Aut haec in nostros fabricata est machina muros have omitted the one or the other in revising his work. 46.] Heyne, after Vegetius, 4. 19, points out an allusion to the "turris," a military engine with several stories, run on wheels alongside the walls, which it approached by throwing out a bridge. See Dict. A. sub voce. 47.] To come down on the city from above. Urbi' for "in urbem." 48.] Aliquis' is rightly explained by Wagn. as virtually equivalent to "alius quis:" comp. 9. 186, and see on 6. 533. Error,' means of misleading, hence deceit. Forb. comp. Livy 22. 1. 3, "errore sese ab insidiis munierat." 49.] Et' for "etiam," like xαí. Hand, Tursell. 2. 520. Lachmann on Lucr. 6. 7, "Cuius et extincti propter divina reperta Divolgata vetus iam ad caelum gloria fertur," denies that 'et' has this sense either here or there, explaining the meaning to be "et eius extincti," "et eos dona ferentis." Whether he means to deny that 'et' ever stands for "etiam," is not clear; but it would seem impossible to give it any other sense in such passages as Ov. Her. 20. 183," Nec bove mactato caelestia numina gaudent, Sed, quae praestanda est et sine teste, fide," and both here and in Lucr. 1. c. the sense of 'even' is certainly favoured by the context. Mr. Munro, who apparently takes Lachm.'s objection as applying to Latin of the golden and earlier ages, does not, I am glad to see, defer to it. 50.] This verse may remind us that it is not always safe to argue from the position of words to their construction, as 'validis viribus' clearly goes with torsit,' not with 'ingentem.' Comp. 5. 500. con 51.] Some ingenuity has been wasted (see Wagn., Forb., Henry) in explaining in latus inque alvum.' Generally where the preposition is repeated there is no copula, as in v. 358, the former, as Forb. 50 remarks, supplying the place of the latter. Here we have both, as in v. 337. All that can be said grammatically is that two notions are coupled: how they are coupled depends on the context. Here the question simply is whether the 'alvus' is regarded externally, in which case it would define the latus,' or internally, the spear piercing through the 'latus,' into the alvus,' as the spear e. g. of Turnus, 10. 482, pierces through the various parts of Pallas' armour. Either would be defensible: but what follows seems to recommend the latter. Feri,' simply the beast: used especially of a tame animal 7. 489; of horses again 5. 818. "Ferus," "fera," and ferum," are all used substantively. 52.] Contorsit:' Key, § 1323, b. c. d. 'Stetit illa tremens' is generally taken by the commentators of the horse; but it obviously refers to the spear, were it only that alvus" would have to be supplied, not " equus or "ferus." The force of the spear made it penetrate into the womb within, so that it remained quivering in the wood. Trapp seems to have understood the words rightly, and so Gossrau. cusso,' like " repercusso," expressing the shock resulting from the blow. ་ Re 53.] Cavae cavernae,' a pleonasm, belonging, as Forb. remarks, to the earlier times of the language, though the words are so arranged as to convey the effect of a forcible repetition. Insonuere cavae,' 'sounded through their depths,' or 'sounded as hollow.' Comp. G. 1. 336, "cava flumina crescunt Cum sonitu." Gemitum:' merely of the hollow noise (applied to the sea 3. 555, to the earth 9. 709), not of the arms, as in v. 243, much less of those within, as some imitators of the passage, beginning with Petronius, have thought, perhaps with reference to the other story, Od. 4. 280, &c. 54.] "Si mens non laeva fuisset," E. 1. 16. Here 'non' is to be taken closely with 'laeva,' 'si fata fuissent' being ex Inpulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras, plained as in v. 433 below, "had fate so 55.] Inpulerat.' See G. 2. 133, note. The distinction attempted by Wagn. "si fuisset, inpulerat: at non fuit: si fuisset, ut esse poterat, inpulisset," seems, in spite of the authorities appealed to by Forb., not only arbitrary but irrational, as the difference, whatever it be, is not in the protasis but in the apodosis, and the ind. is not likely to have been substituted for the subj. to denote a less probable and in fact impossible contingency. Ferro foedare,' 3. 241, of wounding the Harpies. Here there seems a mixture of the two notions of wounding the horse and slaying the Greeks, "Argolicas latebras being substituted for "equum." Weidner however explains foedare' as =" foede detegere." 