reach; occupation of more space (Ray). 2. Force of body extended (Dryden). 3. Effort; struggle: from the act of running (Addison). 4. Utmost extent of meaning (Atterbury). 5. Utmost reach of power (Granville). STRETCHER. s. (from stretch.) 1. Any thing used for extension (Moron). 2. The timber against which the rower plants his feet (Dryden).

STRETTO. (Ital.) Shortened. In music, a word formerly used to signify that the movement to which it was prefixed was to be performed in a quick, concise style.

To STREW. v. a. (strawan, Goth. stroyen, Dutch; reɲeapian, Saxon; strawen, Germ. stroer, Dan.) It is sometimes written strow, and perhaps best, as it reconciles etymology with pronunciation. (See STROW.) 1. To spread by being scattered (Pope). 2. To spread by scattering (Shaksp.). 3. To scatter loosely (Exodus).

STREWMENT. s. (from strew.) Any thing scattered in decoration (Shakspeare). STRIÆ. s. (Latin.) The small channels in the shells of cockles and scollops (Boyle).

STRIATE, in botany, striated or streaked. Striatus caulis, culmus. Lineis tenuissimis excavatis inscriptus. Stalk or culm; marked or scored with superficial or very slender lines. In the explanation of the striated leaf the word parallel is added.

STRI'ATURE. S. (from striæ; strieure, French.) Disposition of striæ (Woodward). STRICK. s. (gy; strix, Latin.) A bird of bad omen (Spenser).

STRICKEN. The ancient participle of

strike.

ence (Rogers). 3. Closely; tightly; with tenseness.

STRICTNESS. s. (from strict.) 1. Exactness; rigorous accuracy; nice regularity (Rogers). 2. Severity; rigour (Bacon). 3. Closeness; tightness; not laxity.

STRICTURE. s. (from strictura, Latin.) 1. A stroke; a touch (Hale). 2. Contraction; closure by contraction (Arbuthnot). 3. A slight touch upon a subject; not a set discourse (Hammond).

STRICTURE. (from stringo, to tie fast.) In medicine, a contraction, or closure of some canal or hollow organ of the body.

STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA, in medicine, a contraction or closure of this canal from morbid irritation or other cause.

STRIDE. s. (rrræde, Sax,) A long step; a step taken with great violence; a wide divarication of the legs (Swift).

TO STRIDE. v. n. preterit strode or strid; participle pass. stridden. (from the noun.) 1. To walk with long steps (Dryden). 2. To stand with the legs far from each other.

To STRIDE. v. a. To pass by a step (Arb.). STRI DULOUS. a. (stridulus, Lat.) Making a small noise (Brown).

STRIFE. s. (from strive.) 1. Contention; contest; discord (Judges). 2. Contest of emulation (Congreve). 3. Opposition; contrariety; contrast (Shakspeare).

STRIFEFUL. a. (strife and full.) Conten tious; discordant (Dr. Maine).

in

STRINGA. (from strigo for stringo.) In botany. In Term. Bot. 363, strigæ are thus described-pili rigidiusculi planiusculi. Philos. Bot. Linnéns only says-arcent setis rigidis animalcula & linguas ; and gives for examples cactus, malpighia, hibiscus, rubus. They seem to be stiffish, flattish bristles; and from the derivation we should suppose that they grow in a sort of order or rank. Their use is to keep off the smaller animals, and the tongues of larger ones, from injuring the plants. We have no English name for this term.

STRIGMENT. s. (strigmentum, Latin.) Scraping; recrement (Brown).

STRIGOUS. (from strigo.) In botany, applied to the leaf; strigosum folium. Aculeis lanceolatis rigidis. Set with stiff lanceolate bristles. Term. Bot. 246. In Philos. Bot. Linnéns refers to hespidum. Dr. Berkenhout interprets it, lauk, lean, or drawn up as if hidebound; we know not on what authority, but probably misled by one sense of the verb strigare, which is, to leave a furrow unfinished in ploughing; whence a horse or ox unable to go through his work was called strigosus.

