The campaigns that followed, ended in a peace between France and Spain, and Condé returned to France, restored to all his honours. As a recompense for the great services of Turenne, Louis XIV., now arrived at the age of manhood, offered to revive, in his favour, the dignity of Constable of France, upon the sole condition of his embracing the Roman Catholic religion. Turenne, however, declined; and Louis, who knew how to appreciate such firm integrity, created a new title of honour in his favour, appointing him MarshalGeneral of the Camps and Armies of the King.

At St. Jean de Luz, whither the court repaired to solemnize the marriage of Louis with the infanta of Spain, Philip IV. hearing that Turenne was present, desired to see the General who had so often fought against his armies, and on Turenne being presented to him, he said, after gazing on him in silence for some minutes, "So this is the man who has made me pass so many a sleepless night."

The days of Turenne now rolled on in peace. Negociations and consuls succeeded the more active enterprises in which he had been engaged. His views were generally fulfilled, and the first thing which broke the calm of his tranquillity was the early death of his wife, for whom he entertained a sincere affection.

The conquest of Flanders now became the declared object of Louis, and with Turenne to aid him he resolved to carry on the war in person. His first campaign, which, we may say, was fought under Turenne, was crowned with success, and the strong city of Lisle was the fruit of victory. Peace was, however, soon after concluded, much to the aggrandisement of France.

Thus ended the first short campaign of Louis XIV., and Turenne returned to Paris. Though he had hitherto resisted all reasonings and persuasions, he at length yielded to the arguments of the famous Bossuet, and his own conviction, and professed himself a convert to the Roman Catholic Religion. His change of opinion is also attributed to another cause, the multitude of sects into which the people of England were at that time divided, as well as the various absurdities and blasphemies which the complete licence of the Church had brought about. Whatever might be the cause, Turenne's abjurement of the Protestant Religion, cannot be wondered at, when it is considered, that surrounded by its enemies, pressed by interest, friendship, persuasion, argument, and the wishes of the king, he should have at length given way, when he might have done so, when he would have triumphed by yielding, and when weakness would have met with both honour and reward.

The powerful desire of glory, instigated the ambitious Louis to attack Holland, for which purpose he assembled an immense army, separating it into four grand divisions, the command of one of which was of course bestowed upon Turenne. Town after town was taken, province after province invaded, and at the end of summer, 1672, the only defence remaining to the states of Holland, were the friendly waters which had so often protected them against their oppressors. The Dutch called upon the surrounding nations to aid them in their necessity. The princes of Germany rose at their appeal, and while Louis himself returned to Paris, Turenne was left as generalissimo of the whole army, to defend the conquests which he had made, and to meet the storm which was gathering in the east, which he weathered most manfully. Success every where followed his arms, having beat back and followed the Imperialists into the heart of their country.

Two anecdotes of his disinterestedness are attached to this campaign.

one occasion an officer of rank came to propose to him a plan for gaining four hundred thousand francs in a few days, without the possibility of the transaction being known. Turenne heard him with his usual mildness, and then replied: "I am much obliged to you, but having often found similar opportunities without taking advantage of them, I do not think it would be worth while to change my conduct at my time of life."

The inhabitants also of one of the towns towards which he was marching, sent out to offer him a hundred thousand crowns, if he would take another road. Turenne replied, that their town was not precisely in the line of march, and therefore he could not accept their money.

In a short time, Louis, being abandoned by all his allies, had to struggle alone against the united power of Europe, but he still maintained not only the hopes of successfully defending himself, but making new conquests.

The campaign that followed was as brilliant a one as the most profound skill and tactical knowledge could make it. Turenne, by passing the Rhine, had carried the war into the enemy's country. Montecuculi, universally acknowledged as one of the greatest generals of the day, made every effort to force him to re-pass the river, but in vain; stratagem after stratagem was tried by each general to circumvent his adversary. Turenne was resolved not to re-pass the Rhine without fighting, and Montecuculi was determined to force him to do so by cutting off his supplies and harrassing his troops. At length, the famine which began to manifest itself in the French camp obliged Turenne to change his position; but the change on which he determined was any thing but to pass the Rhine, and he advanced upon Montecuculi in order to force him to a battle. The latter, however, retired at his approach, still watching in his retreat for some favourable opportunity of attacking any detached portion of the French army. So passed their march for several days, till at length, almost at the same time, the French and German forces appeared on either side of the little town of Saspach, near Acheren. Montecuculi occupied the strongest ground, having taken up his position upon the slope of a hill well defended with hedges and low woods, while a rivulet flowing through some deep ravines lay in front of the infantry, and the church of Saspach formed a strong advanced post at a little distance from the general line.

Turenne calmly examined every part of the enemy's position, and for some time seemed to deem it almost unattackable. At length, in reconnoitreing their left, he discovered that they had left a defile unguarded, and remained for some time silently calculating all the chances which that neglect threw in his favour. He was then heard to say, ""Tis done with then; I have them now; they cannot escape me; now we shall gather the fruit of this laborious campaign.

After remarking for some time a movement and agitation in the enemy's army, which was caused in fact by the preparations for a retreat, Turenne retired to breakfast and to rest himself beneath a tree. Either from a conviction that the enemy could not escape or some other cause, Turenne remained longer than usual inactive, and he was still seated behind the tree when he was informed that the enemy's infantry were seen making a movement towards the mountains. Rising instantly and springing upon his horse, he proceeded to a slight eminence, to ascertain the cause of the motion which had been observed. At this time the Imperial army was keeping up a heavy fire upon the French position, in order to conceal the retreat which they

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were attempting to effect undisturbed, and Turenne, commanding all his attendants to remain behind, advanced alone. Stay where you are, nephew," he said to the Duke d'Elbeuf; "by turning round and round me, you will cause me to be recognized by the enemy."

