39.] Quippe generally gives a reason (comp. vv. 59, 661 below, G. 1. 268., 2. 49., 4. 394), sometimes with irony, and here with indignation.-The use of 'ne,' which implies a negative answer, expresses incredulity that Pallas should have done what Juno cannot. Hom., Od. 1. 326, makes the minstrel sing to the suitors of the νόστον ̓Αχαιῶν Λυγρὸν ὃν ἐκ Τροίης ἐπετεί· λатo Пaλλàs 'Ahvn. But in Od. 3 and 4, where the return of the Greeks is described in detail, he says nothing of a general storm. Ajax, in Od. 4. 499, is shipwrecked, but saved on a rock, in spite of the enmity of Pallas, by Poseidon, who afterwards, provoked by his impious boast that he would escape in spite of the gods, cleaves the rock on which he is sitting, and drowns him. Aeschylus, like Virg., mentions a general storm, and implies (through the forebod. ings of Clytaemnestra) that it was the punishment of some impiety. The crime of Ajax is fixed by Lycophron and others to be insolence offered to Cassandra in the temple of Pallas. Virg. however merely mentions him among others in 2. 403, where Cassandra is dragged from sanctuary.

40.] Ipsos, Argivos,' the crews, as distinguished from the ships. Forb. comp. Π. 14. 47, πρὶν πυρὶ νῆας ἐνιπρήσαι, κτείναι δὲ καὶ αὐτούς.

41.] So Tryphiodorus v. 650, àve' évds ̓Αργείοισιν ἐχώσατο πᾶσιν Αθήνη. I have placed a comma at noxam,' to show that unius' is not to be taken withAiacis Oilei,' but that the second clause is distinct from and epexegetic of the first. Comp. v. 251 below, "unius ob iram." But it is hard to judge in cases like this, where it is a question of minute considerations. See on 3. 162. Furias' expresses the Homeric &T, the infatuation which impels to crime. Μέγ ̓ ἀάσθη is twice used of the provoca

40

tion which Ajax gives to Poseidon, Od. 4. 503, 509. Oilei' is not an adjective, but a patronymic genitive, like Οϊλῆος ταχὺς Alas. In Cic. de Orat. 2. 66, and Ov. M. 12. 622, Oileos' is probably the Greek genitive. Hyginus and Dictys Cretensis however are cited by Freund for an adjective, 'Oilëus.' For the orthography 'Oilei,' not 'Oili' (which is however the reading of Med., supported by some grammarians, and adopted by Ribbeck), see Wagn. on v. 30 above, who decides that where the nominative terminates only in 'eus,' the genitive must terminate, not in 'i,' but in ei. Rom. and Gud. have Oilei.

42.] So Aesch. Eum. 827, she says of herself, καὶ κλῇδας οἶδα δωμάτων μόνη θεῶν Ἐν ᾧ κεραυνός ἐστιν ἐσφραγισμένος. Juno, in Book 4, raises a thunder-storm, but does not herself (ipsa ') hurl the thunderbolt. "Pallas fulminatrix," and the owl grasping a thunderbolt, are found on coins. lovis ignem' is of course merely a periphrasis for the lightning. See the passage from Attius cited on v. 44. Comp. Eur. Tro. 80, ἐμοὶ δὲ δώσειν φησὶ πῦρ κεραύνιον, Βάλλειν Ἀχαιοὺς ναῦς τε πιμπράναι πυρί (spoken by Pallas).

43.] Eurip. 1. c. makes Zeus send the storm and Poseidon raise the sea, Pallas being merely charged with the lightning. Quinct/ Smyrn. 14. 444 foll. follows Virg., making Zeus give all his artillery to Athena for the occasion, and delight in seeing the storm which she raises. He imitates Virg. in the speech which Athena addresses to Zeus, vv. 427 foll., and also in the visit Iris is represented as paying on Athena's account to Aeolia, for the special purpose of making the tempest worse about the headland of Caphareus, vv. 474 foll., though in the latter case his narrative is more summary.

