works of Audenaerde, Audran, Cesi, Jeaurat, Le Bas, Scotin, W. Chateau, Lepicié, Roullet, Sam. Bernard, Desplaces, Procaccini, G. and J. Edelinck, Teresa (?), Crozei (?), P. P. Rentensdetin (?). The engravings must have been a choice lot, since the subjects named are some of the more celebrated works of these eminent artists; whose

names, by-the-bye, are not always correctly given in the catalogue. It is somewhat curious that I should have procured my copy of this catalogue at Inverness in 1862; but whether it be the copy from which MR. CARRUTHERS compiled his interesting paper to "N. & Q." in 1855, I am not aware. It is bound up with several other pamphlets. The first in the volume is The Art of Politicks, in Imitation of Horace's Art of Poetry, with a curious frontispiece, inscribed "Risum teneatis amici," and which is thus described in the opening lines of the poem:

"If to a Human Face Sir James should draw
A Gelding's Mane, and Feathers of Maccaw,
A Lady's Bosom, and a Tail of Cod,

Who could help laughing at a Sight so odd?" The "Sir James" alluded to in these lines is Sir James Thornhill. Can any of your correspondents inform me who wrote The Art of Politicks? It consists of thirty-six pages 12mo, and has this imprint: —

"London: Printed for LAWTON GILLIVER, at Homer's Head, against St. Dunstan's Church, in Fleet-street,

MDCCXXIX."

A. J.

GAINSBOROUGH PRAYER BOOK (3rd S. v. 27.)— Gurnill, the engraver of the plates of the Gainsborough Prayer-Book, was a self-taught artist, who dwelt at that place during the latter years of the eighteenth century. He was, I believe, a brazier by trade. My father, the late Edward Shaw Peacock of Bottesford Moors, knew him when he was a boy, and more than once bought engravings of him. One is now before me, of which I never saw or heard of another copy. It is called "A Draft of the two remarkable Rounds in the River Trent, near Bole and Burton, Nottinghamshire Gurnill, Sculpt., Gainsbro', 1795." Size, 13 by 83 inches. Gurnill was also a seal engraver; but his works in this line of art were, if I may judge from the only specimen I ever saw, and which I use in closing this letter, of a very rude description. I think he died about the year EDWARD PEACOCK.

1810.

Bottesford Manor, Brigg.

MESCHINES (3rd S. iv. 401.)-If Randulph de Meschines, Earl of Chester, was grandson of Walter de Espagne, I presume that it was through his father, who had the same name as himself; as his mother Maud was sister of Hugh Lupus, whose parentage is well known. I cannot find any account of the descent of Randle Meschines

the elder in Dugdale, Ormerod, or other work to which I have access. Can you refer me to the authority for the statement of your correspondent? I shall be obliged to any one who will do so, as his concise note says enough to tantalize, but not to satisfy. SHEM.

reference to the explanation given of this word SPRINGS (3rd S. v. 119.) It is submitted with that, by "solemn springs," Collins can hardly have intended "quick and cheerful tunes." And does not the context, and especially the expression "dying gales," point rather to some natural sound than to tunes on a musical instrument"?

66

B.

COLD IN JUNE AND WARMTH AT CHRISTMAS (3rd S. iv. 159, 295.)-Archbishop Laud, in his Diary, remarks, that June, 1632, "was the coldest June clean through that ever was felt in my memory." The previous January was "the extremest wet and warm January that ever was known in memory." The Christmas of 1632 was a "warm open" one. In 1635, "the extream hot and faint October and November, save three days' frost, the dryest and fairest time. The leaves not all off the trees at the beginning of December; the waters so low that the barges could not pass. God bless us in the spring, after this green winter."

The following December he notices the leaves being still on the elm trees: "Dec. 10: that night the frost began; the Thames almost frozen over." W. P.

SAINT SWITHIN'S DAY (1st S. xii. 137, 253; 2nd S. xii. 188, 239.) –

THE BROAD ARROW (2nd S. xii. 346.)- Perceiving that you have not yet obtained any satisfactory replies as to the origin and first use of this national mark, I beg to forward the accompanying cutting, which may reopen the inquiry:

"The bow and the arrow were so nationalised in the affections of the English by contributing to their safety, and ministering to their pleasures, that these weapons insensibly became emblems of the power and sovereignty of the king, who was the legitimate representative of the might and majesty of the people. What, then, more natural than that the emblem of a nation's power and sovereignty should be used to identify the property of that nation? And this, we believe, was the reason, combined with its simplicity of form, why the broad arrow was selected in preference to other symbols for the marking of our national property."- United Service Magazine, 1863. W. P.