A little farther on he met the Lord Hamilton, then serving in the French army, and paused to speak with him. "Come this way, my Lord Marshal.” said the Scotch nobleman, "they are firing in that direction,"—"I do not intend to be killed this day," replied Turenne, with a smile, and rode on. A moment after, he was met by the commander-in-chief of the artillery, named St. Hilaire, who called his attention to a battery he had caused to be constructed near the spot, and held out his hand to point out some particular object.

Turenne reined his horse a step or two back, when suddenly a cannon-ball carried off the arm of St. Hilaire, and, passing on, struck Turenne in the midst of the stomach. His face fell forward instantly, and his horse feeling his hand relax its grasp of the reins, turned its head, and galloped back to the staff, where Turenne fell dead into the arms of his attendants, on the 27th of July, 1675.

The consternation that spread through the army was dreadful. The soldiers, who loved Turenne almost to adoration, demanded clamorously to be led against the enemy in order to avenge his death, shouting loudly to turn out his horse, la Pie, before the ranks, and she would bring them, they asserted, right to the foe. The general officers, however, held a council, in which terror and haste reigned much more than sense and resolution. The French army retreated, the Imperial troops advanced, and all that the skill, the wisdom, and perseverance of Turenne had gained for France, was lost again by his death.

By Voltaire, Turenne has been compared to Gonzalves de Cordova, the Great Captain, and in their military character there is certainly a great resemblance. Each had skill, patience, perseverance, calmness, and judgment. But in private life no two men could be more strikingly different. Turenne was anything but brilliant in conversation, and no way remarkable for the graces of his person, either natural or acquired. He was mild, tranquil, even retiring, hating pomp and display, giving no signs of quickness of apprehension, and loving reflection and solid sense far more than brilliancy and wit. Although the great qualities of the two generals might be the same, their faults and failings were entirely opposite.

The character given of Turenne by the Cardinal de Retz is probably nearer to the truth than any other, because it was drawn from the life by an acute observer, who in this instance had no object in deceiving.

He wanted

"Monsieur de Turenne," says de Retz, "had from his youth upwards all the good qualities, and very early he acquired all the great ones, none but those which he did not know of. He had all the virtues as natural gifts, without having the tinsel of any of them. It has been thought that he was more capable of commanding an army than leading a party, and I believe so also, because he was naturally not enterprising;-nevertheless who can say? In himself, as well as in his conversation, there was always a certain something of obscurity, which never developed itself except in great opportunities, but then always developed itself to his glory."

Such is the picture of Turenne as drawn by de Retz; and it may farther be said, that he had none of the pride of wealth, of rank, or of talent.

Being once applied to by some mechanics, who did not know him, to measure a disputed distance, he did so with his cane, and on the one, to whose opinion he was unfavourable, declaring he did not judge fairly, he knelt down and measured the ground over again. He was far less severe on others than on himself; and however great was the fault he committed, he was ever ready to acknowledge and to atone.

Such was Turenne. We have already seen what he was as a general: and the few traits here given of his private life may serve better to tell what he was as a man than the most long and laboured discussion. The greatest tribute to the memory of Turenne was the grief and consternation that spread through France on the tidings of his death: "Every one seeks the other to speak of Monsieur de Turenne," says Madame de Sevigné; “they crowd together. Yesterday all were in tears in the streets-every other business was suspended;"--and again, "The news of the death of Turenne arrived at Versailles on Monday. The King was afflicted as one ought to be on the death of the greatest captain and most excellent man in the world. Never was man regretted so sincerely. All the quarter where he lived; the whole of Paris; the whole people, were in trouble and emotion. Every one spoke and crowded together but to regret the hero. J. M. T.

ULYSSES, ICARUS, AND PENELOPE.
(Painted by Gauffier.)

The beauty of Penelope, and her fidelity to her husband Ulysses, have been celebrated by the poets of Greece. This princess was the daughter of Icarus, brother of Tyndarus, king of Sparta. Several of the Grecian princes aspired to her hand. Her father, apprehensive that the preference she might manifest towards some would excite the enmity of others, proposed they should contend for his daughter in their military games, and promised that she should be the prize of the conqueror. Ulysses prevailed over his rivals, and Penelope was assigned him. In this manner is the tale related by the Greek writers, with the exception of Appollodorus, who pretends that Penelope became the wife of Ulysses through the friendship of Tyndarus, to whom his councils had been of essential service in his marriage with Helen. When Ulysses was desirous of returning with his wife to Ithaca, Icarus had recourse to the most pressing solicitations to induce him to fix his residence at Sparta. This Ulysses refused, and departed with Penelope. Icarus immediately ascended his car, and proceeded with such expedition that he overtook them;-he renewed his entreaties-but in vain. Ulysses persisted in his resolution, but gave his wife the choice of continuing her journey, or of returning to Sparta with her father. Penelope was silent, but casting her eyes downward, covered her face with her veil. By this action Icarus was sensible of the futility of opposing her inclination. He then withdrew himself, and erected on the spot a temple dedicated to modesty.

Gauffier, the painter of this charming picture, was born at Rochefort, and was sent in his youth to Paris, although his parents were far from affluent; there he commenced his studies in painting, and soon developed very extraor dinary talents. He contended, in 1783, for the Roman prize, the subject of which was the Canaanite at the feet of Jesus Christ, in which he greatly distinguished himself. He then went to Rome, where he resided six years,