44.] Comp. Lucr. 6. 391 foll., "icti flammas ut fulguris halent Pectore perfixo;" and Attius, Clyt. fr. 5 (quoted by Serv. on this passage), "In pectore fulmen inchoatum flammam ostentabat Iovis." For pectore' Probus read' tempore.'

45.] Comp. Lucr. 1. c. "Turbine caclesti subito correptus et igni." "Turbine' is the wind or force of the thunderbolt, as in 6. 594. See also on 2.649. Forb. is right in placing a semicolon only after 'acuto,' to show that Ast ego,' &c. is connected with the lines preceding. One or two MSS. have inflixit,' which Cornutus ap. Serv. preferred "ut vehementius." Infixit' is a little awkward after transfixo; and the construction "infigere aliquem alicui," to impale a person upon a thing, is, as Henry has pointed out, unusual, if not unexampled. 'Infixit' however is supported by Sen. Ag. 571, "Haerent acutis rupibus fixae rates," quoted by Gossrau. Henry's interpretation, making 'scopulo' abl., and supposing Ajax to be pierced by a fragment of rock hurled at him (turbine' being paralleled with "ingentis turbine saxi," 12. 531), agrees to a certain extent with Quinct. Smyrn. 14. 567 foll. (not with Sen. Ag. 552 foll., who follows Hom.); nothing however is there said about piercing Ajax, who is merely said to be overwhelmed by the rock as Enceladus was overwhelmed by Aetna; so that the parallel is hardly made out. W. Ribbeck cites Seneca's poem to Corduba, vv. 13, 14 (Wernsdorf's Poet. Lat. Min. vol. 5, p. 1367), “Ille tuus quondam magnus, tua gloria, civis Infigar scopulo," which is in favour of the common interpretation, as the writer evidently means to speak of his banishment to a rocky island as an impalement.

46.] Apparently from Il. 18. 364 foll., where Here pleads her dignity as greatest of the goddesses and consort of Zeus, as a reason why she should work her will on the Trojans. Incedo,' poetically substituted for the simple copula "sum;" with an allusion, of course, to the majesty of Juno's gait. The word itself, as Henry remarks, does not necessarily imply majestic movement; but this notion is gained by attention being directed to the movement at all, in a context like this; at the same time, of course, that it is enforced by the qualifying words 'divom regina,' &c. Comp. Prop. 2. 2. 6, "incedit vel Iove dig

་

45

50

na soror." It is probable that Prop. had seen Virg. see on v. 2 above.

47.] κασιγνήτην άλοχόν τε, ΙΙ. 16. 432. Una' Juno thinks it strange that she should take so long to subdue a single nation; Venus, on the other hand (v. 251 below), complains that she and her son are persecuted to gratify a single individual, Juno.

48.] The old reading, unsupported apparently by the better MSS., though one or two have adoret,' was 'adorat-inponat.' Heins. and Heyne recommended, and later editors have restored, adorat-inponet' from Med., Rom., and other MSS. Some MSS. however, including Gud. originally, have 'inponit;' and this would appear to be the true reading, both from the instances quoted by Wagn. in support of the indicative against the subjunctive (Or. 3 Am. 8. 1, 2, Et quisquam ingenuas etiamnum suspicit artis Aut tenerum dotes carmen habere putat ?" and Consolatio ad Liviam Incerti Auctoris, 7, 8), and from the nature of the case. Et quisquam adoret' would be, 'can it be that any one will or is likely to do it ?' et quisquam adorat,' 'can it be that any one is doing it?' If then the subjunctive is less forcible than the indicative, it is precisely because the future is less forcible than the present. Those who read inponet' explain the change of tense by saying that 'adorat praeterea' = "adorabit."'Et' couples the presents 'adorat' and 'inponit' with 'gero'-'I am proving my imbecility, and yet I have worshippers!' 'Praeterea' then will express, not so much sequence in time, as a logical relation, like πera. We may still however comp. "praeterea vidit," G. 4. 502. 'Honorem' G. 3. 486.