RICHARDSON FAMILY (3rd S. v. 72, 123.)- I observed in the Calendar of Inquests for the County of Worcester, one taken at the death of "Conan Richardson, gent, 13 Eliz." It will be found among the compotuses of the Exchequer at the Public Record Office, where also are the inquests of William Messy, 5 Hen. VIII.; Humfry Meysye, Esq., 33 Hen. VIII.; and Thomas Meysie, Esq., 8 Eliz. Probably these documents would supply your correspondent with some informa

tion.

There is no record of a grant of any abbey lands to the Richardsons; but the brothers, William and Francis Sheldon, were large purchasers of the Pershore manors.

C. J. R.

SEALS (3rd S. v. 117.)-Such a seal as M. M. S. describes was found not long since near Richmond, in Yorkshire. My informant told me that on minute inspection he discovered a female figure in the sheaf of corn, and the seal bore the suggestive motto, in Norman-French, of "Food for the convent." C. J. R.

LEIGH OF YORKSHIRE (3rd S. v. 116.)—A William Legh was an escheator in Yorkshire, 15 & 16 Hen. VIII., and in the latter year an inquest was held before him on the death of a Thomas Legh, Esq. C. J. R.

VICHY (3rd S. v. 117.) — S. P. Q. R. can obtain all the information wanted by referring to my cousin's book

Vichy et ses environs par Louis Piesse, Auteur de l'Itinéraire de l'Algérie. Paris: Librairie de L. Hachette et Cie, Boulevard St. Germain, 77."

CHARLES PIESSE.

DUROCOBRIVIS (3rd S. v. 119.)-See Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum, fol. ed. 1724, p. 109. The Doctor says:

"From Dunstable the Itinerary (Iter Romanum V.) leads us out of the road going straight to Verulam, and takes in another station by the way, Durocobrivis. About

this station antiquaries have been much divided, when it certainly ought to be placed at Berghamsted (Berkhampstead) in Hertfordshire, which well suits the assigned distances from Magiovinium (Dunstable), and the subsequent Verolanium, and has evidently been a Roman town, as its name imports; and probably the castle there stands upon a Roman foundation. 'Tis certain Roman coins are frequently found there."

Here follows a description of the castle :

"This town fully answers the distance in the Itinerary, and remarkably the import of the name, according to Mr. Baxter's derivation, though he erroneously places it at Woburn, civitas paludosi profluentis. For here is a large marsh or bog, wherein the ancient British oppidum was placed."

Stukeley considers Maiden Bower undoubtedly a British work. J. D. M. K.

BRITISH INSTITUTION (3rd S. v. 95.) — The British Institution was founded on June 4, 1805, and the first Exhibition opened January 18, 1806. It was established for the exhibition and sale of the Works of Living British Artists, and still continues on the same principles. I am going to the private view of this year's show to-morrow (Feb. 13), and it will be opened to the public on Monday.

In the year 1813 the Directors commenced a second series called Summer Exhibitions, consisting of the works of deceased artists; the first two of which contained the works of English painters. The first, those of Sir Joshua Reynolds only; the second, those of Hogarth, Zoffany, Gainsborough, and Wilson. Subsequently, and up to that of last year inclusive, they have contained the best works by deceased painters of all countries, borrowed from the Royal and other collections. I have a complete series of both these catalogues.

The Spring Exhibition opens generally on the second Monday in February, and the summer one on the second Monday in June.

WM. SMITH.

ELEANOR D'OLBREUSE (3rd S. v. 11.)-Her parentage and the descent of her family (the Desmiers, Seigneurs d'Olbreuse) is given in Dictionnaire de la Noblesse, par de la Chenaye des Bois, vol. v. pp. 581-2, 4to, Paris, 1782. FARNHAM.

RESURRECTION GATE (3rd S. v. 68.) - DR. RIMBAULT asks for the meaning of the inscription "A. P. 30" in the carving upon the Resurrection Gate, St. Giles's-in-the-Fields. It is agreed that this carving was executed in the year 1687, which was the third year of James II. I think, therefore, we may reasonably conclude that the premisfortune to be decaudated; and we may then sent P. was originally an R., which has had the read "Anno Regis tertio."

E. V.

NEWHAVEN IN FRANCE (3rd S. v. 116.)-In former times Cape la Hogue was often called Newhaven by the English. A WYKEHAMIST.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

The Works of William Shakspeare. The Text revised by the Rev. Alexander Dyce. In Eight Volumes. Vol. II. Second Edition. (Chapman & Hall.)