56.] The reading of this line is doubtful. Staret-maneret' is attested by Pomponius Sabinus to have been read by Apronianus, and is the second reading of Med. Serv. recommends 'stares-maneret,' to avoid the jingle. Staret-maneres' is the first reading of Med., found also apparently in both Pal. and Rom. Wagn. adopts it, comparing 7. 684, and is followed by later editors, rightly it would seem. Weidner cites an imitation in Sil. 7. 561 foll." Mutassentque solum sceptris Aeneia regna, Nullaque nunc stares terrarum vertice, Roma," where it is quite in keeping with the practice of an imitator to borrow the words from one part of his original, the rhetorical use of the second person from another. Stares-maneres' is the reading of Heyne, but it appears to have no first-class authority, though Pie rius speaks of it as found in ancient MSS. The occurrence of the imperf. subj. in conjunction with the pluperf. ind. is noticeable. 57-76.] 'A Greek surrenders himself prisoner, and is invited to give an account of himself.' 57.] The story of Sinon was the subject of a lost tragedy by Sophocles, and is variously told by Quinct. Smyrnaeus, Tryphiodorus, Dictys, Dares, and Tzetzes. See Introduction to this Book. In one of the versions he is made to mutilate himself like Ulysses in Od. 4. 244, a source from which, as Heyne suggests, the whole story may have originated. He is represented as the son of Aesimus the brother of Anticleia, and thus a first cousin to Ulysses. Serv. 59.] Ultro obtulerat :' 8. 611. mentions another reading 'quis (queis) se,' which is still found in some copies. 60.] Hoc ipsum ut strueret,' to compass this very thing, sc. to be brought to the king. The instances quoted of 'struere insidias, dolos' &c. are not strictly parallel, as they merely refer to scheming a thing against another, not to scheming a thing for one's self. Virg. however probably used 'strueret' as a "verbum insidiarum," according to his usual custom, so as to secure the associations connected with the term, though the real analogy to his expression is to be found in such phrases as "rem struere," and in the use of "moliri." "Troiam aperiret Achivis' is rightly understood by Henry not of actually opening the gates, which Sinon is not said to have done, but of his effecting an entrance for the Greeks by the story he tells, and by letting them out of the horse. 61.] Fidens animo' is the reading of Rom., and of the MSS. of Sen. de Vita Beata 8. 3; but 'fidens animi' is supported by "furens animi," 5. 202, "praestans animi," 12. 19. The gen. is doubtless of the same class as those in 4. 529., 6. 332, G. 3. 289 &c., 4. 491, probably quasi-locative. See below on v. 120, Munro on Lucr. 1. 136. "Armorum fidens" in Lucan Seu versare dolos, seu certae occumbere morti. Namque ut conspectu in medio turbatus, inermis, 65 70 9. 373 looks like a misunderstanding of naturally, as he is in the midst of a furious the phrase. and armed populace. : 62.] Versare dolos:' 11. 704. • Versare,' like 'versutus,' πоλúтроños, to shift or shuffle; here to shuffle successfully "Verte aliquid" Pers. 5. 137. Serv. with some MSS. reads 'dolo,' sc. Troianos.' 'Certe,' the common reading, before Pierius and Heins. restored 'certae' from the best MSS., has the authority of Med., Gud., and Pal. corrected. Though less poetical than 'certae,' it would not be without force, having the sense of 'saltem,' as in Cic. Tusc. 1. c. ult.-'occumbere,' 1. 97, note. Rom. originally has ' occurrere.' 63.] Undique:' from all sides. Cic. 2 Verr. 2. 53, "concurritur undique ad istum Syracusas." 64.] Rom. has 'certat,' which was of course introduced because of 'ruit.' 65.] Aeneas, as Forb. and Henry observe, pointedly prepares to satisfy Dido's request 1. 753, "dic-insidias Danaum." 'Accipe,' 1. 676. Crimine:' Serv. mentions a reading 'crimen,' supported also by Donatus, which was connected with 'insidias,' so as to improve the balance between 'ab uno' (sc. “e Danais") and 'omnis.' Silius however evidently found 'crimine,' as appears from his imitation 6. 39,"nosces Fabios certamine ab uno." 'Omnis' of course refers to 'Danaos;' 'learn from a single act of guilt what all of them are.' 67.] It seems needless to inquire, with Henry and Forb., whether Sinon's emotion is altogether feigned. Aeneas is describing him as he saw him, first showing signs of utter prostration, then partially recovering himself, v. 76, though still trembling, v. 107 (where "ficto pectore" immediately follows "pavitans "). 'Inermis' comes in 69.] Nunc simply at this present time: iam denique,'now at last, after all.' With Sinon's exaggerated language comp. the more utter self-abandonment of Achemenides 3. 