Music.

A quarter of an hour allowed for this Paper.

1. What is meant by sound, what by tone; and how does a sound differ from a tone?

1. Sound is the effect on the ear of the vibration of the air caused by some disturbing force. When the vibration is regular, the result is a musical sound.

A tone is the interval between two sounds, either higher or lower, and can be divided into two semitones.

2. What is a triad? Write in a, b, and c severally the triads of (C) Do, (F) Fa, and (G) Sol.

1 + 1 + 1 2克+3克+4克

10

7(1 of 1)

...

3480

3

of 7)

ΙΟ

", 345

2= 343

341-2 339

=1745; meetings=1735

= 348 average attendance.

FEMALES.

by, and find the value of

(b) Adjective sentences are joined to principal sentences by relative pronouns; as, which I have seen;' I met one whom I knew. This is the best example that I can find.

(c) It-pers. pron. used indefinitely, 3rd pers. sing. neut. nom. to is.

turn-reg. intrans. verb, infin. pres. indef., gov. by may. hath been-subst. verb irreg. am, was, been, indic. pres. perfect. 3rd pers. sing. agr. with it.

of-prep. gov. obj. case yore.

yore-abstr. noun, neut. sing., obj., by of. of yore-an adverbial phrase.

things-com. noun, neut. plur., obj., gov. by see.

which simple rel. pron., referring to things,' 3rd pers. plur., neut., obj., gov. by have seen.

seen-complete part. of irreg. verb, see, saw, seen, forming a compound tense with have.

see-irreg, trans. verb, see, saw, seen, infin., pres., gov. by

can.

no-neg. adv., mod. more.

more-adv. of time, mod. see.

2. Make three sentences with for, but, and except used as conjunctions, and three in which they are used as prepositions.

CONJUNCTIONS.

I. Prince Edward fled, for the battle was lost. 2. He lived in hope, but hope was vain. 3. Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish.

(a) What is a mountain?

(b) What is a range?

(c) What is meant by the line of perpetual snow,' and what is the cause of it?

(d) How do mountains form boundaries and watersheds? (e) Why do great rivers generally rise in mountains?

Illustrate each of these points as you come to it, from the mountains of Hindostan or British North America. N.B.-Go fully into the examples you mention; do not merely give a string of names.

Notes of a Lesson on Mountain Ranges.

(a) What is a mountain ?—A piece of land rising high above the level of the earth's surface, generally applied to elevations over 2,000 feet high-as, Dhawalagiri, 26,826 ft.; Everest, 29,002 ft.; and Kunchinjunga, 27,815 ft.; the highest summits of the Himalayas.

(b) What is a range ?-When mountains extend in lines they are called mountain ranges, or chains; as the Himalayas range, running along the northern boundary of India—and the Aravulli Mountains separating the basins of the Ganges and Lower Indus.

(c) Line of perpetual snow, and cause of it.-The more elevated a place is, the lower is its temperature, and a change of only a few feet will diminish the temperature of a place as much as a change of latitude amounting to many miles. By continuing the ascent in any latitude we at length arrive at what is called the snow line, or the limit of perpetual congelation. In the tropics this line attains its maximum elevation, and gradually descends as it proceeds to the poles. The height of the snow line is not regulated exclusively by the degree of latitude, but depends very much on the exposure of the place, the character of the prevailing winds, and the depth of snow that has fallen during the winter. For example, the height of the snow line on the south side of the Himalayas is 16,200 ft.-on the north side 17,400 ft.

(d) How do mountains form boundaries' and 'watersheds' ?— By forming a natural wall to enclose valleys, mountains serve as boundaries to separate countries and nationalities; thus the Eastern Ghats, on the Coromandel coast, form the E. margin of the plateau of the Dakhan, and the W. Ghâts form the W. wall of the same table-land. On this table-land the languages are essentially different from the dialects of Northern India, showing clearly that mountains form a barrier of communication.

