But verbs of arraying sometimes change the one accusative into an ablative or dative; as Induo te tunicâ, or tibi tunicam. Instravit equum penulâ, or equo penulam.

An Accusative with an Ablative.

VERBS transitive may have to their accusative an ablative of the instrument or cause, matter or manner of doing; and neuters the ablative only; as Ferit eum gladio. Taceo metu. Malis gaudet alienis. Summa eloquentia causam egit. Capitolium saxo quadrato substructum est. Tuo consilio nitor. Vescor pane. Affluis opibus. Amore abundas. Sometimes with a preposition of the manner; as Summâ cum humanitate me tractavit.

Verbs of endowing, imparting, depriving, discharging, filling, emptying, and the like, will have an ablative, and sometimes a genitive; as Dono te hoc annulo. Plurimâ salute te impertit. Aliquem familiarem suo sermone participavit. Paternum servum sui participavit consilii. Interdico tibi aquâ et igni. Libero te hoc metu. Implentur veteris Bacchi. Also verbs of comparing or exceeding, will have an ablative of the excess; as Præfero hunc multis gradibus. Magno intervallo eum superat.

After all manner of verbs, the word signifying any part of a thing may be put in the genitive, accusative, or ablative; as Absurdè facis qui angus te animi. Pendet animi. Discrucior animi. Desipit mentis. Candet dentes. Rubet capillos. Egrotat animo, magis quam corpore.

Nouns of Time and Place after Verbs.

NOUNS betokening part of time be put after verbs in the ablative, and sometimes in the accusative; as Nocte vigilas, luce dormis. Nullam partem noctis requiescit. Cic. Abhinc triennium ex Andro commigravit. Ter. Respondit triduo illum, ad summum quatriduo periturum. Cic. Or if continuance of time, in the accusative, sometimes in the ablative; as Sexaginta annos natus. Hyemem totam stertis. Imperium deponere maluerunt, quam id tenere punctum temporis contra religionem. Cic. Imperavit triennio, et decem mensibus. Suet. Sometimes with a preposition; as Ferè in diebus paucis, quibus hæc acta sunt. Ter. Rarely with a genitive; as, Temporis angusti mansit concordia discors. Lucan.

Also nouns betokening space between places are put in the accusative, and sometimes in the ablative; as, Pedem hinc ne discesseris. Abest ab urbe quingentis millibus passuum. Terrâ marique gentibus imperavit.

Nouns that signify place, and also proper names of greater places, as countries, be put after verbs of moving or remaining, with a preposition, signifying to, from, in, or by, in such case as the preposition requireth; as Proficiscor ab urbe. Vivit in Angliâ. Veni per Galliam in Italiam.

But if it be the proper name of a lesser place, as of a city, town, or lesser island, or any of these four, Humus, domus, militia, bellum, with these signs, on, in, or at, before them, being of the first or second declension, and singular number, they shall be put in the genitive; if of the third declension, or plural number, or this word rus, in the dative or ablative; as, Vixit Romæ, Londini. Ea habitabat Rhodi. Conon plurimum Cypri vixit. Cor. Nep. Procumbit humi bos. Domi bellique simul viximus. Militavit Carthagini, or Carthagine. Studuit Athenis. Ruri or rure educatus est.

If the verb of moving be to a place, it shall be put in the accusative; as Eo Romam, domum, rus. If from a place, in the ablative; as Discessit Londino. Abiit domo. Rure est

reversus.

Sometimes with a preposition; as A Brundusio profectus est, Cic. Manil. Ut ab Athenis in Boeotiam irem. Sulpit. apud Cic. Fam. 1. 4. Cum te profectum ab domo scirem. Liv. 1. 8.

Construction of Passives.

A VERB passive will have after it an ablative of the doer, with the preposition a or ab before it, sometimes without, and more often a dative; as Virgilius legitur a me. Fortes creantur fortibus. Hor. Tibi fama petatur. And neutro-passives, as Vapulo, veneo, liceo, exulo, fio, may have the same construction; as Ab hoste venire.

Sometimes an accusative of the thing is found after a passive as Coronari Olympia. Hor. Epist. 1. Cyclopa movetur. Hor. for saltat or egit. Purgor bilem. Id.

Construction of Gerunds and Supines.

GERUNDS and supines will have such cases as the verb from

whence they come; as Otium scribendi literas. Eo auditum poetas. Ad consulendum tibi.

A gerund in di is commonly governed both of substantives and adjectives in manner of a genitive; as Causa videndi. Amor habendi. Cupidus visendi. Certus eundi. And sometimes governeth a genitive plural; as Illorum videndi grâtia. Ter.

Gerunds in do are used after verbs in manner of an ablative, according to former rules, with or without a preposition; as, Defessus sum ambulando. A discendo facile deterretur. Cæsar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, gloriam adeptus est. In apparando consumunt diem.

A gerund in dum is used in manner of an accusative after prepositions governing that case; as, Ad capiendum hostes. Ante domandum ingentes tollent animos. Virg. Ob redimendum captivos. Inter cœnandum.

Gerunds in signification are ofttimes used as participles in dus; Tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causâ. Cic. Orationem Latinam legendis nostris efficies pleniorem. Cic. Ad accusandos homines præmio ducitur.

