fetters to be thrown into it Hdt. VII 35. 54 § 3. vIII 109 § 3. Arr. vii 14 § 5. VM. III 2 E § 3 gravem illum et mari et terrae Xerxen, nec hominibus tantum terribilem sed Neptuno quoque conpedes et caelo tenebras minitantem. Sen. de const. sap. 4 § 2 do you think that, when that doltish king darkened the day with a multitude of darts, any arrow reached the sun? aut dimissis in pontum catenis Neptunum potuisse contingi?' M. Sen. suas. 5 § 2 ARELLIUS FUSCUS hoc ille numero ferox et in deos arma tulerat. § 4 CESTIUS 'the trophies are the gods', the war was the gods', illos Xerxes vinculis... persequebatur.' Eumen. paneg. Constantio 7 Xerxes, ut audis, ... pedicas iecit aureas in profundum, Neptunum se dictitans adligare, quia fluctibus ferociret: stulta ille iactantia et sacrilega vanitate. Plut. fort. Alex. 11 12 when Alexander crossed into Asia there were to be seen no fleets sailing through mountains, nor scourges, nor fetters, frantic and barbarian chastisements of the sea. Grote hist. gr. c. 38 111 372-3 gives analogous examples of impotent revenge, to justify his belief in the story, which Stanley on Aesch. Pers. 752, Valck. on Hdt. vII 35 § 1, Blomf. gloss. Pers. 728 and Curtius, all regard, apparently with justice, as a legend, expressing the Greek detestation of that blasphemous üßpis of X., which revolted against the bounds imposed on man by nature, non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. Cnut on the shore has been well contrasted with this anecdote of Xerxes; the didactic purpose in each case is patent, and the birth of the Greek story might, as Blomf. notes, have been aided by description of the bridge in the Persae 745-51 where Darius says of his son, hurrying blindly to his doom Ελλήσποντον ἱρὸν δοῦλον ὡς δεσμώμασιν | ἤλπισε σχήσειν ῥέοντα, Βόσπορον ῥόον θεοῦ· ] καὶ πόρον μετερρύθμιζε, καὶ πέδαις σφυρηλάτοις | περιβαλὼν πολλὴν κέλευθον ἤνυσεν πολλῷ στρατῷ, θνητὸς ὢν θεῶν δὲ πάντων ᾤετ', οὐκ εὐβουλίᾳ | καὶ Ποσειδῶνος κρατήσειν. DL. pr. § 9 they who wrote the history of the Magi condemn Hdt. for stating that X. hurled darts against the sun [Hdt. says this of Darius] and cast fetters into the sea; for sun and sea are gods in the tradition of the Magi. Themist. or. 19 p. 226b Xerxes, who was so frantic as to Scourge the sea and clap chains on the Hellespont.' COMPEDIBUS as a slave xi 80 n.

=

ENNOSIGAEUM'earthshaker,' a Homeric name for Poseidon σεισίχθων. τινάκτωρ γαίης. κινητὴρ γῆς. ἐνοσίχθων. ἐννοσιδᾶς. The opinion that earthquakes were caused by water forcing its way into hollows, was general in antiquity Welcker gr. Götterlehre 1 627-8. my n. on Hom. Od. Ix 283. Grote I 329 seq. Ukert II 1 182. Aristot. meteor. 11 7—8. Sen. qu. n. vi 23 § 4. Gell. I 28 § 1. Amm. xvII 7 § 12. 183 SANE in its proper concessive sense, 'no doubt,' 'I grant you.' The god might think himself lucky to have escaped a more degrading sentence. STIGMATE DIGNUM XIV 24 n. as to a truant slave. Lightfoot and Wetst. on Gal. 6 17. Hdt. vII 35 'I have heard that he also sent branders to brand the Hellespont, giving them orders as they buffeted it, to utter barbarous and impious words: O bitter water, thy master [deσtóτns cf. Iuv. 184 servire] lays upon thee this punishment, because thou didst him wrong, having suffered no wrong at his hands. And king Xerxes will cross thee, whether thou wilt or no.' cf. the branding of the Thebans ib. 233. Plut. de coh. ira 5 p. 455 'Xerxes both branded and scourged the sea, and wrote a letter to the mountain : Divine Athos, who soarest to heaven, "Αθω δαιμόνιε· οὐρανομήκη, lay no large and impracticable stones in my works; else I will cut thee up and cast thee into the sea.' 184 HUIC QUISQUAM VELLET SERVIRE DEORUM Schol. as Neptune was

slave to Laomedon, Apollo to Admetus.

