the Primate's door. Many bitter invectives were written against him upon the occafion, as if he were the author of woes, which were only felt in imagination. When the Primate had fucceeded in the business of reducing the gold coin, Dr. Swift, it is faid, hung out a black flag on the top of his Church of St. Patrick's, and cauted a dumb peal to be rung, with the clappers of the bells muffled; but this peal turned out, in the end, to be the paffing-bell to his own political reputation §. Confcious of his own integrity, he defpifed the foolish noife; the people in a fhort time recovered their fenfes, and the Primate has left an example, almost unparalleled in history, of a perfon, who, from a state of odium, recovered as high a degree of popularity as has fallen to the fhare of any fubject. He was ten times one of the Lords Juf. tices, or Chief Governors of Ireland; which office he administered oftener than any other Chief Governor fince the commencement of the English power in Ireland. He embarked for England in 1742, and after two days illness died at his houfe in St. James's-place, on September 27, to the inestimable lofs of Ireland, leaving to his fucceffors an example scarcely imitable. He was buried in Westminster-abbey, where a stately monument hath been erected to his memory. : His character refults from the relation given of him yet we must add a few particulars, which have not fallen under any of the heads mentioned. His deportment was stayed and grave, his aspect venerable, and his temper meek and humble. He was fteady to the principles of liberty both in Religion and Politics. His learning was univerfal, yet more in fubftance than in fhew. He always preferved fuch an equal temper of mind that hardly any thing could ruffle; and a Gentleman of great worth and integrity (who had lived fourteen years in his family as his domeftic Chaplain) affirms, that in all that time he never faw him difcompofed but once, and that upon a very provoking occafion yet he recovered his ufual ferenity and good humour in lefs than three minutes. He always maintained a steady refolution of ferving his country, i. e. Ireland, which he often called his country; and readily embraced every thing proposed for the good of it, though by perfons remarkable for their oppofition to him: and when the most public-fpirited schemes were in troduced by him, and did not meet with the reception they deserved, yet he never took offence at the partial proceedings of fome few, who liked nothing that came from him; but was glad when any part of his advice for the public good was purfued; often faying, he would do all the good to Ireland he could, though they did not fuffer him to do all he would.' His life was mostly spent in action, and therefore it is not to be expected that he should have left many remains of his learning behind him; nor do we know of any thing he hath written, excepting a few Charges to his Clergy at his vifitations, which are grave, folid, and inftructive. It has been faid indeed, that in his younger days he was the Author of four or five occafional papers to the Free thinkers, published for the encouragement of loyalty, virtue, and religion; but we cannot affirm this particular with certainty. In fhort, his conftant business in this world was to do good to mankind. During the contest, the following verfes were written by fome friend of the Dean's ; AY and NO, a Tale from Dublin. At Dublin's high feaft fat Primate and Dean, Both drefs'd like Divines, with band and face clean Quoth Hugh of Armagh, “The mob is grown bold:” "Ay, ay," quoth the Dean," the caufe is old gold." "No, no," quoth the Primate, if caufes we fift, "This mifchief arifes from witty Dean Swift." The finart one replied, “There's no wit in the case, "And nothing of that ever troubled your Grace. Though with your State-fieve your own notions you fplit, "A Boulter by name is no Bolter of wit. "It is matter of weight, and a mere money-job; "But the lower the coin, the higher the mob. "Go tell your friend Bob, and the other great folk, ACCOUNT ACCOUNT of the Manners and Customs of the INGRIANS, a FINNISH NATION HE Ruffians made themselves mafters Tof Ingria, or Inguermannlande, in the beginning of the prefent century: at which time the inhabitants of the flat country were a Finnish people, but little different from the Finns of Carelia as to their language and manners. Thefe Ingrians were called Ifchorki, and Ifchortzi, from the little river Ifchora, which runs into the Neva. Ingria, have ing been the first conqueft of Peter the Great, did not retain its ancient Swedish privileges, which were granted to Carelia: on the contrary, Peter arbitrarily gave away the portions of this new conquered country, which has ever fince been governed by the laws of Ruffia. According to the custom of this empire, the Crown made a prefent of one part of the Ifchortzi to certain Ruffian Nobles; who, on their fide, were obliged to people the lefs cultivated cantons of Ingria with colonies of Ruffians from their estates; and thence it is, that we often fee a village of Ruffians furrounded by villages of Finns. The Ifchortzi have for a long time followed agriculture, as well as the other Finns. Their economy is an ill-chofen means betwixt that of the Ruffians and that of the Finns. They affemble in small villages, of five or ten farms each; and live miferably in fmall dirty huts. Their household furniture indicates the greatest penury; and their manner of living is fqualid and difgufting. Notwithstanding that the land each family occupies is of tolerable