the crops (Plin. XVIII §§ 184-6) and as a substitute, in shallow soils, for the plough (ib. § 178 montanae gentes sarculis arant): some were two-pronged (Pallad. 1 43 § 3 sarculos vel simplices vel bicornes). It appears to have been lighter than the marra Plin. xvIII § 146 protinus altitudine unciali herbis omnibus liberanda est, manu potius quam sarculo... § 147 ad trimatum [debet] marris ad solum radi. cf. XIX § 109 sarculo leviter convelluntur radices. XVIII § 241 levi sarculo purgare verius quam fodere. The marra was a pick-axe, an indented hoe with a broad head Colum. x 72 penitus latis eradere viscera marris: the ground was first broken by it, before the sarculum was used ib. 88 seq. mox bene cum glaebis vivacem caespitis herbam | contundat marrae vel fracti dente ligonis, |.... tunc quoque trita solo splendentia sarcula sumat | angustosque foros adverso limite ducens | rursus in obliquum distinguat tramite parvo. Rich (companion) has cuts of what he supposes to be marrae and sarcula. 167 COQUERE Aen. vII 636 Forbiger recoquunt patrios fornacibus enses. Bentley on Hor. c. 1 35 39. Drakenb. on Sil. Iv 12. 168 PRIMI FABRI the brazen race Arat. phaen. 131 of πрŵтоɩ kakbepɣov éxaλkeúσavтo μáxаιρav. Tibull. I 3 47 48. EXTENDERE Plin. XIII § 82

of paper extenditur malleo.

169-171 QUORUM NON SUFFICIT... SED CREDIDERINT Prop. II=III 16 29 30 adspice quid... invenit. arserit et quantis.

172 QUO NON FUGERET II 1. 153 seq.

173 CUNCTIS ANIMALIBUS ABSTINUIT QUI TAMQUAM HOMINE XIV 98 n. DS. xx 58 § 5 certain African barbarians worship apes τοῖς δ ̓ ἀποκτείνασι τοῦτο τὸ ζῷον ὡς ἠσεβηκόσι τὰ μέγιστα θάνατος ὥριστο πρόστιμον it became a proverb ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνατὶ κτεινομένων ὅτι πιθήκου αἷμα ἀποτίσειαν. Zeller 14 2924 on the age of these prohibitions. Ov. m. xv 72-82. According to Aristoxenus (DL. VIII § 20=fragm. 7 Müller. cf. Gell. Iv 11 § 6 porculis quoque minusculis et haedis tenerioribus victitasse idem Aristoxenus refert. Ath. 418) Pythagoras enjoined abstinence only from the wether and the ox used in ploughing: according to Aristotle (Gell. 1. c. § 12. DL. VIII § 19. cf. ib. 33. Porph. vit. Pyth. 34. abst. I 19-24. 26 27. Iambl. vit. Pyth. §§ 85. 98. 106-9), only from certain parts of animals and some kinds of fish: according to others, from every kind of flesh DL. VIII §§ 8. 13. 20. 22. Iambl. vit. Pyth. §§ 54. 68. 85. 107-8 (where he speaks of it as an esoteric doctrine). 150. Eudox. in Porphyr. vit. Pyth. 7. Onesikritus about 320 B. c. in Strabo 716. Mnesimachus in DL. VIII § 37 ws πvlaɣoριστὶ θύομεν τῷ Λοξίᾳ, | ἔμψυχον οὐδὲν ἐσθίοντες παντελώς. Aristophon ib. § 38 ἐσθίουσι δὲ | λάχανά τε καὶ πίνουσιν ἐπὶ τούτοις ὕδωρ. Antiphanes Korykos in Ath. 161 πρῶτον μὲν ὥσπερ πυθαγορίζων ἐσθίει | ἔμψυχον οὐδέν, τῆς δὲ πλείστης τοὐβολοῦ | μάζης μελαγχρῆ μερίδα λαμβάνων. Alexis Tarentini ib.b οἱ πυθαγορίζοντες γάρ, ὡς ἀκούομεν, | οὔτ ̓ ὄψον ἐσθίουσιν οὔτ ̓ ἄλλ ̓ οὐδὲ ἓν ἔμψυχον, οἶνόν τ' οὐχὶ πίνουσιν μόνοι. | Β. Επιχαρίδης μέντοι κύνας κατεσθίει, | τῶν πυθαγορείων εἶς. ἀποκτείνας μὲν οὖν· | οὐκ ἔτι γάρ ἐστ ̓ ἔμψυχον. further jests on their diet (figs, cheese, olives, leeks, onions, capers) ib. 161-162a. Aristophon Pythagorista ib. 161 sets down their abstinence to poverty-the grapes are sour—ἐπεὶ πάραθες αὐτοῖσιν ἰχθὺς ἢ κρέας, | κἂν μὴ κατεσθίωσι καὶ τοὺς δακτύλους, ] ἐθέλω κρέμασθαι δεκάκις. Serv. Aen. x 564. Orig. Cels. v 49. Iamblichus myst. vI 1 2. Porphyr. abst. Clem. Al. strom. vii 32. Xenokrates in a special treatise on animal food and Polemo in his treatise on