185 SED QUALIS REDIIT? takes up the question of 179, interrupted by participial (180-1) and relative (182) clauses, and by the parenthesis (183-4). So but' is used in resuming the thread of discourse Zumpt § 739. Madvig § 480. Iuv. 318 n. NEMPE 110 n.

UNA NAVE a single ship' 2 n. 1 161 n. Hdt. VIII 113 a few days after the battle of Salamis, X. returned to Boeotia by the road by which he had come, and thence to Thessaly, where Mardonius selected 300,000 of his best troops. 115-117 with the remainder of the army X. marched to the Hellespont, which he reached in 44 days, after the loss of almost the whole force by famine and hardships 115 § 1 andywv Tŷs στρατιῆς οὐδὲν μέρος ὡς εἶπαι. Arrived at the Hellespont they found the bridge broken down by the storm and sailed across 117 § 1 tĝoɩ vnvol diéßnoav. cf. Aesch. Pers. 470. 480. 510. Later rhetoric invented the 'single ship,' and Iuv. speaks as if X. fled at once from Salamis, hampered in his flight by floating bodies. Iustin. 11 14 §§ 9. 10 Xerxes, finding his bridge broken down by winter storms, made the passage quaking for fear in a fishing boat. An instructive spectacle, and wonderful instance of the fickleness of fortune, in exiguo latentem videre navigio, quem paulo ante vix aequor omne capiebat. Oros. II 10 has nearly the same words, with more. Philostr. Apoll. III 31 § 2 ἐν μιᾷ νηὶ ἔφυγε. DChrys. 14 1 254 20 D. 17 1 276 24 he who had mustered so many myriads, shamefully lost his whole force, μόλις δὲ τὸ σῶμα ἴσχυσε διασώσαι φεύγων αὐτός. cf. Luc. VIII 37-9 of Pompeius.

185-6 CRUENTIS FLUCTIBUS AC TARDA PER DENSA CADAVERA PRORA [ Aesch. Pers. 419—20 θάλασσα δ ̓ οὐκέτ ̓ ἦν ἰδεῖν | ναυαγίων πλήθουσα καὶ pórov Вporov. J. E. S.]. Luc. III 572-5 e. g. obducti concreto sanguine fluctus; | prohibent iungi conserta cadavera puppes. Sen. de ira III 16 § 4 after telling the story of the son for whom Pythius begged a discharge, whose body X. cut in two and led his army between the parts habuit itaque quem debuit exitum: victus et longe lateque fusus ac stratam ubique ruinam suam cernens medius inter suorum cadavera incessit. 187 EXEGIT POENAS 84. Mühlmann exigo

986-7.

188-288 Grant length of days, grant, great Iuppiter, years good store!' This prayer you offer with set, unflinching look, this alone even pale [with fear of refusal]. Yet mark, what an endless chain of troubles, and how sore troubles, fill long-lasting age. See first and foremost the face unsightly, foul and all unlike itself, in place of skin an unfeatured hide, sagging cheeks, and wrinkles such as, where Thabraca stretches its shady glades, a grandam ape scratches in her time-worn chaps. Youth from youth are distinguished by countless marks; that is fairer than this, and that again than another, this sturdier far than that: the old have one only aspect: palsy in limbs and voice, a scalp now smooth, a nose snivelling in second childhood, toothless gums wherewith, poor soul, to mump his bread: so loathsome to wife and sons and to his very self, as to strike qualms into the fortune-hunter Cossus. His palate numbed, wine and meat have no more the relish that they once had. The appetite of sex also is lost or powerless. Turn to another organ. Sing who may, the rarest of harpers, even Seleucus, and such as glitter amid the choir in a suit of gold, what charm has all their music for ears that are deaf? What odds to him, where in the wide theatre he sits, who can scarce hear cornets or the trumpets' blare? under an actor's nose he's never near. His page must bawl to let him know who has come, or what's o'clock.

