taking the duty of maintaining military discipline out of the hands of the officers, and transferring it to political theorists.
In these circumstances it is not surprising that General Alexeieff should again have tendered his resignation, having found his position intolerable. To make matters worse, nearly all the officers of note who had not resigned, together with their staffs, have been removed on account of their alleged reactionary principles. The Soviet, not content with having corrupted the body, has set itself to destroy the brain of the army; and if, by some miracle, the former should be restored to health, it would inevitably fail, when put to the test, for the want of officers experienced in the command of large forces, and of a trained staff.
The offensive in Galicia was evidently a loyal effort to give effect to a combined plan of operations which had been arranged among the Allies. The original intention was, probably, to operate along the whole front occupied by the Russian and Rumanian armies in Galicia and Moldavia. The movements on the various sections of the front, so far as they materialised, were probably carried out as intended. The first attack was made north of the Dniester, presumably with the object of threatening Lemberg, and, by drawing the German reserves in that direction, of facilitating the advance of the 8th Army, which would cut Böhm Ermolli's lines of communication. These enveloping movements, if successful, might be expected to result in the capture of Lemberg, and to open the routes over the Carpathians for the invasion of Hungary. The successive advance of the armies in Bukowina and northern Moldavia, which did not materialise, and of the Russo-Rumanian army-group south of the Trotus, would involve the German staff in serious difficulty, as their available troops would have been already set in motion to reinforce Böhm Ermolli and Terstyansky. Moreover, the most vulnerable part of the enemy's front would be attacked-it being held, for the most part, by Austrian troops-and that nearest the vital centres of Austria-Hungary, the weaker partner in the Central Alliance.
Large Russian forces, amply provided with munitions of every kind, and greatly outnumbering those opposed
to them, had been concentrated on the offensive front. They included the seasoned troops led by Brusiloff in last year's offensive, which had suffered least from the corrupting influences of the revolution and of German agents. It was doubtless hoped that their example would arouse the newly-formed units to action, and spur them to emulate their deeds; and they appear to have been detailed, with this object, to lead the attack. The initial success won by these troops was made abortive by the unsoldierly behaviour of those held in reserve, which, when ordered to reinforce the fighting line, refused to obey, or, in some cases, abandoned their positions without waiting to be attacked. Similar incidents occurred on the Riga front, where only a few isolated units attempted to resist the enemy's advance.
The misbehaviour of the bulk of the 'revolutionary army' has had other, and perhaps not less serious, results than the failure of the campaign, and the loss of the positions which had been won last year, at considerable cost, by the imperial armies. It has involved the sacrifice of the loyal nucleus, and of a vast number of officers, who fell in heroic attempts to lead their unstable troops into action-assets which would have been of incalculable value in the task of regenerating the army, if that difficult work should ever be seriously undertaken.
While the Russian army is a factor of uncertain value in the general situation, the utterances of M. Kerensky and other members of the Government leave no uncertainty as to their fixed determination to continue staunch to the Alliance. They, and, no doubt, all thinking and patriotic men in the country, not only recognise the obligation to carry Russia's part in the war to a successful conclusion, but are well aware that the ultimate victory of the Central Powers, or even a German peace,' would be no less disastrous to Russia than to her Allies. Thus, while the latter must still bear the brunt of the offensive war, Russia, by holding, with Rumania's assistance, some 140 Austro-German divisions on the eastern front, is rendering a very real service to the cause for which we and our Allies are fighting.
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TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY-EIGHTH VOLUME OF THE
[Titles of Articles are printed in heavier type. The names of authors of
articles are printed in italics.]
Acland, Francis, M.P., on physical
training for girls, 473.
Agricultural Education in the
United States, 315. See United
States.
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Albania and the Albanians, 140—
extent and boundaries, 141-aspect
of the interior, 142-independence
of the Shkupetars' or the 'Men of
the Eagle,' 142, 145-virtue of de-
votion to honour, 143-family, 143–
145 patriotism, 145- relations
with Turkey, 146, 149-religious
views, 147-result of political and
territorial changes in the Balkans,
148-policy of Abd-ul-Hamid, 149
-aggressive policy of the Young
Turks Committee, 150-153-at-
tempts of Ismail Kemal Bey to
warn the Turkish Government, 152
-memorial of the national claims,
ib.-interview with Prince Mirko,
153-meeting at Bucarest, 154-
journey to Valona, 155-elected
President of the Provisional Gov-
ernment, 156-notification of inde-
pendence, ib.-choice of a Sove-
reign, 157-attitude of the Porte,
ib.-arrival of the Duc de Mont-
pensier as candidate for the throne,
158-the Conference in London, 159
-services rendered by Albania, 160
-decision of the Conference, ib.-
appeal to the Powers, 161-candi-
dature of Prince William of Wied,
162-character of his entry into
Durazzo, 164-Essad Pacha nomi-
nated Minister of War, ib.-un-
popularity, 165-interview between
Ismail Kemal Bey and the Prince
of Wied, 166-Committee of Public
Safety formed, 167-departure of
the Prince, 168.