A.

the natural life taught (Clem. Al. str. vii§ 32 fin.) ŵs doúμpopby ¿otw ʼn did τῶν σαρκῶν τροφὴ εἰργασμένη ἤδη καὶ ἐξομοιουμένη ταῖς τῶν ἀλόγων ψυχαῖς. Cic. n. d. III § 88 Pythagoras would not stain altars with blood. cf. Macr. III 6 § 2. DL. VIII §§ 20. 22. Plut. de esu carn. 1 § 1 p. 993a. Strabo 298. Sext. Emp. Ix 127. Iambl. myst. 5 § 1 priests. adhort. ad philos. 21 symb. 39 pp. 317. 379 K. v. Pyth. § 187. Porph. abst. I 15. 23. vit. Pyth. in Phot. p. 438. Philostr. Ap. 1 1 § 1. Lobeck Aglaoph. 190-2. Tert. apol. 48 pr. age iam si quis philosophus affirmet, ut ait Laberius de sententia Pythagorae, hominem fieri ex mulo. .... nonne consensum movebit et fidem infiget etiam ab animalibus abstinendi? proptereaque persuasum quis habeat, ne forte bubulam de aliquo proavo suo obsonet? Minuc. Fel. 34. Seneca (cited XIV 98 n. p. 306) ep. 108 § 17 non pudebit fateri, quem mihi amorem Pythagorae iniecerit Sotion. dicebat, quare ille animalibus abstinuisset, quare postea Sextius. . § 18 hic homini satis alimentorum citra sanguinem esse credebat et crudelitatis consuetudinem fieri, ubi in voluptatem esset adducta laceratio • adiciebat contrahendam materiam esse luxuriae. colligebat bonae valetudini contraria esse alimenta varia et nostris aliena corporibus. § 19 at Pythagoras omnium inter omnia cognationem esse dicebat et animorum commercium in alias atque alias formas transeuntium. interim sceleris hominibus ac parricidii metum fecit, cum possint in parentis animam inscii incurrere et ferro morsuve violare, si in quo cognatus aliqui spiritus hospitaretur. § 20 Do you not believe in this transmigration' asked Sotion. § 21 'Great men have believed it. si vera sunt ista, abstinuisse animalibus innocentia est. si falsa, frugalitas est. qued istic credulitatis tuae damnum est? alimenta tibi leonum et volturum eripio.' § 22 his ego instinctus abstinere animalibus coepi et anno peracto non tantum facilis erat mihi consuetudo, sed dulcis. agitatiorem mihi animum esse credebam nec tibi hodie adfirmaverim, an fuerit. He was reported to have escaped poison intended for him by Nero Tac. xv 45 fin. dum persimplici victu et agrestibus pomis ac, si sitis admoneret, profluente aqua vitam tolerat. Gell. XVII 8 § 2 the philosopher Taurus often invited us to supper at Athens. frequens eius cenae fundus et firmamentum omne erat aula una lentis Egyptiae et cucurbitae inibi minutim caesae. An Egyptian vegetarian Heliod. II 23. Use of leather forbidden Lobeck Aglaoph. 245. Proklus (Marinus vit. Procl. 12) abstained from flesh, but was urged by his master Plutarch son of Nestorius μηδὲ τούτων πάντῃ ἀπέχεσθαι, ὅπως ἂν καὶ τὸ σῶμα ὑπηρετοῦν ἔχοι ταῖς ψυχικαῖς ἐνεργείαις.