A gerund in dum joined with the impersonal est, and implying some necessity or duty to do a thing, may have both the active and passive construction of the verb from whence it is derived; as Utendum est ætate. Ov. Pacem Trojano a rege petendum. Virg. Iterandum eadem ista mihi. Cic. Serviendum est mihi amicis. Plura dixi, quam dicendum fuit. Cic. pro Sest.

Construction of Verb with Verb.

WHEN two verbs come together, without a nominative case between them, the latter shall be in the infinitive mood; as Cupio discere. Or in the first supine after verbs of moving; as Eo cubitum, spectatum. Or in the latter with an adjective; as Turpe est dictu. Facile factu. Opus scitu.

But if a case come between, not governed of the former verb, it shall always be an accusative before the infinitive mood; as Te rediisse incolumem gaudeo. Malo me divitem esse, quam haberi.

And this infinitive esse, will have always after it an accusative, or the same case which the former verb governs; as

Expedit bonos esse vobis. Quo mihi commisso, non licet esse piam. But this accusative agreeeth with another understood before the infinitive; as Expedit vobis vos esse bonos. Natura beatis omnibus esse dedit. Nobis non licet esse tam disertis. The same construction may be used after other infinitives neuter or passive like to esse in signification; as Maximo tibi postea et civi, et duci evadere contigit. Val. Max. 1. 6.

Sometimes a noun adjective or substantive governs an infinitive as Audax omnia perpeti. Dignus amari. Consilium ceperunt ex oppido profugere. Cæs. Minari divisoribus ratio non erat. Cic. Ver. 1.

Sometimes the infinitive is put absolute for the preterimperfect or preterperfect tense: as, Ego illud sedulo negare factum. Ter. Galba autem multas similitudines afferre, Cic. Ille contra hæc omnia ruere, agere vitam. Ter.

Construction of Participles.

PARTICIPLES govern such cases as the verb from whence they come, according to their active or passive signification; as, Fruiturus amicis. Nunquam audita mihi. Diligendus ab omnibus. Sate sanguine divûm. Telamone creatus. Corpore mortali cretus. Lucret. Nate dea. Edite regibus. Lævo suspensi loculos tabulasque lacerto. Hor. Census equestrem summam. Id. Abeundum est mihi. Venus orta mari. osus bella. Virg. Exosus diis. Gell. Arma perosus. Ovid. But Pertæsus hath an accusative otherwise than the verb; as Pertæsus ignaviam. Semet ipse pertæsus. Suet. To these add participial adjectives ending in bilis of the passive signifition, and requiring like case after them; as Nulli penetrabilis astro lucus erat.

Ex

Participles changed into adjectives have their constructions by the rules of adjectives, as Appetens vini. Fugitans litum. Fidens animi.

An Ablative put absolute.

Two Nouns together, or a noun and pronoun with a participle expressed or understood, put absolutely, that is to say, neither governing nor governed of a verb, shall be put in the ablative; as Authore senatu bellum geritur. Me duce vinces. Cæsare veniente hostes fugerunt. Sublato clamore prælium committitur.

Construction of Adverbs.

EN and ecce will have a nominative, or an accusative, and sometimes with a dative; En Priamus. Ecce tibi status noster. En habitum. Ecce autem alterum.

Adverbs of quantity, time, and place require a genitive; as Satis loquentiæ, sapientiæ parum satis. Also compounded with a verb; as Is rerum suarum satagit. Tunc temporis ubique gentium. Eo impudentiæ processit. poterit.

Quoad ejus fieri

To these add Ergo signifying the cause; as Illius ergo. Virg. Virtutis ergo. Fugæ atque formidinis ergo non abiturus. Liv. Others will have such cases as the nouns from whence they come; as Minime gentium. Optime omnium. Venit obviam illi. Canit similiter huic. Albanum, sive Falernum te magis oppositis delectat. Hor.

Adverbs are joined in a sentence to several moods of verbs. Of time. Ubi, postquam, cum or quum, to an indicative or subjunctive; as Hæc ubi dicta dedit, Ubi nos laverimus. Postquam excessit ex ephebis. Cum faciam vitula. Virg. Cum canerem regis. Id.

Donec while, to an indicative. Donec eris fælix. Donec until, to an indicative or subjunctive; Cogere donec oves jussit. Virg. Donec ea aqua decocta sit. Colum.

Dum while, to an indicative. Dum apparatur virgo. Dum until, to an indicative or subjunctive; as Dum redeo. Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit æstas. Dum for dummodo so as, or so that, to a subjunctive; Dum prosim tibi.

Quoad while, to an indicative. Quoad expectas contubernalem. Quoad until, to a subjunctive. Omnia integra servabo, quoad exercitus huc mittatur.

Simulac, simulatque to an indicative or subjunctive; as Simulac belli patiens erat, simulatque adoleverit ætas.

Ut as, to the same moods. Ut salutabis, ita resalutaberis. Ut sementem feceris, ita et metos. Hor. Ut so soon as, to an indicative only as Ut ventum est in urbem.

Quasi, tanquam, perinde, ac si, to a subjunctive only; as Quasi non norimus nos inter nos. Tanquam feceris ipse aliquid.

Ne of forbidding, to an imperative or subjunctive; as Ne sævi. Ne metuas.