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ride;

When you have three at home you must bide.

13. Like a ribbon double-dyed,

Never worn and never tried.
14. Rain, rain, go to Spain,

And come again another day;
When I brew, when I bake,
You shall have a figgy cake,
And a glass of brandy.

With the lower classes of the Cornish, a "plum pudding" and a "plum cake" are changed into figgy pudding and cake." Those, however, who wish to be more correct, alter the fourth line into "You shall have a piece of cake."

P. W. TREPOLPEN.

MODERN FOLK BALLADS.

In former days almost every event that attracted popular attention was versified in rude fashion by some rustic poet, and the ballad was the common song of the lower classes. These quaint old effusions have now become nearly obsolete; and you hear instead snatches of negro melodies, or songs from farces or comic entertainments, wherever you go, but rarely anything like the old "folk poetry."

A short time ago, taking a long run out to sea with some of the boatmen from Ramsgate-who I should say, par parenthèse, are generally very civil and intelligent men-several of the usual tales about smuggling were narrated to me. Among the rest was the story I venture to relate below. I was also told a ballad had been written on the subject by some of the fishermen, which was often sung by them; and a "very touching song it is," my informant said. With some difficulty, a copy was procured; and as it is probably very nearly the last of that class of poetry, it is enclosed exactly as given to me.

The story is this. About twenty years ago, an attempt was made to "run" some tea at a "gap," or opening cut through the cliff down to the beach, not far southward of Margate. The preventive men got scent of the matter, and opposed the landing; and at last one of them fired on the smugglers, and wounded one of them in the thigh a little above the knee. This man was a fine strong fellow, called Dick Churchman: a firstrate seaman, and a great favourite all along the coast. So slight did the wound seem to him, that he took no notice of it at all, but kept on rowing, and after six hours they landed at Broadstairs,

and went into a public-house there, called "The Tartar Frigate." Whether they had succeeded in "running their goods" or not, I was not told. However, shortly after they entered the house, Churchman for the first time complained of feeling "a little faint;" and asked for some beer, which he drank, and then slipped gently off his seat, and fell on the floor stone dead. It was found a small artery had been divided, and the man had literally bled to death without any one of his mates having the slightest idea that he had received a serious hurt.

A report soon spread that the preventive man had cut his bullets into quarters when he loaded his piece, for the better chance of hitting the men; and in the horrible hope that the wounds, inflicted by the ragged lead, might be more deadly. As might have been expected, there was a tremendous burst of popular indignation, and the authorities were obliged to remove the preventive man to some distant part of the country. A sort of public funeral was given to " poor Dick Churchman," and these are the lines that record his fate. They are at once so simple and genuine, I make no apology for them, rude as they may be. At any rate it was some satisfaction to find that the spirit which had listened to the popular lay of the bard, the glee-man, the minstrel, and the ballad-singer, was not wholly extinct in England.

"LINES ON THE DEATH OF RICHARD CHURCHMAN. "Good people give attention

To what I will unfold,

And, when this song is sung to you, "Twill make your blood run cold:

"For Richard Churchman was that man
Was shot upon his post,

By one of those preventive men,
That guard along our coast.
"It was two o'clock one morning,
As I've heard many say,
Like a lion bold he took his oar,
For to get under weigh:
"For six long hours he laboured,
All in his bleeding gore,

Till at eight o'clock this man did faint-
Alas! he was no more!

"And then this bold preventive man
Was forced to run away,
For on the New Gate station

He could no longer stay.

"There was hopes they'd bring him back again, And tie him to a post;

As a warning to all preventive men,
That guard along our coast.

In Park's edition of Lord Orford's Royal and Noble Authors, a long notice is given of Patrick, third Lord Ruthven, who was a marked man of the time, for his participation in the slaughter of Rizzio- -an act which was a year afterwards revenged by the assassination of Henry Lord Darnley at the Kirk of Field. In a foot-note, the accomplished editor has taken notice of a curious little work entitled the Ladies Cabinet Enlarged and Opened, a portion of which is said, in the preface dated in 1666, to have been derived from the learned and scientific observations of a "Lord Ruthven." Mr. Park, who had before him only the fourth edition, dated 1667, has made a mistake as to the authorship, which, strange to say, is shown by evidence furnished by himself. In the preface, the portion of the volume previously mentioned is represented as taken from the papers of the late Right Honourable and learned Chymist, the Lord Ruthven." Now Lord Ruthven of Freeland, the party supposed to be the author, was alive in 1672; his son David, the second Lord, having been served heir of his father May 10, 1673. The date of the peerage was Feb. 7, 1650. From this it follows that the late Lord Ruthven of 1666 could not be the person who was ennobled in 1650, and lived at least until the year 1672.