To STRIKE. v. a. preterit struck or strook; participle passive struck, strucken, stricken, or strook. (artrican, Saxon; stricker, Danish.) 1. To act upon by a blow; to hit with a blow (Shakspeare). 2. To punish; to afflict (Proverbs). 3. To dash; to throw by a quick motion (Exodus). 4. To notify by sound (Collier). 5. To stamp; to impress (Locke). 6. To contract; to lower: used only in the phrases to strike sail, or to strike a flag.. 7.

To alarm; to put into emotion (Waller). 8. To make a bargain (Dryden). 9. To produce by a sudden action (Bacon). 10. To affect suddenly in any particular manner (Collier). 11. To cause to sound by blows (Knolles). 12. To forge; to mint (Árbuthnot). 13. It is used in the participle for advanced in years (Shakspeare). 14. To STRIKE off. To erase from a reckoning or account (Pope). 15. To STRIKE off. To separate by a blow, or any sodden action (Burnet). 16. To STRIKE out. To produce by collision (Dryden). 17. To STRIKE out. To blot; to efface (Brown). 18. To STRIKE out. To bring to light. 19. To STRIKE out. To form at once by a quick effort (Pope).

To STRIKE. v. n. 1. To make a blow (Dryden). 2. To collide; to clash (Bacon). 3. To act by repeated percussion (Waller). 4. To sound by the stroke of a hammer (Shakspeare). 5. To make an attack (Dryden). 6. To act by external influx (Locke). 7. To sound with blows Shakspeare). 8. To be dashed; to be stranded (Knolles). 9. To pass or act with a quick or strong effect (Dryden). 10. To pay homage, as by lowering the sail (Shakspeare). 11. To be put by some sudden act or motion Into any state; to break forth (G. of Tongue). 12. To STRIKE in with. To conform to suit itself to to join with at once (Norris). 13. To STRIKE out. To spread or rove; to make a sudden excursion (Burnet). STRIKE. 8. A bushel; a dry measure of capacity; four pecks (Tusser).

STRI KEBLOCK. s. A plane shorter than the jointer, used for the shooting of a short joint (Maron).

STRIKER. s. (from strike.) Person or thing that strikes (Sandys. Digby). STRIKING. part. a. Affecting; surprising. STRING. s. (rening, Sax. streng, Germ.) 1. A slender rope; a small cord; any sleuder and flexible band (Wilkins). 2. A thread on which any things are filed (Stilling fleet). 3. Any set of things filed on a line (Addison). 4. The chord of a musical instrument. (See CHORD.) 5. A small fibre (Bacon). 6. A nerve; a tendon (Shakspeare). 7. The nerve or line of the bow (Psalms). 8. Any concatenation or series: as, a string of propositions. 9. To have two STRINGS to the Bow. To have two views or two expedients (Hudil·ras). Te STRING. v. a. preterit strung: participle passive strung. (from the noun.) 1. To furnish with strings (Gay). 2. To put a stringed instrument in tune (Addison). 3. To file on a string (Spectator). 4. To make tense (Dry.). STRINGED. a. (from string.) Having strings; produced by strings (Milton). STRINGENT. a. (stringens, Lat.) Binding; contracting.

STRINGHALT, in farriery, an involuntary and convulsive motion of the muscles of a horse, which extend or bend the hough. When it seizes the outside muscles, the horse straddles, and throws his legs outwards; but when the inside muscles are affected, his legs are twitched up to his belly. Sometimes it is only in one

leg; sometimes in both. It generally proceeds from some strain or blow, and the cure is difficult, and seldom attended with success; though, in the beginning, a stringhalt may be removed with good rubbing and the use of fomentations, with daily but moderate exercise. The last refuge is usually the fire, which Gibson says has been known to answer at least so far as to prevent absolute lameness.

STRINGLESS. a. (from string.) Having no strings (Shakspeare).

STRINGY. a. (from string.) Fibrous; consisting of small threads; filamentous (Grew).

