

8vo., price 2s. 6d., cloth, UNABRIDGED EVIDENCE given before the ROYAL COMMISSION on VIVISECTION, on the 1st and 6th November, and 20th December, 1875. By GEORGE R. JESSE, Author of "Researches into the History of the British Dog," &c. Basil Montagu Pickering, Publisher, 196, l'iccadilly, London.-N.B. The Blue-book Report, issued by the Royal Commissiou, presents the above evidence in a mutilated condition only.

VIVISECTION.

Now ready, 8vo., price 2s. 6d., cloth,

[NABRIDGED EVIDENCE given

SECTION, on the 1st and 6th November, and 20th
December, 1875.
BY GEORGE R. JESSE,
Author of Researches into the History of the
British Dog," &c.

N.B.-The Blue Book Report, issued by the Royal Commission, presents the above Evidence in a mutiated condition only.

BASIL MONTAGU PICKERING, Pablisher, 196, Piccadilly, London.

Demy 8vo., cloth extra, with Photographic Portrait and Illustrations, price 12s.,

MEMORIALS of the Late Rev. Robert

STEPHEN HAWKER, Vicar of Morwenstow. By the Rev. F. G. LEE, D.C.L.

"Dr. Lee's Memorials' is a far better record of Mr. Hawker [than the volume by Mr. Raring-Gould] and gives a more reverent and more true idea of the man."-Athenæum.

"A volume of engrossing interest, which depicts the subject of it with taste and sympathy."-Daily

Post.

"Dr. Lee has, undoubtedly, shown that recent events, and in particular the passing of the Public Worship Regulation Act, had much troubled Mr. Hawker."-Saturday Review.

"A curious and interesting volume."-Week'y Register. "We are willing to credit Dr. Lee with an honest intention of championing the reputation of a deceased fellow-clergyman against what he holds to be unfounded aspersions."-Scotchman.

I can hardly find words to express to you how much I like your Memorials.' The truthful and most charitable loving-kindness running through the whole book shows the true friend in need to one who rever ought to have been judged like another man."—Rer. R. S. Hawker's Sister to the Author.

CHATTO and WINDUS, Piccadilly, W.

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A Journal of Religion, Politics, Literature

No. 7.-VOL. I.]

IT

and Art.

LONDON, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 7, 1876.

EASTERN COMPLICATIONS.

T remains to be seen what will be the result of the deposition, or forced abdication, of the Sultan of Turkey. The balance of probabilities points, at present, to the supposition that it will strengthen and prolong the Turkish rule in Europe; the party in Turkey to whose action it is due make loud professions of reform in political and financial matters, but as they are also the Caananites, or Zealots, of Mahometanism, their success is, on Christian grounds, to be deprecated, rather than desired. Their triumph will probably give Mahometanism a new lease of life, and make the intervention of the Christian powers more difficult; these results, being supposed to be distasteful to Russia, have been largely applauded by the English Press, and are supposed to constitute a diplomatic triumph for England, to whose attitude it is undoubtedly due, that the efforts of the three powers to intervene in behalf of the Christian subjects of the

Porte have been checkmated.

We make no apology for recurring to this subject here. There is something unspeakably distressing and degrading in the thought that England should be the main and, so far as appearances go, the only prop upon which Mahometanism now leans. It may be conceded that it is Russo-phobia, rather than philo-Mahometanism, which is the real cause of our attitude as regards the Eastern Question; but the result is the same, and the fleet which we have sent to the Bosphorus has gone thither in the interests of the followers of the prophet.

We shall no doubt be told that religious sympathies have nothing to do with political considerations, and that the preservation of a safe highway to India is of more importance to us than the fall of the Ottoman, or the advancement of the Christian religion. The fact that such reasoning is resorted to, and that it is indeed the key to our policy in the East, is itself a fact which deserves the careful consideration of all Christian Englishmen. "It is all very well to profess Christianity at home for respectability's sake-this is what the reasoning in question amounts to-but then Christianity and its interests must not be allowed to interfere with the serious concerns of the British Empire; a Christian policy may be more in accordance with our duty as a God-fearing nation, but our temporal interests cannot be sacrificed to such considerations." Such reasoning is only worthy of a country which has ceased to be Christian, of a civilized paganism, but it is the reasoning which finds favour in the England of the present day. As "modern ideas" require that God should be eliminated from education, so they demand that He❘ should be ignored in politics.