Again, the W. Ghâts form the water-parting as well as watershed between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, just as the Aravulli Mountains separate the basins of the Ganges and lower Indus, or the Vindhya Mountains separate the Jumna from the Nerbudda.

(e) Why great rivers generally rise in mountains.- Currents of moist air striking against mountain-sides are driven up towards the summits. As the elevation increases the cold proportionately increases, whence condensation ensues. Mountain regions are thus the source of springs and streams, which, as brooks or torrents, run down the slopes into the valleys and are collected by the main stream as it pursues its way, rapidly or slowly, according to the aspect of the country. For example, the Ganges rises from under a low arch called the 'Cow's Mouth' at the base of a mass of frozen snow, about 14,000 feet above the level of the sea; the Indus rises at an elevation of 18,000 feet and is augmented by five rivers, all taking their rise in the Himalaya range.

SECOND PAPER.

Two hours and a half allowe?.
History.

1. Write a short history of the queens of Edward III. and Henry VI.

Philippa of Hainault was the Queen of Edward III. She was a lady of distinguished virtue and heroic courage. During Edward's absence in the French Wars she defeated the Scots at Neville's Cross, and took David, the Scotch king, prisoner (1346). Next year she was present at the Capitulation of Calais, when six of the principal burgesses appeared before Edward to be hanged, according to the terms of the capitulation. The qusen, by her entreaties, induced Edward to pardon them and they were set free.

Margaret of Anjou was the Queen of Henry VI. She was high-spirited, ambitious, courageous, and energetic; she wa; an excellent mother and a most heroic queen. During the Wars of the Roses she bravely raised troops in the cause of her husband. She rejected the arrangement that the crown should fall to the Yorkists on the death of Henry, and returning from Scotland, whither she had fled, collected 20,000 men and defeated York at Wakefield. At St. Albans (1461) she defeated Warwick; but she had to retire northwards, and Edward of York was proclaimed by the title of Edward IV. Immediately after his being accepted king, he marched against Margaret, who had collected 60,000 men in Yorkshire, met her at Towton, and totally defeated her. Margaret and her son fled to Scotland, and in 1464 again attempted an invasion of England, but at Hedgeley Moor and Hexham her forces were routed and dispersed. Margaret escaped, and it is said that she was assisted by one of a band of robbers to make her way over to Flanders. Once more she landed in England, and her small French force being augmented by an army in the west, she met Edward at Tewkesbury (1471). Here she lost her last battle and the life of her young son, who was foully murdered after the fight. Margaret was imprisoned in the Tower, but being ransomed by Louis XI. she was set free, |and died (1482).

2. Give the date of the accession of Queen Anne. For what war was this reign remarkable, and what were the chief battles in which the English took part?

Anne ascended the throne in 1702. Her reign is remarkable for the War of the Spanish Succession.' The chief battles in which the English took part were Blenheim (1704), Ramillies (1706), Oudenarde (1708), and Malplaquet (1709).

3. What can you tell about the First House of Commons, the Battle of Evesham, and the Mad Parliament ?

The First House of Commons met in the reign of Henry III., 1265. It was called by the Earl of Leicester, and for the first time knights and burgesses were allowed to sit in council with the

barons.

Write full notes of a lesson on Leather and its uses.

THINGS TO BE SEEN.-A piece of raw, dry hide-slaked lime -glue-oak-bark-ground oak-bark-and other things connected with the manufacture of leather.

I. WHAT IT IS.-Leather is made from the skins and hides of animals, such as bullock, doe, buck, bear, kid, chamois.

2. HOW MANUFACTURED.-Skins cleaned by cutting off horns, tail, and thin edges; by soaking and kneading them in water to make them soft, then by stirring them about with water containing slaked lime; hair scraped off, lime washed out; skin then scraped clean from fat, blood-vessels, and bits of flesh. These skins next tanned, that is, thrown into pits and stirred now and then for several months with water and chips of oak-bark; tanning hardens the gelatine (glue) and so makes the skin hard and less acted on by water; after this, hides removed, dried, and placed between rollers. After tanning, the leather comes into the hands of the currier, who damps it, pares the surface till the leather is of equal thickness throughout; then wets, puts it on a slate table, scrapes it, brushes it, hangs it up to dry, rubs it with a mixture of soot and tallow and fish-oil ;-this makes the leather soft and pliable for working.