This second volume of Mr. Dyce's revised edition of Shakspeare contains, The Comedy of Errors; Much Ado about Nothing; Love's Labour's Lost; A Midsummer's Night's Dream; and The Merchant of Venice; and is characterised by the same evidences of sound scholarship and familiarity with the writings of the contemporaries of our great dramatist, which we have already noticed, as distinguishing Mr. Dyce's labours as an editor. We think the volume before us furnishes unmistakeable evidence that, as he warms to his work, Mr. Dyce is disposed to exercise greater boldness in recognising and adopting suggested amendments of obscure passages, let the originators of such suggestions be who they may. And he is right in so doing. But we wish that in correcting the errors, or what he considers the errors of others, he would consider what is due to his own position in the world of Shakspearian criticism; and not descend, as we regret to find he is too frequently disposed to do, to speak slightingly, and sometimes contemptuously, of the labours of those who are engaged like himself in the endeavour to make as perfect as possible a text of the writings of Shakspeare. The day when we shall see such a text is not, we think, far distant; and to none of the many who have devoted themselves to the attainment of this great result will the thanks of the admirers of the great bard be more justly due, than to the accomplished editor of the volume which has called forth these remarks.

Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England; being a Collection of Documents, for the most part never before printed, illustrating the History of Science in this Country before the Norman Conquest. Collected and edited by The Rev. Oswald Cockayne, M.A. (Vol. I.) Published under the Direction of the Master of the Rolls. (Longman.)

While the majority of the books which have as yet been printed by the authority of the Treasury, and under the direction of the Master of the Rolls, treat of the acts and doings of the people of England and of their rulers, the present volume is altogether of a different character, and is a contribution and a most valuable one-to our knowledge of what the people thought and believed in the earlier periods of our history. We have here most curious and interesting specimens of the botanical and medical knowledge of the Anglo-Saxons; their belief in charms and amulets; their magical and mystical practices; and in the very learned Preface by which the Editor introduces the Saxon Herbarium, Leechdoms, and Charms, which are here printed, he investigates how far our ancestors had a knowledge of their own of the kinds and powers of plants, and how far they had acquired such knowledge from a study of Greek and Latin writers. The book before us is one which will excite as much interest in Germany as in this country, for in throwing light upon the Folk Lore of England, it illustrates that of our Teutonic brethren; and certainly, the present volume does throw considerable light upon the knowledge, the superstitions, and we may add also, upon the language of our forefathers.

Hand-Book of the Cathedrals of England. Western Divivision: Bristol, Gloucester, Hereford, Worcester, Lichfield. With Illustrations. (Murray.)

will be wel

ecclesiastical architecture - our cathedrals come to many classes of readers, as well as to all those who delight, like Browne Willis, in visiting these monuments of the piety and skill of our forefathers. The five cathedrals described in the present volume have all undergone extensive restoration and repair during the last five years; and the editor of the work before us has had the advantage, not only of the recent writings of Professor Willis, Mr. Godwin, and Mr. Bloxam on subjects connected with it, but the book has received revision from the various distinguished professional men, who have been engaged in restoring those cathedrals to their ancient beauty. The work is illustrated with some exquisite wood-cuts, and forms an indispensable hand-book to antiquaries, and art-students about to visit and examine the western cathedrals of England.

Debrett's Illustrated Peerage and Baronetage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 1864. (Bosworth & Harrison.)

This is indeed an old friend with a new face; for Debrett was for years the, if not the only, Peerage the fashionable world consulted. The present is, we believe, the cheapest and most compact Peerage which contains the engraved arms of the Peers.

LIBYA. We cannot discover in any list of the saints the names of St. Romolo, St. Remigio, and St. Bacco. Our Correspondent, however, may consult Dr. Conyers Middleton's Letter from Rome, edit. 1741, pp. 164-169; together with A Plain Answer to Dr. Middleton's Letter, 8vo, 1741 Consult also the Rev. T. Seward's work, The Conformity between Popery and Paganism, 8vo, 1746.

OXONIENSIS. The inscription on the pedestal at Mortimer's Cross is printed in The Beauties of England and Wales, vi. 560.

J. S. (Birmingham.) Boosy, intoxicated, is probably from the French boisson, drink, potation. In Fleming's French Dictionary, we read of" Boisson pélusienne (nom que portait autrefois la bière)," beer.