extent, their agriculture and their cattle are equally poor. Their inclination to idleness and drinking leads them often to fell their stock, and the very corn they have faved for fowing the fields; the money which that produces they fquander away in a very thort time, and are thus reduced to the most deplorable indigence. In this itate they behold their cattle die of hunger and cold with the most perfect indifference. Some of them, however, imitate the Ruffian villagers, who are better managers, more at their ease, and in better circumftances. With their poverty and diforderly life, the Ingrians are a ftupid, fufpicious, thievifh race, and dangerous from their phlegmatic and pilfering temperament. under the Ruffian Empire. Thofe who live along the road to Riga greatly refemble the people we call gypies, are vagabonds like them, and calculate nativities, and tell fortunes. Such as come to Petersburg for thofe fraudulent purposes would fcarcely be known from the gypfies about London. It is but a few years ago, that a whole village of these wretches were banished to a defert island in the gulf of Finnland, for mur ders and other crimes committed on the highway. The boys from feveral villages together frequently elope at once; and there is every reafon in the world to believe that this is for very bad purposes. The dress of the men is exactly like that of the Finn boors; but the habit of the women betrays a vanity, which, considering the poverty of this people, and the tyranny which their husbands and fathers exercise over them, may pafs for luxury. The lower part of their dress resembles that of the Finn countrywomen. Their shift reaches down to their knees, has a neck, and close wristbands, both of them pinked or wrought. The fleeves are large, and whimfically worked. The body of the fhift is large, and puffed with numberless plaits; and the making of it is usually four weeks work. Inftead of a petticoat the Ingrian women tie on each fide a linen apron without gathers. These aprons are fometimes of cloth, and fometimes of linen worked with different colours. These behind come over one another, but before they are at fome diftance, the open part of the petticoat then left is concealed by a fmaller apron adorned with glafs beads and little fhells. Several ftrings of these beads are worn round the neck, and fall upon the breafts. They carry, rather than wear, heavy ear-rings, with the addition generally of ftrings of beads. The girls wear their hair loofe and uncovered; the married women, on the contrary, conceal their hair, like the Finnish women, with a piece of linen, fix archines folded towards the middle into a kind of cap, while its extremities fall upon the back, and are fupported by the girdle in fuch a manner that the whole makes a kind of fpread fail over the fhoulders. When they drefs themselves to go to town, they commonly put on the Rufs cap, called An archine is about three quarters of an English yard. in length, Kakofchnik, Kakofchnik, which is ornamented with a peak in front, is lined with fur, and laced round the edges; with this they wear a long gown [Kaftan] made of coarfe ftuff, and fastened down the breast with buttons. At the time that the Ruffians made themselves mafters of this country, the Ingrians had Lutheran Minifters for every canton, which was the religion they profeffed: but numbers of them have been fince converted to the Greek faith. Thefe people are full of abfurd notions and Pagan fuperftitions, which they mix with the ceremonial of Chriftianity. They commonly look upon the figures of the Saints as idols to be adored. They carry them into the woods with proceffional folemnities, and pay them there a forinal worship. When a man is inclined to marry, he buys himself a girl, and celebrates his nuptials. All the way to the Church they are accompanied by two women in veils, who fing as they go compofitions, if one may call them fo, totally deftitute of common fenfe. No fooner is the marriage ceremony performed, than the hufband begins to treat his wife with the utmost severity, and thenceforward keeps her under ftrict difcipline, though not always with the greateft attention to juftice. She is often beaten for the faults of the children, and fometimes for those of the domeftics. The dead are buried by the Priest of the profeffion to which they belong: but thefe fuperftitious people return to the grave under cover of the night, and, having taken up the fod, depofit eatables for their departed friend, which they renew during a fortnight or three weeks. Dogs and other animals easily scratch up thefe victuals and devour them, while the good folk that placed them there believe they were con fumed by the deceased. Their general opinion is, that they continue to live in the fubterranean world in the fame manner as they did on the furface of the earth; and that the grave is little more than a change of habitation: for which reafon they bury their money, that they may have it to use in the world to come. They fpeak to their deceafed friends, and go to their tomb for that purpofe; but, at the fame time, are much`afraid of them. Some Gentlemen, not long ago, surprised a woman in the environs of St. Petersburg in this act, and heard her without being perceived. She was telling her deceased husband, that a fortnight after his decease The married again; that, to appease his manes, and to prevent his doing her any injury for it, he had approached his grave, upon which he had laid herself flat, crying grievously, and making bitter lamenta tions; at length the