USES.-Leather is used for boots and shoes, gloves and riding trousers, coverings for chairs and sofas, for binding books, for some kinds of aprons, for harness, straps, bags, belts, and other things which can be named by the children.

Euclid.

MALES.

[All generally understood abbreviations for words may be used.]

1. Define point, figure, semicircle, scalene triangle, parallel, straight lines, postulate, axiom.

A point is that which has position but not magnitude. A figure is that which is contained by one or more boundaries. A semicircle is the part of a circle cut off by a diameter. A scalene triangle has three unequal sides. Parallel straight lines are such as are in the same plane, and which being produced ever so far both ways do not meet.

A postulate is a self-evident problem, the use of which is at once granted if required. The three postulates are: 1, The drawing of a straight line from one point to any other point; 2, The producing of a straight line to any length in a straight line; and 3, The drawing of a circle from any centre at any distance from that centre.

An axiom is a self-evident fr›position.

2. To draw a straight line perpendicular to a given straight line from a given point without it.

3. What incomes will be derived from (a) £5500 at 3 per. cent. stock purchased at par, and (b) £5500 invested in the same stock at 102 respectively? And what fraction is the lesser income of the greater?

4. State and explain the rules for converting recurring decimals into vulgar fractions, taking 629 and 2·4114583 as your examples.

Rule for reducing a Circulating Decimal to a Vulgar Fraction:If only the same figures recur, make the repeating part the numerator of the fraction, and place underneath it as many nines as there are digits in the repeating part.

For example:-Let S represent the sum of the series *629629629......

Then (a) 1000 times S=629'629629......
But (6)
S= 629629......

Subtracting (6) from (a) 999 S=629

.. S=833=17 in L. T.

But if it be a mixed circulating decimal, subtract the digits which do not recur from the whole expression as far as the end of the first repeating part; take this difference as the enumerator, and for the denominator place as many nines as there are figures in the recurring part, followed by as many ciphers as are figures in the part which does not recur.

For example:-Let S again represent the sum of the series, 2'411458333......

(a) Then 10000000 times S=24114583.33 (b) And 1000000 S= 2411458'33..... Subtracting () from (a) 9000000 S=21703125

.. S-21703125

79

5. If 3 per cent. consols are at 863, and 4 per cent. railway stock at 943, which is the better investment? And what amount should I then invest in the consols so as to obtain an income equal to that which would arise from £1050 invested in the railway stock?

(a) In the 1st case an expense of £86§ yields £31

86 £31× 914 i.e., 3. investment.

But in the 2nd case an expense of £94 yields £4

.. the railway stock is the better

(b) Parse the words in italics.

Distinguish between an adjective sentence and an adverbial sentence, and give examples of both from the above.

(a) The voice of Duty may be called the voice of God. At one time she shows clearly the path of conduct in which we are to go, at another she punishes us for straying, and chides our waywardness. She enables us at all times to distinguish our real difficulties, and the extent of our obligations.

(b) daughter-com. noun, fem., sing., nom. of address or vocative.

that demonstr. adj., limiting name.

love-reg. trans. verb, subjunctive, pres. indef., 2nd pers. sing., agr. with thou.