....

174 VENTRI INDULSIT NON OMNE LEGUMEN III 229. Hor. cited on 9. Daniel 1 8. 12. 16. 10 3. 2 Esdr. 9 24-26. Enoch 7 4 5 Dillmann. Hdt. II 37. Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. III § 224 évio dè θᾶττον ἂν τὰς κεφαλὰς φαγεῖν φασὶ τῶν πατέρων ἢ κυάμους. Plut. symp. qu. vIII 8 2 § 2. 3 § 15. Chrys. hom. in Io. 11 2 p. 10a. deiλol, πávdeiλNOL, κυάμων ἄπο χεῖρας ἔχεσθε· | ἰσόν τοι κυάμους τε φαγεῖν κεφαλάς τε τοκήων (verses ascribed to Pythagoras or to Orpheus, whose school in this as in some other points agreed with the Pythagorean Didymus in geop. II 35 p. 183. Plat. legg. 7824. Lobeck Aglaoph. 246-251). This prohibition is attested by Aristot. in DL. VIII § 34 cf. 19. 33. Callim. in Gell. Iv 11 § 2 καὶ κυάμων ἄπο χεῖρας ἔχειν, ἀνιῶντος ἐδεστοῦς, | κἀγώ, Πυθα yopas ws Kéλeve, Xéyw. Cic. divin. 1 § 62 iubet... Plato sic ad somnum proficisci corporibus adfectis, ut nihil sit quod errorem animis perturbationemque adferat. unde Pythagoricis interdictum putatur ne faba vescerentur. cf. II § 119. Hor. s. II 6 63 Pythagorae cog