concluded by saying, with many tragical geftures: Behold, thou art dead. Alas! alas! But be not angry with me, that I have married this lad much younger than thee. Alas! alas! I will not take the lefs care of thy fon, thy little darling. Alas! &c. Among their holy places there is one upon the road to Riga, at the distance of about ten verfts from Petersburg. It is formed by a large lime-tree, whose branches are interwoven with thofe of the foreft that are nearest to it, and forms a delightful natural bower. Peter the Great was charmed with this lovely fpot, and used frequently to ftop at it. On the feftival of St. John, at night, the Ifchortzi affemble under this tree, and remain till morning, fhrieking, and finging, and dancing, round a great fire; concluding their orgies with burning a white cock, and making the abfurdett gefticulations and grimaces imaginable. A CONCISE HISTORY of the ORIGIN and PROGRESS of the prefent unhappy DISPUTES between GREAT BRITAIN and the AMERICAN COLONIES; continued from Page 183 of our Magazine for April laft. CHAP. XXXVII. Confequences of the Quebec A-Declaration of the General Congrefs, in Answer to the late Proclamation.-Georgia accedes to the general Confederacy. -General Washington appointed Commander in Chief of all the American Farces-Motives which led to the Invafion of Canada,-Forts of Chamble and St. John taken.—Montreal taken. THE pernicious confequences of the late Quebec act, with refpect to the very purpoles for which it was framed, were now displayed in a degree, which its most fanguine opponents could fcarcely have expected. Instead of gaining the French Cana Canadians to the intereft of Government by that law, the great body of the inhabitants were found as adverfe to it, and as much difgufted at its operation, as even the British fettlers. General Carleton, the Governor of that province, who had placed much confidence in the raifing of a confiderable army of Canadians, and be ing enabled to march at their head to the relief of General Gage, (a matter which was fo much relied upon at home, that 20,000 stands of arms and a great quantity of other military ftores had been fent out for that purpose) found himself now totally disappointed. The people faid that they were now under the British Government; that they could not pretend to understand the caules of the prefent difputes, nor the juftice of the claims on either fide; that they did, and would thew themfelves dutiful fubjects, by a quiet and peaceable demeanor, and due obedience to the Government under which they were placed; but that it was totally inconfiftent with their state and condition to interfere, or in any degree to render themfelves parties, in the contests that might arife between that Government and its ancient fubjects. They faid, they would defend the province if it was attacked; but they abfolutely refused to march out of it, or to commence hoftilities with their neighbours. The Governor, as the laft refort, applied to the Bishop of Quebec, to ufe his fpiritual influence and authority with the people towards difpoling them to the adoption of this favourite measure. But the Bishop excufed himself from a compliance with this propofition, by reprefenting, that an Epifcopal mandate on fuch a fubject would be contrary to the Canons of the Roman Catholic Church. The Ecclefiaftics, in the place of this, iffued other letters, which were however pretty generally difregarded. The Nobleffe alone, who were chiefly confidered in the Quebec act, fhew ed a zeal against the English colonists. But, feparated as they were from the great body of the people, they exhibited no formidable degree of itrength. Other endeavours which were used to involve the colonies in domestic troubles proved equally abortive. Confiderable pains were taken, by the means of feveral Agents who had influence on them, to engage thofe numerous tribes of Indians that stretch along the backs of the colonies, to caufe a diverfion, by attacking them in those weak and tender parts. But neither prefents, nor perfuafions, were capable of producing the defired effect. From whatever chance or fortune it proceeded, thofe favage warriors, who had at other times been fo ready to take up the hatchet without fupport or encouragement, now turned a deaf ear to all propofals of that nature, and declared for a neutrality. They ufed much the fame reafons for this conduct that the Canadians had done; they did not understand the subject; were very forry for the prefent unfortunate difputes; but it was not fit nor becoming for them to take any part in quarrels between Englishmen, for all of whom, on both fides of the water, they had the highest affection. This was an object of too much importance to be overlooked by the Congrefs. They accordingly employed proper perfons to cultivate favourable difpofitions in the Indians; and by degrees took such meafures as obliged the Agents for Government to provide for their own fafety. It is faid, that fome of the Indians made propofals to take up arms on their fide; but that they were only requested to obferve a ftrict neutrality. General Gage's late proclamation increafed the animofity, indignation, and rage, which were already fo generally prevalent, and brought out a declaration from the General Congrefs, which, in the nature of thofe general appeals that are made to mankind as well as to Heaven, in a declaration of war, fet forth the caufes and neceffity of their taking up arms. Among the long lift of thofe fuppofed caufes, befides the late hoftilities, they ftate the endeavours used