To STRIP. v. a. (streopen, Dutch.) 1. To make naked; to deprive of covering (Hayward). 2. To deprive; to divest (Duppa). 3. To rob; to plunder; to pillage (South). 4. To peel; to decorticate (Brown). 5. To deprive of all (South). 6. To take off covering (Watts). 7. To cast off: not in use (Shakspeare). 8. To separate from something adhesive or connected (Locke).

STRIP. S. (probably from stripe.) A narrow shred (Swift).

To STRIPE. v. a. (strepen, Dutch.) 1. To' variegate with lines of different colours. 2. To beat; to lash.

STRIPE. s. (strepe, Dutch.) 1. A lineary variation of colour (Bacon). 2. A shred of a different colour (Arbuthnot). 3. A weal, or discoloration made by a lash or blow (Thoms.). 4. A blow; a lash (Hayward).

STRIPLING. s. A youth; one in the state of adolescence (Arbuthnot).

To STRIVE. v. n. preterit strove, anciently stroved; part. pass. striven. (streven, Dutch.) 1. To struggle; to labour; to make an effort (Romans). 2. To contest; to contend; to struggle in opposition to another (Tillotson). 3. To vie; to be comparable to; to emulate; to contend in excellence (Milton).

STRIVER. s. (from strive.) One who labours; one who contends.

STRIX. Owl. In zoology, a genus of the class aves, order accipitres. Bill hooked; cereless; nostrils oblong, covered with bristly recumbent feathers; head, auricles and eyes large; tongue bifid. Fifty species, scattered over Europe, Asia, and America: about half the number eared, and half earless.

These fly abroad only by night, and prey on small birds, mice and bats; the eyes are weak by day, and generally closed; during which time, if discovered and attempted to be driven away, they make short low flights, as if afraid of dashing against some unforeseen object. The legs are usually downy to the toes; outer toe retrac tile; auricles large, covered with a membrane; outer quill-feather serrate on each edge; claws hooked, sharp.

When overtaken by a return of day-light, they are so dazzled and confounded that, if far from home, they remain in the same spot till the return of evening and if the other birds perceive, by his awkwardness or fear, the dis tress of the owl's situation, they fly with emu lation to insult him. The thrush, the jay, the

Catesby describes a bird found in Carolina, which seems to belong to this species; it is about a third larger in size, and the wings do not reach the extremity of the tail; in the other, they fall bevond it.

This bird being migratory, is supposed by Baton to pass from the old to the new continest. He pretends, that in New Spain there is a species of owl found, either the same, or so similar as to constitute only a variety. Of this, however, there is no certainty, for the natural history of this bird is far from being well ascertained. It is but seldom seen, and much seldomer taken in this country; its manners and migrations may be placed ainong the desiderata of ornithology.

4. S. ulula. Brown owl. Body above brown, variegated with white and black spots; below, blackish bars across and longitudinally; wing-coverts streaked with transverse bars of deep brown. Its wings extend beyond the extremity of the tail; and its breadth, when flying, is three feet three inches. This species devours small birds, which it swallows entire. It returns in the morning, after the chace is over, and conceals itself in the thickest coppices, or, if the weather be severe, in the hollow of a tree. There is a variety much smaller.

5. S. stridula. Tawny owl. Back, head, and coverts of the wings are of a fine tawny red, elegantly spotted, and powdered with black or dusky spots of various sizes: the breast and belly are yellowish, mixed with white, and marked with narrow black streaks pointing downwards: the third quill-feather longer than the rest. It is described by Linnæus in his Fauna, as an inhabitant of Sweden; it is also found in America and the West Indies, with such small varieties as the climate may be expected to produce: we likewise meet with it in our own climate.

6. S. Alaminea. Common or barn owl. Body above pale yellow with white dots, beneath whitish with blackish dots. This is almost a domestic bird, inhabiting barns, haylofts, churches, and even villages. It utters continually a disagreeable kind of hissing, or harsh and mournful cries, which the uninformed in the country believe to be ominous; and when it perches upon a house, and utters its doleful notes, it is often regarded as the messenger of death.