Once more, the little blood still left in his frozen frame is thawed by fever only: on all hands ailments manifold muster for the assault; ask me their names, I will sooner dispatch the lists of matron Oppia's paramours, of patients murdered in a single autumn by Themison's drugs, of partners cosened by Basilus, orphan wards by Hirrus, of gallants received in a day by the tall strumpet Maura, of boys corrupted by the schoolmaster Hirrus;-sooner will I rehearse the mansions now owned by him, under whose razor my strong beard rustled in my youth. One is feeble in the shoulder, one in loins, one in hip; another, blind of both eyes, envies those who still have one; this man's bloodless lips take food with others' fingers; as for himself, long inured to stretch his jaws at sight of supper, he gapes and gapes and that is all,' like the swallow's brood, to whom their mother flies with full beak, herself fasting. But worse still than all decay of limbs is memory's decay, which recalls neither his slaves' names nor the friend's features, with whom he supped but yesternight, nor those whom he begot and bred; for by an unnatural testament he disinherits his own flesh and blood; all his estate is devised to Phiale, in return for wanton services, learnt by many years' apprenticeship in the dungeon of the stews. Grant him still sound in mind, yet he must lead out his sons to burial, must gaze on his beloved wife's and his brother's pyre, on urns charged with sisters' dust. This forfeit is laid on all long livers; stroke on stroke lighting upon their home, they grow old amid griefs always green, a household still in tears,' in a standing livery of black. Nestor, if we put any faith in great Homer, was a pattern of long life second only to the crow; happy sure, who staved off death through three ages and already tells the sum of his years on the right hand, and has broached the new wine of so many seasons. But soft, stand a while, and hear him repining at fate's decrees, at the thread of days too lavishly spun, when, watching his bold son Antilochus' beard blazing in the funeral flame, he asks every comrade about him, why he lasts to these years, what he ever did to deserve so lingering an age? So Peleus murmured, while he mourned Achilles untimely snatched away, so Laertes, whom nature bids lament the storm-tost Ulixes. While Troy was yet secure, Priam would have made his last progress to the shade of Assaracus in royal state, Hector and his other sons shouldering the hearse amid weeping daughters of Ilium, so that Cassandra might lead their wailing with beaten breast and Polyxena with her robe rent,-if only he had died before Paris began to build his daring keels. What then did Priam win by the long respite? He saw a general wreck, all Asia crumbling under fire and sword. Then doffing his diadem, he took arms, a tottering soldier ['a soldier half, and half a sacrifice'] and dropped down before the altar of high Iuppiter, like some decrepit steer, which disclaimed long since by the thankless plough, tamely yields to his master's knife a neck lean and pitiable. Yet that was at least a human death; his queen outlived him, but only to glare grimly and snarl with a true cur's grin ['survived a bitch and barked away her life']. I hasten now to Rome, passing Mithradates by, and Croesus, whom righteous Solon's eloquent voice charged to regard the closing evening of a long life. Banishment, jail, Minturnae's fens, the bread of beggary in vanquished Carthage,―all these lapse of days brought upon Marius. What would nature ever have engendered on earth, or what Rome, happier than that her citizen, if only he had straightway breathed out his victorious soul, after heading the procession of prisoners and all the pageant of his wars, in the act of alighting from his Teutonic car? Campania in her forethought had sent

Pompeius fevers for which he had done wisely to pray; but many cities and their state prayers prevailed to save him; so his fortune and the city's struck off after his defeat the head thus reprieved. This torture Lentulus escaped, this punishment Cethegus, and fell unmangled; nay, Catiline on the battle-field lay with corpse entire.