Yet it is, after all, but a short-sighted policy: and the divorce of political from religious considerations can only redound ultimately to the ruin of the State or States which attempt it. The ruin of the last French Empire was due, in no small measure, to the disregard shown by Napoleon III. to religious considerations in his foreign policy. By adopting the cause of Italy against Austria-of modern Liberalism against Catholicism-he prepared the way for the triumph of Prussia over Austria; and this was but the prelude to the success of the German arms in the FrancoGerman War. Had there been no Magenta and Solferino, there would have been no Sedan; the latter, which was the physical triumph of Protestantism over Catholicism, was the natural outcome of French Catholicism siding with Italian Liberalism against religion, authority, and right, as represented by the Papal States and Austria. Even in financial

[PRICE THREEPENCE.

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A country has no more right than an individual to ignore religious considerations and obligations when called upon to determine its course of conduct. And every country which does so, is certain, sooner or later, to be visited with irrefragable tokens of the Divine Sovereignty which it has chosen to ignore. Even, then, if it were proved to demonstration, that the fall of Mahometanism involved the possession of the Dardanelles by Russia, we should be doing evil that good may come by supporting Mahometan interests in the East. But the presence of Russia at Constantinople is by no means the only alternative to the continuance of the Ottoman Empire; nor is it certain that the occupation of Turkey by Russia would have the disastrous effects upon our Indian The Empire which politicians assume so axiomatically. advances which Russia is making in Asia itself constitute, in sions than the acquisition of Constantinople by the Czar; our judgment, a far more real menace to our Indian Possesthe progress of Russia in Asia is an overland progress, to check which, our naval power is useless. Any operations which might be attempted by Russia from the vantage ground of Turkey in Europe would have to run the gauntlet of our fleets, and if ever these should be unequal to the task of keeping the sea between the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal, we may be quite sure that it would matter little that a Russian expedition had to start from Sevastopol instead of from Constantinople.

Any power which should undertake to relieve the Sultan of governing European Turkey would be sure to have its hands pretty well full, for some time to come, in adjusting the internal complications, social, political, financial, and ecclesiastical, with which it would at once find itself confronted. So far from its being certain that the possession of European Turkey by Russia would be injurious to our interests in India, we are not at all sure that such an eventuality would not prove a most useful diversion from the unchecked and uncheckable advance which Russia is making overland in Asia. There are limits even to Russian activity and to Russian capabilities; and while the re-organization of European Turkey would tax the power even of the Hercules of modern politics, it is also to be remembered that the command of the Bosphorus does not necessarily involve that of the Red Sea.

Our readers must not infer from the above remarks that we are going to desert ecclesiastical for secular politics. The Eastern Question is essentially a religious question; and it will never be satisfactorily settled till it is approached as a religious question. The Clergy should, we think, teach their congregations to look at the Christian aspect of the matter, which it is the fashion of English politicians to ignore. The country which elects to maintain Mahometanism in Europe, especially after all the revelations as to the true character of Mahometanism with which we have been recently favoured, has sounded the knell of its own greatness, and will sooner or later be involved in the fate of the rottenness which it protects. Above all things it is to be hoped that our Russo-phobia will not have the effect of throwing us into the arms of Germany, and causing us to minister to Prince Bismarck's ultimate designs against his neighbours. Such an eventuality is not altogether impossible; but for England to be united with Bismarckian Germany in bolstering up Mahometanism would be a depth of degradation to which our country will not, we trust, be reduced.

T

LORD CARNARVON'S VIVISECTION BILL.