Albania, the frontier, 364, 368.
Alexander, Henry, 'The Place-Names
of Oxfordshire,' 347.
Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909..391.
Armas, José de, 'Spain and Ger-
many,' 169.
Army, British, military operations
on the Western front, 249-262,
529-535-number of prisoners cap-
tured, 253 note-military opera-
tions in Macedonia, 268-in Meso-
potamia, 539.
Arts, The, in Early England, 96—
works on, 97-99-discovery of or-
naments in graves at Dorchester-
on-Thames, 99-Anglo-Saxon 'long
brooches,' 100-102-traces of Ro-
man workmanship, 100, 108-
Kentish brooches, 101- saucer-
form, ib. - buckles and metal
plates, 102-crystal balls and bronze
vessels, ib.-glass, 103-silver coin-
age, 104-weapons, ib.-swords
and helmets, 105-goldsmith's art,
ib.-the Kingston brooch, 106—
continental influence, 107-Chris-
tianity, 108-St Cuthbert's altar,
109-Ormside bowl, ib.-earliest
Saxon churches, 110-113-date of
stone crosses, 113-Norman style
of architecture, 114-eastern branch
of the Romanesque school, 115—
feature of the western towers,
116-churches of the tenth century,
ib.-work of the Saxon mason, 118.
Austen, Jane, 1-position in litera-
ture, 1, 6-compared with Shake-
speare, 2-capacity for intense vital-
isation, ib.-family relations, 3-
style of writing, 4-7, 10-limita-
tions, 6-implied emotion, 7, 9—
inexhaustible charm, 7-method of
revealing her characters, 8-land-
scape, ib.-proposal scenes, 9-feel-
ings of her male characters, ib.-
devotion to the pursuit of truth,
11-flowing and lucid English, 12
-character of her heroines, 13-15
-'Lady Susan,' 15-'Sense and
Sensibility,' ib.-' Pride and Preju-
dice,' 16-18- Northanger Abbey,'
18-at Bath and Portsmouth, 19–
Chawton, 20-Mansfield Park,'
20-23- Emma,' 23-28-' Persua-
sion,' 28-30.
Austria-Hungary, military opera-
tions against Italy, 262-266, 537-
539-against Russia, 540-in Mol-
davia, 542.
Baddeley, W. St Clair, 'Place-Names
of Gloucestershire,' 347, note.
Bagdad Railway Negotiations,
487-period in the development of
railway enterprise to 1888..488-
Oriental Railway Co., 488, 492-
railways in Asia Minor, 488-
Euphrates Valley Railway Co.,
489-491-concessions to Germany,
492, 495-reasons for the failure of
British enterprise, 492-495-second
period 1888 to 1903..495—agree-
ments with Germany, 495, 504-
relations between Germany and
England, 496, 527-Anatolian Rail-
way Co., 498-projects for the ex-
tension to Konia, 499-502-policy
of Germany, 502-proposal to con-
struct a line to Bagdad, 503-Black
Sea Basin agreement, ib.-Bagdad
Railway Convention, 1903..504-
views of Mr Balfour, 505-508-of
Sir V. Chirol, 509-third period
to 1914..510-completion of the
Konia-Eregli section to Bulgurlu,
ib.-result of the Turkish revolu-
tion of 1908..511-relations with
England and Germany, 512-work
resumed on the Bagdad Railway,
ib.-Potsdam Agreement of 1911..
513-views of Sir Edward Grey,
513, 514, 524-negotiations with
England, 515, 518-522-policy to
safeguard British interests, 517,
524-526-position of Great Britain
in the Persian Gulf, 518-520-the
Koweit settlement, 520-future of
the Shatt-el-Arab, 521-negotia-
tions between Germany and Great
Britain, 522, 527.
Bagehot, Walter, views on currency,
63.
Bailey, John, 'Swinburne,' 228.
Balfour, Rt Hon. A. J., M.P., on the
work of the Mercantile Marine,
132-on the Bagdad Railway, 505-
507.