It would be very obliging if any of your readers, possessing earlier editions, would inform the writer as to whether the preface partially quoted by Mr. Park, occurs in any one of them, and especially what are the dates of the first editions;* because it is possible that the Lord Ruthven referred to may have been the immediate surviving younger brother of the murdered Earl of Gowrie, and who, de jure, was entitled to be so called, as the moment the breath had passed from his lordship's body, the title jure sanguinis came to him, and he never was lawfully attainted as Earl of Gowrie.

It is an historical fact that William, by right fourth Earl, was addicted to scientific pursuits, and had great knowledge in chemistry, whereas

[Watt and Lowndes give the date of 1654, 12mo, as the first edition.-ED.]

the Ruthvens of Freeland were not in the slightest degree given to such investigations. Earl William might have safely come back any time after the demise of the family persecutor, for King Charles does not seem to have entertained the same detestation of the Ruthvens as his father had, for he raised one of the family to the high rank of an earl both in England and Scotland. This nobleman having left only two daughters, the Earldoms of Forth and Brentford expired with himself. J. M.

DESTRUCTION OF THE TITANS AND DRAGONS,

AND ORIGIN OF THE VINE.

"Androcydes, sapientia clarus, ad Alexandrum magnum scripsit, intemperantiam ejus cohibens: Vinum poturus, Nat. Hist. 1. xiv. c. 5. Rex, memento bibere te sanguinem Terræ.' - Pliny,

In the astral myths, the giants symbolised the terrene energy; and this sage admonition of the renowned Androcydes suggested to me the following mythological fancy:

Great Terra trembled surging with affright
Till the swift Hours, sphere-circling, waked each
Did Neptune in his deep recesses cower;
Star.*

Then flashed Orion's splendent sword, and bright
In darkening twilight of the west afar

To Cepheus, Sagittarius, Sirius—all
Heaven's mighty host to mount the flaming wall.†
Startled from slumber, Nox beheld the stream
Of their dread darts, a meteor tempest,‡ hurled,
Frequent and thick, against the rebel Giant,
Who, with his sons, and Dragon brood, defiant,
(Unnatural league) would vanquish Jove supreme,
And mar the orbéd order of the World.-
Dubious the war, till Lucifer's pale crest
Signalled Apollo from the kindling east.

Arcturus beaconed from his zenith tower

Scarce had Aurora cleft the veil of clouds

That wrapped Olympus, when the Sun-God

rose.

Struck by the dreadful lightning of his eye, O'erthrown, transfixed, the monster Saurians die, (Memorialled hideous in their stony shrouds ;)

Αστραίας δὲ φάλαγγας ἀταρβέες ὥπλισαν Ωραι

"The illegitimate children of King Charles II. were popularly believed to be legion, but he acknowledged only (1) James Stuart, son of a young lady in Jersey, who took holy orders, and died a Catholic priest; (2) James, Duke of Monmouth, son of Lucy Walters, executed for treason by his uncle's command; (3) Mary, daughter of the same lady, married first to William Sarsfield, an Irish gentleman, and afterwards to William Fanshaw; (4) Charles Fitzroy, Duke of Southampton, (5) Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton, (6) George Fitzroy, Duke of Northumberland, and (7) Anne, Countess of Sussex-all children of Barbara Villiers, the fierce Duchess of Cleveland; (8) Charles Beauclerk, Duke of St. Alban's, and (9) James Beauclerk, sons of Nell Gwynne; (10) Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond, son of Louise Querouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth; (11) Mary Tudor, married to the heir of Lord Derwentwater, daughter of Mary Davis; (12) Charles Fitzcharles, and (13) a girl who died young, children of Catherine Pegge; and (14) Charlotte Boyle, alias Fitzroy, wife of Sir Robert Paston, Bart., afterwards Earl of Yarmouth,

daughter of Elizabeth, Viscountess Shannon. Three of these founded dukedoms which still exist-Grafton, Richmond, and St. Albans - and other families trace their rise to connection with the children of the last popular Stuart."