HE communications regarding the odious practice of Vivisection, printed in another column, from Mr. George R. Jesse, Archdeacon Reichel, and others, deserve special attention. They are inherently important, and cannot fail to point out how extremely unsatisfactory is the Bill of Lord Carnarvon on this frightful subject. It is a long step backward. Let our readers study it for themselves. The Clergy of the Church of England, with the exception of half-a-dozen or so,-amongst others Dr. Vaughan of the Temple, Dr. Lee of Lambeth, and Mr. Hugo of West Hackney,-are passive. The Church newspapers, whether spasmodic or safe, are silent. Our Scotch Archbishop Tait is even reported to have sided with the bruteswe mean those who walk on two legs, and crucify their superiors, and has left the advocacy of pity and mercy for the dumb animals to Cardinal Manning and Mr. Francis Newman. As regards the Government Bill it might well be described as "An Act to Protect Vivisectionists," for that would seem to be its object much more than the poor animals. In substance Government proposes that a licence must be taken out by any person desiring to cut up and crucify living creatures, which licence shall contain certain stipulations, the breach of which would entail its forfeiture. But from time to time these stipulations may be "revised "; certain "advisers" (not specified) are to guide the Secretary of State in the matter-men like Huxley and Ferrier. The licence is to be confined to some specified place; but this may at any time be "varied." All licensed places "must be registered and placed under inspection," consequently Inspectors must be appointed-a fine chance for people who think themselves "scientific lights," are impecunious and have nothing to do. Abuse of licence would require its withdrawal, but the person holding it may demand a public enquiry before a Judge of the Supreme Court, who, assisted by two Assessors, would hear the case, and, if decided in favour of the licensee, that person should have the costs of his defence paid. Magistrates, on information, may authorize the police to enter suspected places, and persons practising Vivisection without a licence are guilty of an offence against this Act. Now, if this Bill of Lord Carnarvon's becomes law, we may ask who is to discover the breach of a licence, and who is to prosecute offenders? We may reasonably expect, from what is stated in the Report, on pp. 9, 17, that a host of persons will apply for licences. Upon what grounds a licence may be refused does not appear. To specify who should obtain, and who should not obtain licences is passed over; for if the qualifications of the persons applying for licences are to be scrutinized by the Act, no doubt some delicate professional questions will arise. As to what places are to be licenced-no suggestions whatsoever are given. anticipate, at any rate, that the Three Chairs of Physiology in London, Cambridge, and Manchester, along with the celebrated "Brown Institution"; the Laboratories constructed, or likely to be constructed, in connection with Hospitals; the private laboratories of eminent men devoted to "Original Research" will easily secure them. Now, as a full supply of animals must be provided to keep these things going, we may easily guess what the supply and demand may be. Unless the Inspectors are ubiquitous or have the eyes of Argus, or are beyond the ordinary weaknesses and sympathies of men of kindred minds and congenial pursuits, we do not see what their use will be. It is said, "they must possess the full confidence of the Public." The Public has no voice in the matter. It must accept The Inspector as appointed by Government nolens volens. But perhaps it will be asserted that, not a single creature will ever be experimented upon but in a state of complete unconsciousness to pain, and will be destroyed before consciousness returns. Would that we could think it! Judging from the past we must draw conclusions for the future, and we have the detailed evidence before the Commissioners to satisfy us that the thing which hath been is the thing that will be. We repeat our deliberate conviction, that legislation on the basis of these recommendations is "An Act to Protect Vivisectionists," and not animals liable to Vivisection. What an expression, "liable"!! What makes any animal "liable to Vivisection"? The Law of their Creation? No. The following from Lewis Carroll's "Vivisection as a Sign of the Times," is the reply-"The World has seen and

We may

:

These are the

tired of the worship of Nature, of Reason, of Humanity for this nineteenth century has been reserved the development of the most refined religion of all-the Worship of Self. For that, indeed, is the upshot of it all, the enslavement of his weaker brethren-the labour of those who do not enjoy, for the enjoyment of those who do not labour-the degradation of woman-the torture of the animal world. steps of a ladder by which Man is ascending to his higher civilization." Alas! for England! Alas! for the Clergy of England, mute, indifferent, apathetic; skulking when they should lead: silent and dumb when called on boldly to speak out. Finally, we ask this simple question-If, as it is asserted, eminence in medicine and surgery can only be obtained through imbruing one's hands in the blood, and studying the indescribable dying agonies of God's innocent and defenceless creatures: then how many victims will suffice for the training of the thousands of medical practitioners in the United Kingdom?

IN

WHAT IS CONSERVATISM? NO. VII.

N considering the question whether changes in human laws are always justifiable, even when some prospective advantage is apparent, it is important to bear in mind that custom itself has, and must have, in many cases, much of the force of law. Very many legal maxims of acknowledged practical force, have, in our country, no other foundation. Human law, according to St. Thomas, proceeds from the will of man regulated by his reason. But the reason and will of man are manifested in two ways: by words and by deeds. And it is a common saying that acts speak louder than words; this is especially true in practical matters. And customs arise simply from the instinctive concurrence of the many in a certain course of action, as appropriate to certain circumstances.