On old age see Cic. Cat. mai. Stob. f. εχvι ψόγος γήρως. CXV ἔπαινος γήρως. CXVII wisdom makes age serene and venerable. Jos. Langii polyanthea Lugd. 1659 col. 2528-2541. esp. Mimnerm. Navvý fr. 1-6 B. Theodektes in Stob. LXVIII 26 age is like marriage [Iuv. 352], we are eager to attain both, and having attained, repent. cf. Cic. Cat. mai. § 4 senectutem quam ut adipiscantur omnes optant, eandem accusant adeptam. Haase ind. Sen. senectus. senex. Hor. a. p. 169–74. Maximiani el. 1 in Wernsdorf-Lemaire vII 195-228 enumerates at length the troubles of age.

188 DA... DA Pers. II 45-6. Aen. III 85.

189 RECTO VULTU VI 401 recta facie. with look neither downcast nor turned aside, but confronting the god, and looking him full in the face, pointblank. Bentl. on Hor. c. 1 3 18. cf. Pers. II 6-23. Tert. de orat. 17 Christians pray with all modesty and humility ne vultu quidem in audaciam erecto [v. 1. recto]. PALLIDUS with anxious desire Hor. s. 11 3 78 ambitione mala aut argenti pallet amore. Pers. IV 47 viso si palles, inprobe,, nummo. Prud. c. Symm. 1 207 pallere precantem. OPTAS on the prayer for old age, and the repentance which follows when the prayer is granted, see Stob. fl. cxvI 5. 6. 8. 23. 27. Sen. ep. 101 §§ 10-15. 190 Antiphanes

in Stob. 1. c. 14 calls age a workshop haunted by all human ills; ib. 15 an altar, to which all ills fly for refuge. 191 DEFORMEM the same word 192. cf. 255-6 luget lugere. 359-361 labores. VI 208— 9 amanti amantis. 504-5 breve brevior.

192 DISSIMILEMQUE SUI cons. ad Liv. 85. 87 vidimus attonitum fraterna morte Neronem |.... dissimilemque sui.

PRO CUTE

PELLEM gloss. cutis dépμa ȧvoрúrov. In the transformations in Ov. m. cutis (our hide,' Germ. Haut') denotes the human skin, pellis (our fell,'pelt') the hide of beasts, but the words are interchanged as ib. III 63-4 of a serpent squamis defensus et atrae | duritia pellis validos cute reppulit ictus. Hor. epod. 17 21-2 fugit iuventas et verecundus color reliquit ora pelle amicta lurida. id. c. Iv 10.

193 PENDENTISQUE GENAS Plin. h. n. xiv § 142 of the effects of drunkenness hinc pallor et genae pendulae. Ov. m. xv 231 fluidos pendere lacertos. Sen. Hipp. 364 Gron. lapsae genae. On the last day of his life Augustus (Suet. 99), calling for a mirror, ordered his hair to be brushed ac malas labantes corrigi.

ASPICE 209. II

166. v 80. vI 261. XII 61. XIII 76. XIV 275. on the sudden use of the imper. cf. 1 73 n. Lupus 19 gives exx. of accipe, respice, audi etc. 194 THABRACA on the coast of Numidia, near the mouth

of the river Tusca, which divides Numidia from its eastern neighbour Zeugitana Plin. v § 22 oppidum Tabraca civium Romanorum. Mela 1 7 § 1-1 § 33. Mart. Capell. vI § 669. Here Gildo died A. D. 398 Claud. laud. Stil. 1359. in Eutr. 1 410. 11 pr. 71. It was an episcopal see Aug. c. Donat. VI § 61. Still known as Tabarca, a name also given to an island opposite. On the Phoenician trade in African apes see Movers III 93-4. Hdt. Iv 194 speaks of the coast as swarming with apes. Posidonios in Strab. XVII p. 827 on a voyage from Cadiz to Italy, observed in a wood reaching to the beach apes, some in trees, some on the ground, some suckling their

196-7 ILLE ILLE 91 n. 1 46 n.