OXONIENSIS.

LORD, LADY : THEIR DERIVATION. "My Lord," as a style of address, is of frequent occurrence in the Bible, while the use of "Sir" is comparatively rare, the earliest passage in which we meet with it being Genesis xliii. 20, "O Sir, we came down," &c. See John iv. 11; xx. 15; Acts xiv. 15; Rev. vii. 14, and elsewhere. It was used, as now, to strangers, or to elders, implying respect, as instanced above.

"My lord' seems to have been universally adopted. Kings and prophets were so addressed. "Sara obeyed Abraham, calling him Lord." (See Gen. xviii. 12.) Rachel thus speaks of her father. Esau is thus courteously mentioned by Jacob. Joseph is so addressed by the brethren, though of course as a stranger of note. Joshua to his chief-" My Lord Moses, forbid them." But the following is an exceptional use; one which I do not remember to have met with elsewhere in the

Bible: "Now therefore Lord Holofernes," &c. Judith v. 24.

"Lord" is said to be an abbreviation of the

Anglo-Saxon compound Hlaf-ord, and was formerly so written; = hlaf, raised, and ord, origin, of high birth. So "lady," is the Anglo-Saxon Hlafd-ig: the initial letter omitted gives Lafd-ig, which, with the final ig changed into y, becomes Lafd-y; the f suppressed, we have Lady = lofty, raised, exalted. "Lord" and "Lady" have been otherwise traced from A.-S.; but the derivation Richardson On the Study of Words, and Dict., already given is preferred by etymologists. (See s.vv." Lord," "Lady.")

F. PHILLOTT.

THE VALUE OF A DAILY PAPER IN 1741.-From an indenture, dated August 31, 1741, between Dorothy Beaumont and James Myonet, it appears that one Mr. Vander Esch assigned to Mrs. Beaumont "three-twentyeth portions, or shares of, and in the public newspaper commonly called or known by the name of the Dayly Advertizer," as an actions detailed in this curious document arise equivalent for the payment of 2007. The transout of the sale and purchase of South Sea Stock; by dabbling in which poor Dorothy Beaumont found her way to the Fleet. If 200l. was the selling price of the aforesaid shares, it is scarcely necessary to add, that the Daily Advertiser was worth about 13327. Is this likely? B. H. C.

But

ToWT, TOWTER.-These words are looked upon as vulgar, and are banished from respectable dictionaries accordingly. I consider them unjustly treated, and I beg to offer a word in their behalf. Those staid personages, whom we see so constantly about Doctors' Commons, with traditional gravity and unimpeachable white apronsthe immemorial towters-one would think sufficient vouchers for the respectability of the name. further than this, I believe the word towt occurs, with only a slight alteration, in the Authorised Version of the Scriptures. In 2 Cor. viii. 1, in the phrase "we do you to wit." I think "to wit" is certainly to be considered as only one word, and "do" as the auxiliary verb. Otherwise there would be an archaism, difficult to account for at the time of our translators. Of course, originally "I do you to wit," meant "I make to know;" you but "do" ceased to mean "make," and came, it would seem, to be regarded in this phrase as a mere auxiliary verb: "to-wit," or tout, being the principal verb. "To-wit," or tout, accordingly, came to mean "to inform," or "direct;" and a "to-witter," or towter, one who informs or directs.

Some candid reader of "N. & Q." may have something more correct to impart; if not, his

utatur mecum.

B. L.

EXECUTION OF ANNE BOLEYN.- In Houssaie's Essays (vol. i. p. 435) a little circumstance is related concerning the decapitation of Anne Boleyn,

which illustrates an observation of Hume. Our historian notices that the person who executed her was born in Calais; and the following story concerning her is said to have been handed down by tradition from an account of the executioner himself:

"Anne Boleyn, being on the scaffold, would not consent to have her eyes bandaged, saying that she had no fear of death; but, as she was opening them every moment, he could not bear their tender and beautiful glances; he, to take her attention from him, took off his shoes, and approached her silently while another person advanced to her, who made a great noise. This circumstance is said to have attracted the eyes of Anne Boleyn to him, whereupon he struck the fatal blow."