nata faba. Plut. educ. 17 p. 12 Wytt. Iambl. vit. Pyth. §§ 61. 259. Plut. qu. Rom. 95 διὰ τί νενόμισται τοὺς ἁγνεύοντας ὀσπρίων ἀπέχεσθαι; πότερον, ὡς οἱ Πυθαγορικοὶ τοὺς μὲν κυάμους ἀφωσιοῦντο διὰ τὰς λεγομένας αἰτίας, τὸν δὲ λάθυρον καὶ τὸν ἐρέβινθον ὡς παρωνύμους τοῦ ἐρέβους Kai Tys Xnons; id. qu. conv. II 3 1 § 1 Plutarch had several times dreamt that he ought to abstain from eggs, and resolved to do so, in order to test, κaláжeρ èv Kapi, the authority of dreams. § 2 at a dinner party some suspected that he had become a convert to Orphic and Pythagorean doctrines, and abominated eggs, as others heart and brain, as the principle of birth. § 3 Alexander the Epicurean in jest quoted the verse labv τοι κ.τ.λ. ὡς δὴ κυάμους τὰ ψὰ διὰ τὴν κύησιν αἰνιττομένων τῶν ἀνδρῶν, διαφέρειν δὲ μηδὲν οἰομένων τὸ ἐσθίειν φὰ τοῦ χρῆσθαι τοῖς τίκτουσι τὰ ᾠὰ Swois. § 4 not to argue with an Epicurean on dreams Plut. did not deny the charge, and the conversation passed to the question which is first, the hen or the egg.' id. de esu carnium (see both speeches, a vegetarian apology) 3 § 2 Pythagoras and Empedokles teach us to be just to other kinds of creatures also. § 3 you laught at him who abstains from mutton. qu. conv. vIII 7 1 §2 at a Roman dinner Philinus abstained from meat, which brought on a Pythagorean discussion. ib. qu. 8 why the Pythagoreans abstain from fish. § 2 some Pythagoreans would occasionally eat meat, but not fish. Porph. abst. Iv 16 charge at Eleusis to abstain from domestic birds and fish and beans. The priests of Zeus in Crete Eur. Cretes fr. 475 18 19 Nauck (in Porph. abst. Iv 19) Týv t' ἐμψύχων | βρῶσιν ἐδεστῶν πεφύλαγμαι. id. Hipp. 952—5 ήδη νυν αὔχει καὶ δι' ἀψύχου βορᾶς | σίτοις καπήλευ, Ορφέα τ ̓ ἄνακτ ̓ ἔχων | βάκχευε, πολλῶν γραμμάτων τιμῶν κάπνους. Aristoph. ran. 1032. Plat. legg. 782°. epinom. 795a. Hor. a. p. 391—2 silvestris homines sacer interpresque deorum caedibus et victu foedo deterruit Orpheus. Plut. VII sap. conv. 16 p. 159° makes Solon say that it is an injustice to take life to support our own life: τὸ δὲ ἀπέχεσθαι σαρκῶν ἐδωδῆς, ὥσπερ Ορφέα τὸν παλαιὸν ἱστοροῦσι, σόφισμα μᾶλλον ἢ φυγὴ τῶν περὶ τὴν τροφὴν ἀδικημάτων éori. Sext. Emp. math. 11 31 32. Spartian. Did. Iul. 3 § 9 Iulianus was so frugal, that often nulla existente religione holeribus leguminibusque contentus sine carne cenaverit. Lucian dial. mort. 20 3 Pythagoras to Menippus 'let me see what there is to eat in your scrip.' 'Beans, my good friend; so that this is not for you to eat.' 'Only give them to me: ἄλλα παρὰ νεκροῖς δόγματα· ἔμαθον γὰρ ὡς οὐδὲν ἴσον κύαμοι καὶ κεφαλαὶ τοκήων ἐνθάδε. A vegetable diet commended by Philo in Eus. p. e. vIII 14 §§ 69 70. Iosephus vita spent three years, aet. 15-18, with the vegetarian Banun. The Essenes vegetarians Ios. bell. 11 8 § 5. cf. § 8. ant. XVIII 1 § 5. Philo quod omn. prob. liber 12 (11 457 M), the Therapeutae (Philo vit. contempl. §§ 5. 9), the Jewish sect of Nasaraeans (Epiphan. haer. XVIII 1 p. 38). Philo animal. 62 (vIII 130 Richter) the ancients seeing that virtues extended even to brute beasts, abstained from eating flesh; as temperance declined, they took to a meat diet and disease ensued. Hence men of education, emulating the wisdom of Pythagoras, do not touch flesh, even in case of necessity, from religious sobriety and to avoid disease. The apostle Matthew (Clem. Al. paed. I § 16) σπερμάτων καὶ ἀκροδρύων καὶ λαχάνων ἄνευ κρεῶν μετελάμβανεν. cf. (and also for James) Epiphan. haer. xxx 23. James the just (Hegesippus in Eus. h. e. II 23 § 5) was holy from his mother's womb, olvov kal σίκερα οὐκ ἔπιεν, οὐδὲ ἔμψυχον ἔφαγε. cf. Aug. c. Faust. XXII 3. Aug. civ. Dei 1 20 rejects the interpretation which extends the prohibition non occides to beasts and cattle, quia nulla nobiscum ratione sociantur.