Inponere,' of offerings, 4. 453., 6. 246, 253, G. 3. 490. The general thought seems to be from Poseidon's complaints in two distinct passages of Hom., Il. 7. 446 foll., Od. 13. 128 föll.

50-64.] She goes to Aeolia, the home and prison of the winds, and applies to Aeolus their king.'

50.] Talia secum volutans.' These words refer to the thought rather than to the

expression but that they are not incompatible with an actual soliloquy, appears from 4. 533, compared with ib. 553, and 6. 185, 186, compared with ib. 190.

51.] Patriam' gives a poetical hint of the personality of the storms; comp. v. 540 below, G. 1. 52, note; Ov. 3 Am. 6. 40, "Nilus Qui patriam tantae tam bene celat aquae." The notion of generation is carried still farther in feta.' The home of the storm-cloud, the teeming womb of raging southern blasts.'

52.] Aeoliam' appears from 8. 417 to be Lipara. The Aeolia of Hom. (Od. 10) has been supposed to unite the characteristics of Lipara and Strongyle, the latter of which appears to be assigned by Virg. (1. c) to Vulcan. Comp. also Val. F. 1. 579 foll. The Aeolus of Hom. is not a demigod, but the king of a sort of magic isle, entrusted by Zeus with the control of the winds, but passing his life in continually feasting with his queen and children.

53.] Hom.'s winds are not represented as struggling, or the object of anxious custody. When Aeolus wishes to waft Ulysses to his country, he lets the west wind blow, and ties up all the rest in a skin. Val. F., on the contrary, with questionable judgment, makes Aeolus let loose the winds whenever he finds them ungovernable. Gud. originally had 'luctatos.' 54.] Henry (on v. 86) considers the whole picture of the winds to have been suggested by the Ludi Circenses, referring particularly to the words 'inperio premit,' frenat,'fremunt,' 'carcere,' and 'claustra,' and citing the imitation by Val. F. 1. 611, "fundunt se carcere laeti Thraces equi Zephyrusque," and the description of a chariot-race in Sidon. Apoll. 1. ad Consentium, opening with "Illi ad claustra fremunt." Against this may be urged the collocation of two of the most important words, carcere' and 'frenat;' inasmuch as carcere frenat' must mean curbs with a carcer,' not 'curbs in a carcer.' 'Vinclis' also appears to fix the sense of 'carcere' as a prison-house, and not a barrier in a race-course. Again, circum claustra fre

55

munt' is not the same thing as "ad claustra fremunt." The more reasonable thing seems to be to say that Virg. uses imagery principally taken from the race-horse and the prison, but without intending any one connected or uniform series of metaphors. Lucr., in a passage from which this is partly imitated (6. 189-203), compares the winds pent in a thunder-cloud to wild beasts in a cage, "in caveisque ferarum more minantur, Nunc hinc nunc illinc fremitus per nubila mittunt Quaerentesque viam circum versantur" (vv. 198-200).

55.] Here we are reminded of an earlier part of the passage just cited from Lucr., where the storm-clouds in which the winds are confined are compared to mountains (vv. 189, 190) and caverns (v. 195), "moles quas venti cum tempestate coorta Complerunt, magno indignantur murmure clausi Nubibus." It is possible that the Lucretian image may have suggested to Virg. his deviation from the account in Hom. Magno cum 6 mure :' comp. such phrases as "cum magna calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis," Cic. 2 Verr. 1. 24. See also Hand, Tursell. 2. p. 152, foll. 'Montis' with 'murmure,' as v. 245 shows, in spite of the passage in Lucr. While the huge rock roars responsive.'

mur

56.] It is not easy to say what or where this' arx' of Aeolus is intended to be. The common notion is that it is the top of the mountain in which the winds are confined. Henry once thought it was an eminence within the cave; now he takes it of a fortress or palace in the neighbourhood. This last certainly seems the most natural meaning of the word. The citadel is the natural dwelling of a despotic governor (comp. Juv. 10. 307); in Greek history, tyrants seize it when they assume supreme power; and so here, as Aeolia is under a strong government, it is supposed to be furnished with an arx,' though the government consists in keeping the key of the prison. So in the description of the shades, Stat. Theb. 8. 21, Pluto is described as "sedens media regni infelicis in arce," words apparently imitated from Virg., and