THOMAS FIRMINGER.

SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN. -The following historical facts may assist in removing the Gordian knot of red tape with which diplomacy has enveloped the question of right to the dominion of these duchies:

1. Schleswig is admitted universally to be an appanage of the Danish crown; its government or constitution varies from that of Denmark, in retaining more of the representative element. The Gottorp portion of Schleswig was formally ceded to the King of Denmark in 1773. The population of Schleswig in 1848 consisted of Danes, 185,000; Frisians, 25,000; and Germans, 120,000. Total, 330,000.

2. Holstein, after various conquests and revolutions, was, in 1715, by a treaty with France, England, Russia, and Prussia, guaranteed to Denmark in perpetual and peaceable possession.

3. In 1806, upon the breaking up of the German Empire, Holstein was incorporated with Schleswig and Denmark as one monarchy.

4. In 1815, the King of Denmark, conformably with the treaty of Vienna, joined the German Confederation as Duke of Holstein, with one vote in seventeen, and three votes out of the total of sixty-six, according to the subject-matter discussed in the Diet.

5. The King of Denmark, Ferdinand VII., in 1815, proposed to give a constitution to Holstein, which was disallowed by the German Confederation.

6. On July 4, 1850, the London protocol, signed by Great Britain, France, Prussia, and Sweden, guaranteed the integrity of Denmark, and approved the steps taken by the King relative to the settlement of the Danish succession.

7. The protocol of August 23, 1850, was agreed to at London relative to Denmark, Schleswig and Holstein, by Austria, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Russia, Sweden, and Norway.

8. The last important treaty of London by the above European Powers, on May 8, 1852, regulated the settlement of the Danish Crown, and set aside the claim of the house of Augustenburg. T. J. BUCKTON.

Queries.

ANCESTOR WORSHIP.-Will any of your readers inform me, for the benefit of a clergyman engaged in missionary work in South Africa, of any English or French works which treat of ancestor worship, and ancestral worshipping nations? If of sidereal worship and sidereal worshipping peoples or tribes also, all the better. H. T.

HUGH BRANHAM.-In Hakluyt's Collection of Voyages (about p. 590 of the edition I used in the British Museum), there occurs in an account of Iceland, mention of a letter sent to the Bishop of Holar (Gudbrand Thorliac) by the reverend and vertuous Master Hugh Branham, minister of the church of Harwich in England, in A.D. 1592 or thereabouts. The letter of Parson Branham is not given, only the Icelandic bishop's reply. Can anyone tell me where I can find Branham's letter, or anything about Branham ? E. S. M.

A BULL OF BURKE'S. -Burke, in his "Speech on the Petition of the Unitarians" (1792), says :"In a Christian Commonwealth, the Church and the State are one and the same thing; being different integral parts of the same whole."

Can any one help me to a logical interpretation of this passage, and explain how two different parts of the same thing can be identical? Are we to account for Burke's language in this instance by recollecting his nationality? C. G. P.

CAMBRIDGE VILLAGES.-Two villages, erroneously called sometimes Papworth St. Agnes, and Papworth St. Everard-as Papworth Agnes is dedicated to St. John the Baptist, and Papworth Everard to St. Peter-exist in Cambridgeshire. Can any of your readers explain the peculiar agnomen" of Agnes and Everard? I never yet heard this explained. P. AUBREY AUDLEY.

66

HAYDN'S CANZONETS.-May I trouble you with another query respecting Haydn? Which of these beautiful compositions-beautiful music wedded to charming verse-were written to original English poetry? The first six were written to words

[* Our correspondent will find many particulars of Mr. Cumming's public life in the following privately printed pamphlet, a copy of which is in the British Museum: "Brief Notice of the Services of Mr. Cumming, late head of the Revenue and Judicial Departments in the Office of the Right Hon. the Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India, dated July 20, 1824.]

supplied by Anne Horne, the wife of the celebrated John Hunter. Which of these six were originals, and which translations? JUXTA TURRIM.

HERALDIC.-I should be grateful to any of your heraldic contributors who could furnish me with the blazon of the differences (marks of cadency) borne by the following members of the royal house of Plantagenet :

1. Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence. 2. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. (Baines's Lancashire gives him "a label of three points, ermine." Is this correct?)