Who-simple rel. pron., referring to thou,' 2nd pers., sing., nom., to art.

art-irreg. subst. verb, am, was, been, indic., pres., indef., 2nd pers., sing., agr. with who.

light-com. noun (here abstr.), neut., sing., nom., after

art.

erring-adj. used as coll. noun, com., plur. obj., gov. by check.

reprove-reg. trans. verb, infin., pres., indef., attrib. to rod.

thou-pers. pron., referring to Duty, 2nd pers. fem., sing., nom. of address or vocative.

victory-abstr. noun, neut., sing., nom. after art. When-conj. adv., introducing subord. clause, and mod.

overawe.

(c) An adjective sentence or clause qualifies a noun; as, 'who art a light to guide,' which qualifies Duty. An adverbial sentence or clause modifies a verb or predi cate; as, When empty terrors overawe,' which modifies art victory and law.

Geography.

1. Give notes of a lesson on The Mountains and Rivers of Hindostan,' and illustrate it by sketch-maps of the chief riverbasins. Insert the lines of latitude and longitude, and explain how they are useful in drawing maps.

N.B. Do not draw a full map of the whole country.

The Mountains and Rivers of Hindostan.

MOUNTAINS.- -1. The Himalaya ('abode of snow') chain, separating the basin of the Ganges from the upper basin of the Brahmaputra; three loftiest peaks-Everest, 29,002 feet; Kunchinjunga, 27,815; and Dhawalagiri, 26,826 feet. 2. Aravulli Mts. form W. wall of plateau of Malwa, and separate the basins of the Ganges and Lower Indus; Mt. Abu is the highest summit. 3. Vindhya Hills form S. wall of plateau, and separate the Jumna from the Nerbudda. 4. The Satpura Hills separate the basins of the Nerbudda and Tapti, and are continued E. by the Mahades Hills. 5. The Western Ghâts extend for 1000 mls. form the water-parting between the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, and constitute the W. wall of the tableland of the Dakhan. Vast quantities of moisture are deposited on them, and they give rise to all the large rivers of Southern India. 6. The Nilgiris S. of Mysore (Maísûr) connect the W. with the E. Ghâts, and form the S. wall of the plateau of Maisûr. Dodabetta is the highest summit. 7. The E. Ghats extend from the Nilgiris in a N.E. direction, and form the E. margin of the Dakhan.

RIVER BASINS INCLINED TO THE ARABIAN SEA.-I. The Indus rises in Thibet, penetrates the Himalaya, flows S. to Attock, where it is joined by the Kabul: about 400 mls. further down it receives as one stream the five rivers of the Punjaub, and flows by seven mouths into the sea. 2. The Nerbudda, from Goondwana, flows W. between the Vindhya and Sautpura Mts. into the G. of Cambay. 3. The Tapti flows W. into the G. of Cambay.

RIVER BASINS INCLINED TO THE BAY OF BENGAL.-The Ganges issues in a small stream from a mass of perpetual snow on the S. side of the Himalaya Mts., and enters the plains of Hindostan after passing Hurdwar, receives the Jumna at Allahabad, is again swelled by the addition of several large streams in its progress to Patna, where it is three miles broad. About 200 mls. from the sea it branches into a delta, the numerous arms of which form a maze of channels and creeks called the Sunderbunds. The western or Hoogly branch, which passes Calcutta, is the only navigable one. The eastern branch receives the Brahmaputra before it passes into the Bay of Bengal. The other rivers are the Kaveri, Punnair, Krishna, Godaveri, and Mahanadi, all flowing eastwards.

Lines of latitude and longitude are useful in giving places the exact relative position which they have on the earth itself, and they form a complete set of guiding lines for drawing a correct representation of any part of the earth.

2. If you were asked by children, 'What sort of a place is Africa? how should you answer them, so as to give them an idea of the appearance and character of its different parts, and to show them how much more we know about it now than was known fifty years ago?