60

Ad

doubtless to be understood simply as bring. ing out the notion of sovereignty, without any particular reference to the appropriateness of the image. It is in this arx' that Juno has her interview with Aeolus, who goes from it (though this is not directly asserted) to the dungeon, and opens the door. Sedet' expresses actual sitting, not, as Henry thinks, merely dwelling; but it has no further appropriateness than as carrying out the image of 'arce;' and so sceptra tenens,' the Homeric σκηπτούχος.

57.] ра in Greek appears to signify generally the symbols of supreme authority rather than the actual sceptre. Virg. however uses it simply for 'sceptrum,' 7. 252, and probably this is the meaning here, though there is no special appropriateness in the image; see previous note. Animos,' like" animosi," G. 2. 441 (note), is half physical, half mental. 'Mollit,' &c., as Henry observes, expresses the general effect of Aeolus' sway.

58.] Ni faciat-ferant-verrant.' The present tense here, as in 6. 292., 11. 912, is substituted for the imperfect to give greater vividness, and express the greater imminence of that which is prevented or averted. Faciat,' E. 2. 44, note. Med. has faciant.' "Terrasque tractusque maris caelumque profundum," E. 4. 51,

note.

59.] Lucr. 1. 277 foll. "venti.. corpora caeca Quae mare, quae terras, quae denique nubila caeli Verrunt ac subito vexantia turbine raptant." Quippe,' as Heyne remarks, in prose would precedeni faciat.' Compare the position of 'scilicet' in poetry. 'Per auras' is equivalent to "per inane." 61.] The distinction attempted by Wagn. between hoc metuens' here and id metuens' in v. 23, as if hoc' referred to an immediate, 'id' to a more distant object of apprehension, is groundless.

·

Virg. in v. 23 would naturally use 'id' rather than hoc,' having just said' hinc populum,' &c., and being about to say his accensa super.' Otherwise hoc' might have stood there as well as here, as in either place it would only mean this which I have just mentioned.'Molem et montis' "molem montium." Insuper' is rightly taken by Wund, as 'above,' not 'besides.' Comp. 3. 579, “ingentemque insuper Aetnam Inpositam."

=

62.] Regemque dedit,' &c., imitated from Od. 10. 21 foll. Foedus' is here nearly equivalent to 'lex;' as in G. 1. 60, "Continuo has leges aeternaque foedera certis Inposuit natura locis " (note).

63.] It is difficult to say whether the object of premere' is 'ventos' or 'habenas.' If the latter, which is supported by "pressis habenis," 11.600, laxas dare' must be taken together as equivalent to "laxare," like "Haec ego vasta dabo," 9. 323. Otherwise dare habenas' might stand alone, as in 11. 623, "datis referuntur habenis." Iussus," "a Jove." 64.] 'Ad' is not "apud," as Serv. thinks, but ad quem,' &c. is equivalent to" quem allocuta est." 'Ad quem' is used elliptically 10. 742. "Vocibus usi," Lucr. 5. 1046. 65-75.] 'She begs him to wreck the Trojan fleet, and promises him one of her nymphs as a wife.

65.] Πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε, Ι. 1. 544. The namque' is also Homeric, e. g. Il. 24. 334, Ερμεία, σοὶ γάρ τε μάλιστά γε píxтaróv σTIV-ВáσK 101. Macrobius (Sat. 6. 1) says that the words 'Divom pater atque hominum rex' are from Ennius. Varro, L. L. 5. 65, quotes "divomque hominumque pater rex as from Ennius.

66.] Οd. 10. 22, ἠμὲν πανέμεναι ἠδ ̓ opvuev öv k' ¿0éλnow. Vento,' as the important word in the sentence, is to be