3. Richard, Earl of Cambridge (son of Edmund of Langley, Duke of York) beheaded, 1415. 4. Richard, Duke of York, his son, slain at Wakefield.

5. George, Duke of Clarence: he of "the Malmsey butt."

6. His daughter Margaret, Countess of Salisoury, wife of Sir Richard Pole, K.G. FITZ JOHN. SIR JOHN JACOB, KNT.-Sir John Jacob, Knt., of Bromley, Kent, was living in 1653. Can any of your correspondents kindly inform me as to his parentage; on what occasion and by whom he was knighted; whom he married, and whether any of his descendants are still living? H. C. F.

LATIN QUOTATION.-Can any reader of "N. & Q." reduce to sense the following bit of Latinity in an old Concio ?—

"Hinc dicitur spiritu corritatis quam obsignat indum dibus nostris; non credencit a ergo est spiritu qui abduom deposito ad humana commenta."

Good Latin and English of this specimen of type, printed off after being driven into "pie," will be acceptable. A STUDENT.

MECCAH.-The elder Niebuhr (Desc. de l'Arabie, p. 310) mentions Jean Wilde as having visited Meccah. Where can I find an account of his travels?

It seems, by-the-bye, to be a not uncommon belief that Burton was the first Christian who visited the shrines of El Islam. There were certainly eight who preceded him, to wit, Ludovico Bartema (1503), Jean Wilde, Joseph Pitts, Ali Bey (1807), Giovanni Jinati (1814), Burckhardt (1815), Bertolucci, and Dr. George A. Wallen (1845). There is no evidence that any of these were renegades; though they were, of course, compelled to adopt Mohammedan rites and customs, and to avoid any open profession of their

Christian belief.

Will some of your readers help me to enlarge

this list?

New York.

P. W. S.

GEORGE POULET.-In Collins's Peerage (1812), in the enumeration of the issue of William Poulet,

first Marquis of Winchester, I find the following passage:

"Lord Thomas Poulet, of Cossington, in the county of Somerset, second son, married Mary, daughter and heir of Thomas Moore of Melpash, in Dorsetshire, and had by her, first, George Poulet, who by Alice his wife, daughter of Thomas Pacy (or Plesey) of Holberry in Hants, was father of Rachel, married to Philip de Carteret, Lord of St. Owen's and Sark, ancestor to the late Earl Granville, &c."-Vol. ii. p. 373.

On the other hand, the author of Les Chroniques de l'Ile de Jersey, written in or about the year 1585, and published in Guernsey in 1832, says that the George Powlet, whose daughter Rachel was married in January, 1581, to Philip de Carteret, was the brother of Sir Amias Poulet, at that time Governor of Jersey, better known in history as one of the jailors of Mary Queen of Scots, and ancestor of the Earls Poulett.

I am fully persuaded that the Chronicler is right, and that Collins is wrong. I should, how ever, be glad to receive any confirmation on the point. P. S. CARET.

REV. CHRISTOPHER RICHARDSON. Can any of your readers give me any information respecting the birth-place and parentage of the Rev. Christopher Richardson, ejected from the parish of Kirkheaton, near Huddersfield, in 1662? I have obtained many particulars of his after life, but I have no account of him before 1649; at which time, by the Parliamentary Survey of the Livings, now in the library at Lambeth Palace, he was at Kirkheaton. I presume that he had Presbyterian orders. No trace can be found of him, as far as I can learn, at Cambridge or Oxford. I have been told that the correspondence of Cromwell's Commissioners, respecting the fitness of the men put into livings, is still in existence; but I am unable State Paper Office, in the printed list of papers to find anything of the sort at the Record and belonging to the interregnum period.

J. R.

ROTATION OFFICE.— What is the meaning of this? I understand it to be some office where justices of the peace met. Query, for what purpose? W.

RAPIER. This family was settled near Thorsk, Yorkshire, about 1650. I should be glad to find a pedigree. ST. T.

SANCROFT.

received no reply, may I be permitted to repeat it As my Query (3rd S. iv. 147) has in a form more likely perhaps to meet with an six sisters. Are the names of their husbands answer? Archbishop Sancroft is said to have had known? There was a legal firm in London, some thirty or forty years ago-the Messrs. Bogue and Lambert-who could probably have answered the question; and it is just possible that this may meet the eye of their successors in business, if such there be.

ST. T.