Balkans, The Final Settlement in
the, 353-policy of Great Britain,
ib.-just delimitation of frontiers,
354-fundamental principles, 355-
357-boundary of Rumania, 357—
the Dobrodja, ib.-Bulgarian ele-
ment in the Dobrodja, 358-boun-
dary of the Danube, ib.-the Serb
element, 359-boundary of the
Theiss and the Sereth, ib.-Bul-
garian frontier, 360-365, 368-the
Greek boundary, 362-364, 368-
Albania, 364, 368-Montenegro,
365, 368-Serbia, 365-the Jugo-
Slavs, 366-Serbo-Bulgarian fron-
tier, 367-the basis for a permanent
settlement, 368–370.
Bennett, T. J., "The Past and Present
Connection of England with the
Persian Gulf,' extract from, 518.
Berkshire, local place-names, 338,
339.
Bird, Alice, description of Swinburne
reciting his poems, 236.
Bismarck, Prince, on relations with
England, 496,
Block, Sir Adam, President of the
British Chamber of Commerce in
Turkey, 297-on the decrease of
British trade, ib.
Blood, Colonel W. P., 'The Course
of the War,' 249, 529.
Bradley, Dr, work on place-names,
341.
Brown, Prof. G. Baldwin, 'The Arts
in Early England,' 97.
Bulgaria, element in the Dobrodja,
358-boundary, 360, 368.
Children, result of the industrial
system, 451-physical condition,
452-number on the school regis-
ters, 453-compulsory attendance,
458-employment, ib. - nursery
schools, 460-continuation schools,
461.
Chirol, Sir Valentine, on the Bagdad
Railway, 509.
Churches, earliest Saxon, 110.
Claypon, Janet E. Lane, scheme for
the Provision of State Midwifery
Service, 481.
Conway, Sir Martin, 'The Arts in
Early England,' 96.
Costa, Joaquin, views on the weak-
ness of Spain, 170.
Cruisers, construction of armed, 134.
Currency Inflation, Prices
affected by, 61. See Prices.
Curzon, Lord, on railway construc-
tion in Turkey, 490.
Darwin, Charles, Descent of Man,'
extract from, 377.
Davenport, Dr C. B., 'Heredity in
relation to Eugenics,' extract from,
34.
Davison, Charles, 'The Sound of a
Great Explosion,' 51.
Dawson, William Harbutt, 'German
Trade after the War,' 403.
Degeneracy, The Problem of, 31
-meaning of the term, ib.-differ-
ence between the two types, 32-
progressive and retrogressive germ-
variations, ib.-theories of causa-
tion, 34-36-result of senescence,
37-influence of environment, 38-
difference of vulnerability of the
germ-plasm, 39-41-evidences of
the germ-cell being adversely af-
fected by its environment, 41-43-
nature of the germinal change, 43
-neuropathic diathesis,' 44-46-
'stigmata of degeneracy,' 46-re-
sult on posterity, 47-modes of in-
heritance, ib.-Mendelian theory,
48-danger of an indiscriminate
increase in the birth-rate, 50.
Destroyer Patrols, British, work of
the, 123, 129–131.
Devonshire, Duke of, characteristics,
427.
Dilke, Sir Charles W., 430-educa-
tion, ib.-travels, 431, 438-enters
Parliament, ib.-industry, 431, 438
-views on the near-eastern ques-
tion, 432 Under-Secretary
Foreign Affairs, 433-President of
the Local Government Board, ib.-
policy in Egypt, 434, 439-criticism
of the Prince of Wales, 434-Irish
policy, 435-divorce case, 436-
relations with J. Chamberlain, 437
-loss of his seat for Chelsea, 438-
sympathy with France, 440
organises the Imperial Committee
of Defence, 441-interest in social
and industrial questions, ib.-pro-
tection of the interests of natives,
442 characteristics, tastes and
literary works, ib.-Memoirs, 443.
Discontents, Thoughts on the
Present, 201-need for a broad,
definite and constructive labour
policy, ib.-result of unwilling ser-
vice, 202-patriotism of Labour,
ib.-report of the Commissioners,
203-alleged grievances of the
engineers' strike, 204-withdrawal
of the Trade Card Scheme, ib.-
causes of hostility to the Munitions
of War Bill, 1917..205-207-salient
points of the dispute, 208-rela-
tions between employers and em-
ployed at the outbreak of the war,
ib.-Munitions of War Act, 1915..
209-result of the denial of the
right to strike, 210-relations
between the Trade Union officials
and the workers, 211-the shop
stewards, ib.-the case of Labour
members of Parliament, 212-pro-
posed Advisory Labour Council,
213-establishment of joint Com-
mittees, 214-system of piece rates,
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