Accordingly, as customs tend to acquire the force of laws; laws, if they be good, and suited to the public condition, will gradually acquire the familiarity and ease of customs. They will thus work their way into the lives of the subjects and mould them in the character intended by the legislator. But all this process, which is obviously a beneficial one, is conditional upon a certain permanence in the laws. If they be capriciously or restlessly changed, the result will be entirely adverse to the common good, and that on two accounts. In the first place, the subjects will be unable strictly to conform their lives to the law, inasmuch as time is required for laws to be generally known and fully understood. In the second place, the reliance of the people on the justice and permanence of the laws will be evacuated; for needless changes are as inconsistent with justice as with gravity, the relations between man and man depending upon the laws.

Thus for every change of law there is a corresponding weakening of the constraining power of law, in proportion to the importance of the law or extent of the change, inasmuch as the force of custom which is so germane to the true efficiency of law, is interfered with; and therefore laws should never be changed unless there be prospect of a public advantage more than sufficient to compensate for the certain injury which is inflicted on the commonwealth by the bare fact of change.

This consideration is entirely lost sight of by those who argue that human laws, as they are invented by human reason like any other arts, such as that of the tinker, so we may look for an improvement in them as we may in the tinkering art. The distinction between mechanical and moral laws is forgotten by those who reason thus. Every mechanical process is essentially limited by time and place, and admits of mathematical estimation; but moral phenomena have innumerable relations, which bear upon every result, and are beyond all mathematical reckoning. The particular relations which concern the subject we are now considering have no place at all in any mechanical formula, hence legislation, as a practical science, calls for a far more cautious and deliberate treatment than any mechanical science can possibly do.

In general, therefore, we conclude that though human laws are not absolutely unchangeable, yet they are not to be tampered with on account of every trifling amelioration, that this is forbidden by justice and in the interests of obedience, and that the laws should only be altered on account of great utility or necessity.

FOUR LETTERS TO A. P. DE LISLE, ESQ., ON THE in their adhesion to it. Neo-Ritualism is quite in its babyFORMATION OF AN UNIAT CHURCH.

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N my last letter I pointed out the difficulties which are besetting the Catholic movement in the Anglican Church; and I hinted that the continued existence of the Ritualists as a corporate body would, in my opinion, and in that of many others, necessitate separation from the State Church. Some, doubtless, will submit to Privy Council "law;" and so cease to carry on the struggle against Erastianism. Others, again, will retire from the conflict, and resign their posts as pastors of the Church of England. But some, no doubt, will be true at once to their principles and priesthood, and will separate from a Church in which it will be no longer possible for them to serve God conscientiously. Again, the strength of Ritualism lies in the laity. It is essentially a lay movement. The line they are likely to take, then, is an important consideration. Will the laity acquiese in submission to the Civil Courts? I have a long and intimate knowledge of Anglican laymen, and I think not. It is part of our unsettled condition that as benefices fall vacant and are filled revolutions take place in the manner of carrying on Divine Service. What do the laity do now-I will not say when a Catholic-minded vicar is succeeded by one of a different calibre, but when from any cause the privileges to which they have been accustomed are curtailed? Do they acquiesce in the new regime? No, Sir. A man accustomed to the Catholic idea of worship can no more accept another than a full grown man can return to the dimensions-corporal and mental—of an infant. It is possible to pass from Catholicism to indifference, no doubt, and some do so, but the majority of our people cling to what they have been taught to hold as "Catholicism," and attach themselves to congregations where it is taught and practised. I could show you a church in London which, under a Ritualistic incumbent, had large and overflowing congregations. His successor would, I presume, consider himself a High Churchman; "but he elected to "obey the law," and he ministers in an empty church. Where is the old congregation? Scattered among other churches where Ritualistie usages prevail. This would be the case everywhere else; only with this difference, that were there no "other churches inside the Establishment to fall back upon, they would seek " pastures new." Any acceptance of Privy Council law on the part of the Clergy would insure the separation of large numbers of the laity. Wholesale resignations of benefices could only operate in the same way; while the adoption of any third alternative-a repetition of the nonjuring programme-gives us at once an organized separation" on the part of pastors and their flocks. In any case, some of the Clergy and many of the laity will be brought face to face with the policy of separation. I do not profess to know what course the Neo-Ritualists, with their Germano-Greek sympathies, would take under these circumstances. Too weak to stand alone-for their isolation was the destruction of the Nonjurors-they would certainly fight a losing battle, unless they allied themselves with some Episcopal body bigger than themselves, and with maturer ecclesiastical traditions. We, who adhere to the programme of 1857, naturally look to you, Sir, and to the august Communion of which you are a member. Driven forth, if so it be, from the Church of England by the combined influences of State encroachments and Episcopal betrayals; and having to seek elsewhere a πov T for principles dearer to us than this life-where should we seek it but in the Communion presided over by the Chief Bishop of Christendom? If while we were permitted to do battle for the Church of England, our aspirations were for a re-united Christendom under the shadow of that venerable See, what other alliance would seem so reasonable as this in our separated condition? This, then, is our position. Separation is imminent. "Anglo-Catholicism" may go to swell the schisms of Christendom, or the nuclus of a body in Communion with the Holy See may arise out of its disjecta membra. Some of the Clergy are rife for the carrying out of the programme so ably set forth by "Presbyter Anglicanus." As far as my experience goes, numbers of the laity are ready to take it up with enthusiasm. Doubtless were it an accomplished fact many more, both pastors and people, would give