601, 605, and the taunts of Aeneas to Turnus 12. 892. 71.] Insuper' was the old reading: et super' however, which was restored by Heins. from the best MSS., is necessary, as Wagn. has seen, on account of 'neque.' 'Ipsi' probably is not to be pressed, as though the Trojans might be expected to receive an outcast from the Greeks; it seems rather to have the force of" etiam." See note on v. 394. 72.] "Dare " or "solvere sanguine poenas occurs more than once, v. 366., 9. 422., 11. 592; but the modal abl. could not be used with poscere,' so 'cum' is introduced, along with my blood,' as ex sanguine" is found with "sumere poenas 11. 720., 12.949. · 66 73.] Quo gemitu:' comp. v. 145, "his lacrimis," and see on G. 1. 329, quo motu." 'Conversi animi' might mean 'our attention was turned towards him,' like "convertere animos acris oculosque tulere cuncti ad reginam Volsci," 11. 800: but the common interpretation of a revulsion of feeling is more probable, and is supported by an imitation in Sil. 10. 623, which Forb. quotes, "His dictis sedere minae et conversa repente Pectora: nunc fati miseret" &c.- Compressus et omnis Impetus,' not all fury ceased,' as Trapp, and probably the rest, understand it, but every act of violence was stayed,' like "impetum facere." The Trojans would naturally be rushing on Sinon, or at any rate menacing him with their weapons. 75 Impetus. Hortamur fari; quo sanguine cretus, 74, 75.] The old pointing was after 'memoret: Heyne put a stop after 'ferat,' which is to a certain extent supported by the parallel passage 3. 608, "Qui sit, fari, quo sanguine cretus, Hortamur; quae deinde agitet fortuna, fateri." But it seems better to punctuate after 'fari,' so as to make all that follows an oratio obliqua, "memora quo sanguine cretus sis" &c. Comp. 1. 645 note. Quae sit fiducia capto,' what he had to rely on as a captive,'i. e. what intelligence he could offer, or, as Henry well gives it, why he should not meet the captive's doom,-not quite the same as Forb. after Burm., qua fiducia ultro se captivum obtulerit,' though it virtually includes that sense. Ribbeck's "quive fuat, memores quae " &c. is another of his unhappy conjectures. Much more ingenious is another suggestion by an unnamed young scholar, mentioned in his note, that a line should be supplied from the parallel passage in Book 3, "quidve ferat. Priamus rex ipse haud multa moratus Dat iuveni dextram, quae sit fiducia capto." Memorem' is another reading mentioned by Serv.; but with it not much sense could be extracted from 'quae sit fiducia capto." 76.] This line is repeated 3. 612, while here it is omitted in Med. (where it is added by another hand in the margin), Pal., and Gud., and not noticed by Serv. Heyne infers from Pomponius Sabinus that it was erased on critical grounds by Apronianus, whose recension Med. represents. Rom. unfortunately fails us here, having an extensive lacuna after v. 72, down to 3. 684. It is certain that Virg. frequently repeats himself (probably with the notion of imitating Hom.), and equally certain that the inferior MSS. frequently introduce lines from other parts of the poem into places where they have no busi. ness, so that it seems safest to print the verse in brackets. In itself it is sufficiently appropriate, in spite of a slight verbal inconsistency with v. 107, though not necessary, as with inquit' the begin. ning of Sinon's speech is not very abrupt. 80 77-104.] He says his name is Sinon, a relation of Palamedes, whose death he resented, and thus incurred the enmity of Ulysses.' 77.] Fuerint quaecumque' was the old reading before Heins., introduced apparently by those who thought, as Wagn. and Henry do still, that the clause referred to 'cuncta.' It is found in Gud. corrected and some others, and supported by Pal., "fuerit quaecumq" (the last two letters seem to be lost). Fuerit quodcumque,' beside Med., Gud. originally, &c., Serv. and Donatus, has the authority of Phaedrus, who imitates the passage 3 Prol. 27, "Sed iam, quodcunque fuerit, ut dixit Sinon, Ad regem cum Dardaniae perductus foret, Librum exarabo tertium Aesopi stilo," thus showing that he understood the words to mean in any event' (i.e. as explained v. 31, whether you read it or not '), a view which the future sense of 'fuerit' favours. Henry however thinks Phaedrus means this book, such as it may be.' Serv. remarks that quodcumque' is euphemistic, as we say, let the worst come to the worst.' Weidner comp. Od. 21. 