The elegant plumage of this bird, however, makes some compensation for its disagreeable voice. A circle of soft white feathers surrounds its eyes; the upper part of the body and

coverts of the wings are of a fine pale yellow; the lower part is wholly white. When taken old, it refuses all food, and dies in ten or twelve days of hunger. It is found in Europe and America. It is more indolent than most of its tribe, and carelessly deposits its eggs in the holes of walls, and of trees, without any preparation of withered grass, roots, or leaves for their reception. Its period of ovation commences in March, when it lays five or six eggs of an oblong shape, and of a whitish colour. The young, after their first appearance, are wholly white, and are fed chiefly with insects, and morsels of the flesh of mice. When about the age of three weeks, they are reckoned by the French good eating. They are then fat and plump, but the nature of their food does not seem calculated to improve their relish; for they frequently drink the oil out of lamps.

7. S. passerina. Little owl. Quill-feathers with five rows of white spots. Another variety smaller; eyes surrounded with white circles: a third, larger, twelve inches long, chin white; wings variegated brown and yellow. This is one of the smallest of the race of owls, measuring only (except the last variety) from seven to eight inches, and nearly of the size of a thrush. It is distinguished from the smallhorned owl, by having no prominent feathers at the ears like that bird; and by the regularity of its white spots upon the wings and body. It frequents, like other owls, old buildings and quarries; but differs from them considerably in the nature of its sight; and is not, strictly speaking, a nocturnal bird, for it is far more capable of enduring the rays of light than the rest of this gloomy and lugubrious tribe. It frequently exercises itself in an unproductive chace of the swallow; but is more successful among the mice, which it tears in pieces, because unable to swallow them entire. It uses also a precaution peculiar to itself, and clears away the hairs from its morsels, which the others devour, and afterwards vomit in the form of round balls.

8. 9. The foreign birds belonging to the tribe of owls are numerous, and of various sizes. That called cambura by the natives of Brasil has been described by Marcgraave, and seems to resemble the small horned owl, by having two tufts of feathers over the ears; its plumage is yellow, and its size nearly that of a thrush. Another foreigner of this tribe is found at Hudson's bay, and has been engraved and coloured by Edwards, under the title of the little hawk owl. The eyes and bill are orange; the plumage brown and white; the form of the wings and tail approximates to that of the hawk; but the size of the head demonstrates the affinity of this species to the family of owls.

10. There is in the northern latitudes a bird common both to the new and old world, described by Linnéus, by the Swedish name, harfang : the S. nyctea of most ornithologists. In size, it is equal to the largest of the owl kinds, being two feet long; and like most other birds in high latitudes, its plumage is of a beautiful white. Its head is variegated with small

brown spots, and its back with some lines of the same colour, in America; but upon the ¡nountains of Lapland, it is pure white. This snowy owl flies abroad by day, and preys on herons, hares, mice, and sometimes carrion; making a howling noise.

11. S. cunicularia. Coquimbo owl. Body above, brown; beneath white; legs warty, hairy. Amidst the varieties of foreign birds of this genus, this is mentioned by P. Fouillée, as inhabititthe province of Chili, and which, he asserts, digs holes in the ground for bringing forth its young, and for its own habitation, which it makes in long subterraneous burrows. Size of a pigeon; flies in pairs, and feeds on insects and reptiles.

STROBILE. Strobilus. In botany, pericarpium ex amento factum; squamis induratis, is added in Term. Bot. 618. A pericarp formed from an ament, by the hardening of the scales. In Regn. Veg. it is thus expressed: Strobilus imbricatus amenti coarctati. That is, a strobile is made up of scales that are imbricate, or lie over each other, from an ament contracted or squeezed together, in this state of maturity. This term includes not only the cone of former writers, but also some other fruits which recede considerably in structure from that sort of pericarp; as that of magnolia. To translate strobilus therefore by cone is improper, as creating confusion.

STROEMIA, in botany, a genus of the elass pentandria, order monogynia. Corol with four or no petals; calyx four-leaved; nectary ligulate; berry barky, pedicelled. Four species; natives of India or Arabia; with terminal racemes, and generally nodding flowers.