St Peter is represented as condemning the use of meat Clem. hom. III 45. VIII 15 the giants, ἐν διατροφῇ ἐπὶ τὴν παρὰ φύσιν τῶν ζῴων βορὰν τρεπόμενοι, the first to taste flesh. ib. 16. xII 6. xv 7. can. apostol. 51 deposition of the clergy, excommunication of laity, who abstain from flesh not for discipline, but as abominable (as the Eustathians did) conc. Gangr. c. 1 2. 21. Bingham XVII 5 19-20. Cotelier on constitut. apostol. vi 12 cites many fathers who held that no flesh was eaten before the deluge. Tert. cult. fem. 11 9 numquid non aliqui ipsam Dei creaturam sibi interdicunt, abstinentes vino et animalibus esculentis, quorum fructus nulli periculo aut sollicitudini adiacent, sed humilitatem animae suae in victus quoque castigatione Deo immolant? Clem. Al. paed. II 1 § 11. str. vII 6 § 32. Among the sects which abstained from flesh were Ebionites (Epiphan. haer. xxx 15 p. 139. 18 p. 142d. 19 p. 143. 22 p. 146), Encratites (Iren. I 28-30 § 2 in Eus. Iv 29 § 2. Aug. haer. 25), Aerians (acc. to Philastr. 72. not acc. to Epiph. 75 § 3 fin. cf. Aug. haer. 53), Tatians (Philastr. 48. some make them the same as the Encratites), Priscillianists (Aug. 70), Patricians (Aug. 61). Clem. Al. str. VII § 33 approves abstinence as a discipline of the body: Táx' av Tis τῶν γνωστικῶν καὶ ἀσκήσεως χάριν σαρκοφαγίας ἀπόσχοιτο καὶ τοῦ μὴ σφριγᾶν περὶ τὰ ἀφροδίσια τὴν σάρκα. ib. III § 85 he asserts the law of Christian freedom ἐπάναγκες μὲν οὖν οὐ κωλυτέον γαμεῖν οὐδὲ μὴν κρεοφαγεῖν ἢ οἰνοποτεῖν. The Brachman (Strabo p. 712) abstains wholly from flesh and marriage for 37 years; after which he eats the flesh of such creatures as do not serve man, δριμέων καὶ ἀρτυτῶν ἀπεχόμενον. ib. 713 the Garmanes also live on leaves and wild fruits; an inferior order on rice and barley. cf. Clem. Al. str. III § 60. Augustine, from his Manichean experience, is led to dilate on the point de mor. Man. § 30 one of the Manichean 'elect' forfeits heaven if frusto pernae vel rancido labra unxerit, but may fare otherwise sumptuously, boletos orizam tubera placentas caroenum piper laser distento ventre ructantem without risk. ib. §§ 35-37. 51. 53-64 (e.g. § 54 si arborem necare, ut vos dicitis, homicidium est, aut necare animalia. cf. c. Faust. v 6. haer. 46 VIII 51d Gaume). The pupils (auditores) among them gathered fruit for the 'elect', and themselves ate meat, but might not kill (haer. 46); the 'elect' must abstain (ib. id. c. Faust. vI 1. 4-6. xvi 9. xxx 1. 5. c. Adim. 15 § 2 VIII 236d). Reasons assigned for their abstinence c. Adim. 15 § 1. Why catholics abstained mor. Manich. § 31. c. Faust. xxx 3. 5. ep. 55= 119 § 36 those who regarded flesh as unclean contradict St Paul. c. Adim. 14 § 2. In the dietetic reformer. Manchester, Heywood' a monthly serial, a translation of the notices of vegetarianism in ancient writers is now appearing. Aristoxenus, on the other hand, states that beans were the usual food of Pythagoras (Gell. Iv 11). The same absti nence was found in Egypt, and in Rome it formed a part of the process of purification (Plut. quaest. Rom. 95). Hippolytus (philosophum. 1 2 p. 13 72-84 D) says that Zoroaster taught this abstinence to Pythagoras; the grounds alleged are puerile, as all explanations have been. See Bayle n. I. Paus. VIII 15 § 4 the mystae of Demeter at Pheneae regarded the bean as μǹ кaðaρóv. Iambl. v. P. § 191 Pythagoreans chose rather to die than to march across a bean-field. § 193 when Dionysius asked the reason, Myllias replied: 'They chose rather to die than trample on beans, I would rather trample on beans, than divulge their reason.' ib. § 194 (Menage on DL. VIII § 50 cites a like story of Theano) Timycha, wife of Myllias, bit off her tongue to shew that no torture could extract the secret from her. In this they followed the example set by