212, σφῶϊν δ ̓, ὡς ἔσεταί περ, ἀληθείην καταλέξω, which Virg. may have thought of. 78.] Vera' adheres to fatebor,' 'I will tell all truly.' Negabo' as 'fatebor,''I am not going to deny.' So in Ovid's imitation, M. 13. 315, "nec me suasisse negabo," where Ulysses is entering on the charge about Philoctetes. 'Finget' points the same way. 79.] Hoc primum: a sort of paren thesis, like "hoc tantum" v. 690. This to begin with,' as in declaring that he should not deny himself to be a Greek he had as it were given them incidentally his first instalment of truth.-Nec si' &c. The sentiment, according to Macrob. Sat. 6. 1, is taken from Attius, Teleph. fr. 6, "Nam si a me regnum Fortuna atque opes Eripere quivit, at virtutem non quiit." ་ 80.] "Te quoque dignum Finge Deo " 8. 365. Fingo' is stronger than "facio" -'she has moulded him into misery, but Fando aliquod si forte tuas pervenit ad auris shall never mould him into falsehood.' 81.] Fando,' in talking:' note on E. 8. 71. " Aliquid,' the old reading, supported by some MSS. both of Virg. and of Priscian p. 811, evidently arose from a misunderstanding of 'aliquod,' as if it went with 'fando.' 'Aliquod nomen seems equivalent to "si nomen fando pervenit alicubi" or "aliquo tempore," or perhaps "aliqua forte," on the principle illustrated E. 1. 54. Ovid has imitated this line (15. 497), "Fando aliquem Hippolytum vestras, puto, contigit auris. . . occubuisse neci." 82.] For Palamedes see Heyne's Excursus, where it is shown that Virg. made a confusion in connecting him with Belus. The quantity of the penultimate of the patronymic is contrary to rule, but mentioned as an exception by Priscian, p. 584. Incluta fama gloria:' Palamedes appears to have figured in the tragedians (see the fragments of Aesch., Soph., Eur.) as a kind of human Prometheus, some of the inventions of the latter being actually attributed to him. He was a favourite subject with the Sophists, some of whom exercised their ingenuity in dressing up a case for him or for Ulysses, while others fixed on him as the true type of a hero, not violent, like Achilles, but wise after the Stoic pattern, and even insinuated that Homer's silence about him was owing to jealousy of his supposed poetical power. 83.] Falsa sub proditione' means not 'under a false charge of treason,' as all the editors take it, a sense which the words would hardly bear, nor at the time of a false alarm of treason' (Henry), which would be an inopportune detail, and barely consistent with the legend, but simply 'under a false information,' 'proditio' being equivalent to 'indicium,' as in Flor. 3. 18, "postquam id nefas proditione discussum 85 est," just as in Ov. Amor. 2. 8. 25, "index" and "proditor" are synonymous, “index ante acta fatebor, Et veniam culpae proditor ipse meae." There is no reference whatever to the pretended treason of Palamedes, though that happened to be the subject of the charge. The repetition 'falsa sub proditione, Insontem, infando indicio' is sufficiently accounted for by Sinon's apparent horror of the transaction. Sub proditione,' like "sub crimine," Juv. 10. 69. 85.] Cassus lumine' occurs Lucr. 4. 368, of darkness or shadow, and Cic. Arat. 369 has "non cassum luminis ensem," of a constellation. Lumen' here of course is the light of day or life, as in 12. 935, "corpus spoliatum lumine," so that the expres sion is equivalent to "aethere cassis," 11. 104, and agrees exactly with demisere neci.' Comp. Aesch. Eum. 322, àλaoîσi Kal dedopkóσiv. 86.] The apodosis begins here. 'In case you ever heard of Palamedes, I was his companion in arms and near kinsman,' i. e. I may designate myself as such; an ellipsis, as Trapp remarks, as good in English as in Latin. Illi' then is the emphatic word. Comitem' and 'consanguinitate propinquum' are not strictly co-ordinate, as the meaning evidently is that Sinon was sent to be Palamedes' comrade, being already his kinsman; but writers are not always conscious grammarians, and instances may be found even in prose where the ordinary epithet is confounded with the epithet used predicatively. 87.] Of the various explanations devised by the commentators to account for the mention of the poverty of Sinon's father, the most natural seem to be that some specification was to be expected in a plausible tale, and that poverty, while increasing the pathos of the story, would account for Sinon's dependence on a superior. So in the case of Achemenides, 3. 615. arma,' to war, Lucan 3. 292. 'Primis ab annis' can only mean from my early youth,' as in 8. 517, in spite of the difficulty to be noticed v. 138. It is probable, In |