STROKAL. s. An instrument used by glass-makers (Bailey).

STROKE or STROOK. The old preterit of strike, now commonly struck.

STROKE. S. (from strook, the pret. of strike.) 1. A blow; a knock; a sudden act of one body upon another (Shakspeare). 2. A hostile blow (Swift). 3. A sudden disease or affliction (Harle). 4. The sound of a clock (Shaksp.). 5. The touch of a pencil (Pope). 6. A touch; a masterly or eminent effort, (Baker). 7. An effect suddenly or unexpectedly produced. 8. Power; efficacy (Dryden).

To STROKE. v. a. (rzɲacan, Saxon.) 1. To rub gently with the hand by way of kindness or endearment; to soothe (Bacon). 2. To rub gently in one direction (Gay).

To STROLL. v. n. To wander; to ramble; to rove; to gad idly (Swift).

STROLLER. 3. (from stroll.) A vagrant; a wanderer; a vagabond (Swift).

STROMA, a small island of Scotland, on the coast of Caithnessshire, in Pentland Frith. Its caverns were once used as places of interment, by the inhabitants of the neighbouring islands. Near its N. end is a dangerous whirlpool.

STROMBERG, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, 20 miles E.S.E. of Munster, and 20 N.W. of Paderborn.

STROMBERG, a town of France, in the de

partment of Rhine and Moselle, lately of Ger many, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 22 miles W. of Mentz, and 32 S. of Coblentz.

STROMBOLI, the most northern of the Lipari islands. It is a volcano, which rises in a conical form to the height of 3000 feet; and on the E. side are three or four little craters ranged near each other, nearly at two thirds of its height. It is inhabited, notwithstanding its fires, and produces a great deal of cotton. Of all the volcanoes recorded in history, Stromboli seems to be the only one that burns without ceasing; and for ages past, it has been looked upon as the great lighthouse of the Mediterranean sea. Lon. 15. 40 E. Lat. 38. 40 N.

STROMBUS, in zoology, a genus of the class vermes, order testacea. Animal a limax; shell univalve, spiral; aperture much dilated; the lip expanding, and produced into a groove leaning to the left. Fifty-three species, thus subdivided.

A. Lip projecting into linear divisions or claws.

B. Lobed. C. Dilated.

D. Tapering with a very long spire.

All these shells in their younger state want the lip, and have a thin turbinate appearance; whence many of them have been mistaken by authors, and referred to a wrong genus. We shall select a specimen or two.

1. Pes pelecani. Corvorants foot. Lip with four palmate angular claws; mouth smooth; shell pointed, whitish, cinereous, or reddish, within white, smoothed, polished; whorls tuberculate. Inhabits European and American seas, and the only species of this genus found on our own coasts: two inches long.

2. S. chiragra. Lip with six curved claws, and recurved beak: shell large, brown varied with white, the back tuberculate; lips striate, two hindmost claws divergent and bent outwards. Inhabits the Indian ocean; very rare and valuable.

3. S. gallus. Lip mucronate on the fore part and very long; back crowned with tubercles; beak straight; shell sometimes uniformly brown, yellow, or violet, sometimes varied with spots and rays; the back surrounded with smooth ribs, which are sometimes simple, sometimes double; the first whorl crowned with tubercles, which in the other whorls are more or less conspicuous.

STROMOE, the principal of the Feroe islands, in the Northern ocean, 30 miles in length and 10 in breadth. It has a town called Thorshaven, which is the capital of all the islands, and the common market. Lon. 7.0 W. Lat. 62. 10 N.

STROMSTADT, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, celebrated for its shellfish. It stands on the coast of the North sea, 43 miles N.N.W. of Uddevalla. Lon. 11. 4 E. Lat. 59. 43 N.

STROND. s. (from strand.) The beach; the bank of the water: obsolete (Shakspeare.)

STRONG. a. (reɲang, Saxon.) 1. Vigorous; forceful; of great ability of body (Psa.). 2. Fortified; secure from attack (Locke). 3.

.