Pythagoras DL. VIII §§ 39 40. schol. Salernit. c. 19 4 manducare fabam caveas, facit illa podagram. Moreau in his comm. (Par. 1672 pp. 332— 9) cites the opinions of the ancient physicians and speaks of Pythagoras. cf. Ael. v. h. Iv 17 Periz. Lobeck Aglaoph. 251-5. Lucian gallus 4. 18. ver. hist. II 28. vit. auct. 6. Paus. 1 37 § 4. Iambl. adhort. ad phil. 21 symb. 37 pp. 317. 371 K. Beside beans mallows prohibited Iambl. adhort. ad phil. 21 symb. 38 pp. 316. 376 K. Artemid. 1 65.

ADDENDA

2 CROCODILON ADORAT Max. Tyr. vi 5 after blaming the Egyptian law: They honour an ox and bird and goat and the creatures of Nile, ὧν θνητὰ μὲν τὰ σώματα, δειλοὶ δὲ οἱ βίοι, ταπεινὴ δὲ ἡ ὄψις, ἀγεννὴς δὲ ἡ θεραπεία, αἰσχρὰ δὲ ἡ τιμή. ἀποθνήσκει θεὸς Αἰγυπτίοις καὶ πενθεῖται θεὸς καὶ δείκνυται παρ' αὐτοῖς ἱερὸν θεοῦ καὶ τάφος θεοῦ . . . παρὰ δὲ Αἰγυπτίοις ἰσότιμον ἔχει τὸ θεῖον τιμῆς καὶ δακρύων, tells a story (Holyday) of an Egyptian woman, which nourish'd a young crocodile: whereupon the rest of the Egyptians thought her a most happy woman, and the nurse of their God, and not a few sought to please both Her and her Darling. He adds, that this woman had a young son about the age of her God, whose play-fellow he was; and that, whiles for tenderness of body the Godcrocodile seem'd tame, all was well: but that when strength came to him, his nature came to him, and [though he had spoil'd his own sport] he eat up his play-fellow: that the mother notwithstanding, though indeed wretched, rejoiced at the death of her child, as most happy, being so honoured as to be made the sacrifice of her house-God.'

καὶ αἰλούροισι θύοντες.

7 AELUROS Sibyll. III 30 προσκυνέοντες ὄφεις

63 SAXA See the account of the Decian persecution

in Alexandria Eus. h. e. vI 41 §§ 3 4. 64 65 DOMESTICA SEDITIONI TELA Ov. m. vI 685—6 ira, | quae solita est illi nimiumque domestica vento.

123 NOLENTI SURGERE NILO Lucr. vI 712-737. Amm. xxvIII 5 § 14. 174 NON OMNE LEGUMEN Plin. XVIII

§ 118 prisco ritu pulsa faba suae religionis dis in sacro est, praevalens pulmentari cibo et hebetare sensus existimata, insomnia quoque facere, ob haec Pythagoricae sententiae damnata, ut alii tradidere, quoniam mortuorum animae sint in ea, qua de causa parentando utique adsumitur. § 119 Varro et ob haec flaminem ea non vesci tradit et quoniam in flore eius litterae lugubres reperiantur.