Africa is a vast table-land, or series of terraces, walled in by sea-coast ranges of mountains. South of the Mediterranean coast ranges lies the Great Desert, or Sahara, a great table-land rising in the middle to 4,000 feet above the sea. A wide tract in the west is said to be below the level of the sea, and it has been proposed to cut a canal from it to the Atlantic, and convert it into an inland sea. The surface of this desert consists of loose sand, gravel, and rocks. It is entirely without rivers. Here and there fertile spots, watered by springs, occur, at which caravans water their camels and rest after their toilsome, burning march across the desert. The sun beats down during summer, and the region is swept by hot winds, often carrying the stifling atmosphere to the shores of Europe. Travellers in the Sahara are often deceived by an appearance called the 'mirage,' presenting the appearance of a lake in which palmtrees are reflected (describe the disappointment of the weary

travellers). South of Sahara is Soudan, a broad, fertile country, containing the Niger, in exploring which Mungo Park lost his life. The interior is watered by L. Tchad. South of Soudan is Central Africa, crossed by the Equator, and, therefore, the hottest part of the earth. This used to be considered a barren desert, but a great part of it has within the last fifty years been crossed by travellers, who have found it a fertile and populous region. This region possesses the great lakes of Central Africa, and is drained by three of the great rivers of the world-the Nile, which fertilizes Egypt, and flows N.; the Congo, or Livingstone, flowing W.; and the Zambesi, flowing E. South of the Zambesi the country is very varied, being mountainous in the east, having a desert in the west, and bounded on the south by the Orange River. South of the Orange River is the most prosperous part of the African Continent. It consists of mountains, table-lands, and valleys, with abundance of pasture and cultivation. (The three terraces of Cape Colony to be described.) The Great Karoo,' the highest of the three, is about a hundred miles broad. For nine months it is nearly bare, but during the other three it yields good pasture. The great travellers, Livingstone, Speke and Grant, Baker, Stanley, Cameron, and Burton, have cleared up the mysteries of Central Africa.

SECOND PAPER.

History.

Two hours and a half allowed.

1. Explain the terms Roundhead, Jacobite, Puritan, Regicide, and Chartists.

Roundhead was applied to those who supported the Parliament and wore their hair short, as opposed to the Royalists, who wore long hair, covering their shoulders.

Jacobite was applied to the partisans of James II., his son, and grandson. Derived from Lat. Jacobus-James.

The Puritans were seceders from the English Church, socalled on account of their acknowledging only the 'pure Word of God,' without note or comment.' They were afterwards named Nonconformists.

The Regicides were those more closely connected with the trial and execution of Charles I.

The Chartists were those who, in 1838, promulgated the political system demanding the People's Charter, consisting of five principles-universal suffrage, annual parliaments, stipendiary members, vote by ballot, and electoral districts.

2. Give a short account of the trial of the Seven Bishops. In 1688 William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, and six bishops of his province, signed a petition against the Second Declaration of Indulgence issued by James II. The King resolved to bring the petitioners before the Court of King's Bench on a charge of seditious libel. The Seven Bishops' were committed to the Tower amid marks of public sympathy. All Protestants regarded them as the champions of Protestantism against Rome. The main point at issue in the Bishops' trial was, as the Crown lawyers argued, 'a false, malicious, and seditious libel,' and this involved inquiry into the subject's right to petition for redress of grievances. The trial, at which not one of the judges ventured to say that the Declaration of Indulgences was legal, ended with a verdict of Not guilty,' and at this result the delight of the nation knew no bounds.

3. Mention some of the most remarkable inventions of the nineteenth century, with names of the inventors.

Application of Steam-power to locomotives by George Stephenson. Application of Electricity to convey intelligence by Wheatstone and Cooke.

Steam-printing-press (the Walter) by Messrs. Macdonald and Calverly.

Machines for working in iron by Joseph Bramah.

Steam-hammer and ram by James Nasmyth.

Rifled guns by Joseph Whitworth,

Sewing Machines by Joseph Howe.

Electric lighting by Edison.

Penmanship.

Write in large hand, as a specimen of copy-setting, the word Pathetic.

Write in small hand, as a specimen of copy-setting, Englishmen know little of the French navy.