EMMA LANCASTER will find a diverting account of the Ladies Law of Leap Year in our 2nd S. i. 9.

THOMAS DRY. The extract from Barbier on Crinolines in Paris ap❤ peared in our 3rd S. iii. 23.

"NOTES AND QUERIES" is published at noon on Friday, and is also issued in MONTHLY PARTS. The Subscription for STAMPED COPIES for Six Months forwarded direct from the Publisher (including the Halfyearly INDEX) is 11s. 4d., which may be paid by Post Office Order, payable at the Strand Post Office, in favour of WILLIAM G. SMITH, 32, WELLINGTON STREET, STRAND, W.C., to whom all CoMMUNICATIONS FOR THE EDITOR should be addressed.

LONDON, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1864.

CONTENTS. —No. 113. NOTES:- The Word "Pamphlet," its Etymology and Signification, 167-Sir John Moore's Monument, 169 - Pasticcio Operas, Ib.-The Passing Bell of St. Sepulchre's Suicides A Genuine Centenarian Colborne: Lords Seaton and Colborne-Eels: "Queasy," 170. QUERIES:- Picture of the Battle of Agincourt -"Albumazar," by Tomkis- Ancient Bell-founders Booth of Gildresome-Bronze Statues at Grantham - Comic Songs Translated-"Dictionary of Coins"- William Dudgeon -"An Eastern King's Device"- Fletcher's Arithmetic -John Goodyer- Heming of Worcester-The Homilies - Horace, Ode xiii. - Invention of Iron Defences - Jeremiah Horrocks, the Astronomer - Mediæval Churches within the Boundaries of Roman Camps-Milborne Family- Hannah More's Dramas, &c., 171. QUERIES WITH ANSWERS: Ivanhoe: Waverley - Lord Glenbervie -"Officina Gentium "-"In the Midst of Life we are in Death," &c.- Endymion Porter, 176. REPLIES:- Cromwell's Head, 178- The Danish Right of Succession, 181-Situation of Zoar-Architects of Pershore and Salisbury-Stamp Duty on Painters' Canvass

Poor Cock Robin's Death - Longevity of Clergymen Fowls with Human Remains Alfred Bunn - Mævius - Hyla Holden-Quotations wanted-Sidesmen - Colkitto-Twefth Day: Song of the Wren-Natter-Lines attributed to Kemble - Order of the Cockle in FranceBaptismal Names Sir The Sydney Postage Stamp Walter Raleigh - John Frederick Lampe - Curious Essex Saying Private Soldier - An early Stamford, Seal Epitaph on the Earl of Leicester, 181. Notes on Books, &c.

Notes.

THE WORD "PAMPHLET," ITS ETYMOLOGY AND SIGNIFICATION.

-

A good deal has been already said in these pages as to the origin of this word; but it has not struck me that any improvement has been made upon the conjectural derivations of Minsheu, Myles Davies, Oldys, and other etymologists. I have no suggestion myself to make upon the point, and purpose to confine my illustrations to the former and present signification of the word. I cannot, however, refrain from availing myself of the opportunity to enter my protest against the "par un filet" theory,-the last, I think, propounded. Nothing indeed appears to me more improbable than that a printed sheet, or sheets, however attached together, should be so termed in French: except that we should have adopted and corrupted the term, while the original inventors should have so forgotten it as to style it "mot Anglais," from the Manuel Lexique, 1755,

to the last edition of the Dict. de l'Académie.

If I am compelled to adopt a foreign etymology, I should certainly prefer to derive it from the old French word palme, a palm, or hand's breadth; and feuillet, a little sheet: this being the derivation assigned by the careful Pegge, whose remarks upon the subject (Anonymiana, cent. 1, xxvi.) may be well referred to, as valuable in themselves and illustrating the art of saying much in a few

words.

"Sed revera libros non libras maluimus, Codicesque plusquam florenos, ac pampletos exiguos incrussatis prætulimus palafridis.”—MS. Harl., fol. 86 a; MS. Cott., fol. 111 a.

Here the learned Bishop of Durham probably Latinised a word already in colloquial use; for I do not recollect another instance of its occurrence in mediæval Latin, and it will be sought for in vain in the Lexicons of Ducange and Charpentier. A century and a half later, the word is used in its English form by Caxton in his Boke of Eneydos, compyled by Vyrgile translated oute of Latine into Frenshe, and oute of Frenshe reduced into Englysshe, &c., folio, 1490:

"After dyverse Werkes made, translated, and achieved, having noo werke in hande; I, sittyng in my Studye, whereas laye many dyverse Paunflettis and Bookis," &c.