to instigate the Canadians and Indians to attack them, and feverely reproach General Gage, for, what they call, perfidy, cruelty, and breach of faith, in breaking the conditions which he had entered into with the inhabitants of Bolton; they are not less free in their cenfure of the army, whom they charge with the burning of Charlestown, wantonly and unneceffarily. The colony of Georgia at length joined in the general alliance. A Provincial Congrefs having affembled in the beginning of the month of July, they speedily agreed to all the resolutions of the two General Congreffes in their utmost extent, and appointed five Delegates to attend the prefent. From this acceffion to the confederacy, they henceforward affumed the appellation of the Thirteen United Colonies.' In the mean time the General Congress, in compliance with the wishes of the peo ple ple in general, and the particular application of the New-England provinces, appointed George Washington, Efq; a Gentleman of affluent fortune in Virginia, and who had acquired confiderable military experience in the command of dif. ferent bodies of the Provincials during the laft war, to be General and Commander in Chief of all the American forces. They alfo appointed Artemus Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler, and Ifrael Putnam, Efqrs. to be Major generals; and Horatio Gates, Efq; Adjutant-general. Of thefe general Officers, Lee and Gates were English Gentlemen, who had acquired honour in the last war; and who from difguft or principle now joined the Americans. Ward and Putnam were of Maffachufett's-bay, and Schuyler of New-York. The Congrefs alfo fixed and affigned the pay of both Officers and foldiers; the latter of whom were much better provided for than those upon our establishment. The Generals Washington and Lee arrived at the camp before Boston in the beginning of July. They were treated with the highest honours in every place through which they paffed; were efcorted by large detachments of volunteers, compofed of Gentlemen, in the different provinces; and received public addreffes from the Provincial Congreffes of New-York and Maffachufett's-bay. The military fpirit was now fo high and fo general, that war and its preparations occupied the hands and the minds of all orders of people throughout the continent. As the hopes of a reconciliation with the Mother-country, upon the conditions claimed by the Americans, became more faint, fo they grew more daring in their defigns, and extended their views to the remote confequences, as well as to the immediate conduct of a war. The apparent tendency, and avowed defign of the Quebec act, had early drawn their attention and awakened their apprehenfions, in relation to the dangers with which they were threatened from that quarter. Thefe apprehensions produced the addrefs to the French inhabitants of Canada, of which we have formerly taken notice. The fuccefs which attended the expedition to the Lakes, with the reduction of Ticonderoga and Crown-Point, in the beginning of the fummer 1775, by which, it might be faid, that the gates of Canada were thrown open, encouraged the Congrefs to a bold measure, which they would not otherwise perhaps have ventured upon. This was no lefs than the fending of a force for the invafion and reduction of that country. required the most serious confideration. A meafure of fo extraordinary a naturė The commencing of an offensive war with the Sovereign was undertaking. It feemed totally to change a new and perilous the nature of the ground on which they ftood in the prefent difpute, Oppofition to Government had hitherto been conducporting and defending certain rights and ted on the avowed principle only of supimmunities of the people, which were fuppofed to be unjustly invaded. Oppofi tion, in fuch a cafe, is thought by many to be entirely confiftent with the principles nion is faid to have received the fanction of the British conftitution; and this opiof precedents of the first authority. At any rate, the questions in difpute were of fuch a nature, that mankind might for ever be divided in opinion, as to the matgood Government. But to render themter of justice or injuftice, oppreffion or felves at once the aggreffors, and, not contended rights, to fly wantonly in the face tent with vindicating their own real or preof the Sovereign, carry war into his dominions, and invade a province to which they could pretend no right, feemed fuch blifhed opinions, principles, and feelings an outrage, as to militate with the estaof mankind in general. preffing and great. On the other hand, the danger was powers placed in the hands of General The extraordinary commiffion, were alarming, and evidently Carleton, Governor of Canada, by a late pointed out the purposes for which they were granted. By these he was authorized to embody and arm the Canadians, to fubjugation of the other colonies, and to march them out of the country for the proceed even to capital punishments, againft all thofe whom he fhould deem ftrong powers of Government, which he rebels and oppofers of the laws. The equal to thofe of the most arbitrary Eualfo poffeffed within his province, were ropean Monarchs, and had been already felt both by the English and French fubhitherto refufed to be embodied, or to jects. Thus, though the Canadians had march upon any terms out of the province, vernor's authority was fupported by the it was easily seen, that as soon as the Goarrival of a body of English forces, they would be obliged implicitly to obey him, as well in that, as in all other mat ters. |