young; and so he laughed to see some with hanging breasts, some bald, some ruptured, and suffering from other like affections. DS. xx 58 §§ 4-5. Ennius in Cic. d. n. 1 § 97 simia quam similis, turpissuma bestia, nobis! 197 MULTUM ROBUSTIOR the abl. of difference multo is more usual with the compar. Zumpt § 488 n. 2 has examples of multum, quantum etc. so used. Add Quintil. x 1 § 94 multum tersior. Luc. 11 225-6 multum . . maiore.. damno, where, as here, multo is avoided because of the other abl. Oud. and Burm. ib. cf. Burm. on Phaedr. 11 10 5.. 198-9 On the feebleness of age cf. Cic. Cat. mai. §§ 27-38. Plin. vII §§ 167-8 in telling up the years of life we must strike off the hours of sleep and infancy, and senectae in poenam vivacis . . . Nature has given no better boon to men than shortness of life. hebescunt sensus, membra torpent, praemoritur visus auditus incessus, dentes etiam ac ciborum instrumenta. Plut. apophth. Cat. mai. 15 p. 199a Tŷ dè γήρᾳ πολλῶν αἰσχρῶν παρόντων, ἠξίου μὴ προστιθέναι τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς Kakias aloxúvnv. Lucian dial. mort. 6 § 2 pictures the repynpwv as having three teeth in his head, dull of hearing, leaning on three slaves, with nose and eyes running, a living sepulchre. id. gall. 10.

199 MADIDIQUE INFANTIA NASI VI 143-8 if the wife has three wrinkles et se cutis arida laxet, she is turned out of doors 'iam gravis es nobis et saepe emungeris. exi ocius et propera.' sicco venit altera naso. Hes. sc. 267 of Sorrow Tŷs d' EK μèv pivŵv púžai péov.

200 GINGIVA INERMI a toothless, coughing, crone, and an orbus, courted for their decrepitude, are favourite butts of Mart. I 10. 19. 11 26. III 93 2. v 39. VIII 57. 201 GRAVIS UXORI NATISQUE Cic. Cat. mai. § 7. Caecilius ib. § 25 the saddest part of old age is sentire ea aetate esse se odiosum alteri. Mimnerm. fr. 3-4 the fairest of men, when his bloom is past, οὐδὲ πατὴρ παισὶν τίμιος οὔτε φίλοις.

SIBI the i in ibi and ubi is only used long by Iuv. in ubique and ibidem; in mihi it is long 7 times, in tibi 12 times, in sibi v1 608. vII 21. 171. xv 142; much oftener short (Lupus 15). 202 CAPTATORI v 98 n. XII 93-130 n. even the adventurer who preys on the dying, the vulture who scents carrion from afar, sometimes feels queazy at the sight of his quarry. Friedländer 13 326-332. Arrian. Epikt. IV 1 § 148 who can tolerate you, τῶν γραῶν ἐρῶντος καὶ τῶν γερόντων, and blowing the noses of the old ladies, and tending them in their sickness like a slave, while at the same time you pray for their death, and consult the physicians, whether they are already at death's door?' Lucian dial. mort. 5-9. e. g. 9 § 2 what, had you lovers at your time of life, with scarce four teeth in your head?' "Yes, to be sure, and the first men in the city and aged as I am, and bald, as you see, and blear-eyed, and snivelling, it was their greatest delight to pay me court; he was a happy man on whom I did but chance to look." Plin. ep. Ix 30. Sen. ep. 95 § 43 a man sits up by a friend's sick bed; we commend him.—But he does it to win a legacy. vultur est, cadaver expectat. Mart. vi 62. 63. MOVEAT FASTIDIA Mart. XIII 17 1 ne tibi pallentes moveant fastidia caules. Hor. s. II 4 78. Ov. Pont. I 10 7. Quintil. II 4 § 29 (sing.). cosso unknown; one of the name is courted, not courtier, in III 184. 203 seq. on the decay of bodily appetites see Iuncus in Stob. fl. cxVI 49 (IV 84 29 M.) of the old man äơiTÓS TE Kαl άTOTOS кal ȧvéρaσтos. Cic. Cat. mai. §§ 7. 39-66. I p. 329. 203 VINI ATQUE CIBI Cic. ib. §§ 44-6. 204-9 on sexual decay cf. vI 325-6. Cic. ib. § 47.

Plat. rep.

Mimnermus