hood and its existence is due to a craze about Papal Infallibility, which will doubtless be as short-lived as the craze about Papal Aggression. "Old Catholicism" is a bubble which must burst. It has in it none of the elements of stability. Moreover the alliance between it and Ritualism is philosophically false. One is constructive, the other destructive. "Can two walk together except they be agreed?" Considering this, and remembering that the blessing of the Holy See, and corporate union with by far the largest body of Christians will not count for nothing, can we doubt that an Uniat Church, were such in existence, would be destined sooner or later to absorb the whole body of Ritualists ?

You, Sir, while naturally urging individual submission upon all Anglicans likely to be influenced by your arguments, have ever been in favour of corporate Re-union. An opportunity for such a re-union, on a smaller scale indeed than we had fondly hoped, now offers itself.

I shall proceed, therefore, to enlist your sympathies in favour of a Uniat Church, confining myself in the present letter to a consideration of its possibility: and reserving for future handling its probable form, and its advantages both to ourselves and to the Roman Catholics of England.

Corporate Re-union, whether of Churches, as such, or of sections of Churches, is no unheard-of thing. It represents not merely what we might expect of the paternal government of the Holy See, but what has been again and again experienced in the actual history of the Church. After a schism of years, the Councils of Florence and of Lyons were convened, as Pope Gregory X. worded it, "because of his extreme bitterness in beholding the seat of the Universal Church preshadowed in the net of Peter, which brake for the multitude of fishes which it enclosed: we do not say divided as regards its faithful members." So Pope Eugenius IV.: "It is for the union of the Western and Eastern Churches, so long and ardently desired by us, that you are sent." The negotiations failed: but had they been successful, the result would have been the "corporate re-union" of the East and West: and this was the raison d'etre of the Councils. So the Church of England, having finally and synodically separated itself from the Holy See under Henry VIII., and having innovated largely both in doctrine and discipline under his successor, was corporately re-united by the joint action of Cardinal Pole-the Pope's legate-and the English Parliament under Queen Mary. Indeed, the unity of the Church must be voted an impossible thing unless "corporate reunion" be admitted as the corollary of "corporate secession."

I now turn to cases which more nearly concern ourselves— the "corporate re-union" not of Churches, but of sections of Churches.

In the 13th century, a large body of Syrian Christians effected a re-union with the Holy See, while retaining their native rite. This Unia, that of the Maronites, has subsisted ever since. Another case in point is that of the Armenians -a portion of whom while retaining their national uses, subjected to a careful and conservative revision on the part of the Apostolic See-abjured their heresy, and were admitted to Catholic Communion. Coming to more recent times: Scarcely had England repudiated, for the second time, the Primacy of St. Peter, when the Holy See took the Christian revenge of enrolling under its banner thousands of Russian Christians, who (like ourselves) turned wistful eyes to the Successor of the Fisherman to save them from the Erastian influences to which their isolated position subjected them. The idea of this Unia was conceived in the year 1590, by two Russian ecclesiastics. "Every facility," says Dr. Neale, was given for the formation of the United Russian Church. The Marriage of Priests was allowed-the national (and vernacular) Liturgy was retained—e —even the adoption of the Filioque in the Creed was not pressed. Parallel with the Unia sprang up a pure Latin Church, using the language, the rites, and the ceremonies of Rome. In process of time it was found convenient to forbid change of communion from one of these Churches to the other. They were spoken of with equal honour, endued with the same privileges, and addressed as the Catholic Church of both rites in Russia." There is, then, abundance of precedent for the formation of an English Uniat Church. What was found possible in the case of the Maronites, of the Armenians, of the Russians, cannot be otherwise than possible in our case. It is a ques

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