It is evident that in these cases the word is used in contradistinction to book, as denoting simply the comparative size of the document, without any reference to its kind. The word, indeed, was necessary, as the term "tract," which we now use in a similar sense, though especially with a religious signification, was then applied to a treatise of whatever size or character it might be. Thus Wooldridge, in the preface to his Systema Agricultura, 1681 (a folio volume of more than 400 pages), speaks of the "succeeding tract,"-just as a posthumous volume of Dr. Thomas Brown is entitled by its editor, "Certain Miscellany Tracts." For this simple signification of the word pamphlet, Oldys contends, in the curious "Dissertation on Pamphlets," which he contributed to Morgan's Phoenix Britannicus:

"And thus the word Pamphlet, or little paper book, imports no reproachful character, any more than the word Great Book; signifies a Pasquil, as little as it does a Panegyric, of itself. Is neither Good nor Bad, Learned nor Illiterate, True nor False, Serious nor Jocular, of its own naked Meaning or Construction; but is either of them, according as the Subject makes the Distinction. Thus of scurrilous and abusive Pamphlets, to be burned in 1647, we read in Rushworth; and by the name of Pamphlet is the Encomium of Queen Emma called in Hollinshed." (P. 554.)

But Oldys, when thus contending for the simple meaning of the word, must have been aware of its tendency to acquire a more complex signification, and that it had come to denote the kind, as well as the size of the work; or perhaps, indeed, the Thus, as Dr. first without regard to the latter. Nott has remarked in his notes to Dekker, this word, now applied almost exclusively to a prose work, seems to have become significant of a

"Yet when he hath my crabbed Pamphlet read, As oftentimes as Philip hath been dead." Virgedemiarum, Sat. I. book iv.

And Marston:

"These notes were better sung 'mong better sort, But to my pamphlet few, save fools, resort." Scourge of Villany, Sat. IV. book i. While Robert Armin, in the "Address to the Reader," prefixed to his curious poem, The Italian Taylor and his Boy (1609), says:—

"I have to thy pleasure, and my no great profite, written this Pamphlet, onely my adventure in presuming into the hands of so noble a Patron," &c.

But, a century and a half later, the word seems to have become significant of political treatises especially, in a much more definite sense than it is at present used. Thus, Dr. Johnson says of

Swift:

"That fungous growth of novels and pamphlets, where, it is to be feared, they rarely find any rational pleasure; and, more rarely still, any solid improvement."-Hermes, book iii.

By the way, Swift himself had humorously expressed his contempt for the class of literature indicated at this time by the word, by placing the slender-bodied warriors in the rear of the literary army.

"The rest were a confused multitude, led by Scotus, Aquinas, and Bellarmine; of mighty Bulk and Stature, but without either Arms, Courage, or Discipline. In the last Place came infinite swarms of Culones, a disorderly Rout, led by Lestrange: Rogues and Raggamuffins, that follow the Camp for nothing but the Plunder, all without Coats to cover them."-Battel of the Books.

So much for the word in English. As to French, although your correspondents would attribute to it a French origin, I am not able to call to mind an early instance of the use of the word in that language. Voltaire, in his Examen Important de Milord Bolingbroke, informs us that

"Grub-Street est la rue où l'on imprime la plupart des mauvais pamphlets qu'on fait journellement à Londres." And in the more modern edition (12mo, L'An viii.) of La Dunciade, by Palissot-not in the older one (1771, 2 vols. 8vo), where the couplet stands altogether different—we have:

"... Morellet, distillant le poison

D'un noir pamphlet, pense égaler Buffon."

I merely, however, cite these passages to show that the word is generally used in an unfavourable sense in French; where, indeed, it is often

tack: "C'est une libelle atroce,-un pamphlet même," will be said of such a production, without any reference to the size of the work. So the authors of La Minerve Française (4 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1818), say, in their address to the public :—

"Les personnalités, les moyens de scandale, nous seront étrangers; défenseurs zélés des principes, nous n'aspirons qu'à d'honorable succès; en un mot, nous composons un livre, et nous n'écrivons point un pamphlet.”

With regard to the derivative pamphleteer, which we find written "pampheleter" in Nash, who has the phrase "to pamphlet on a person;" and Greene, who, in his Pierce's Supererogation, or New Praise of the Old Asse (1593), styles Delone, Stubs, and Armin, "the common pamphleteers of London, even the painfullest chroniclers too," &c.; and says of his antagonist Nash, that—

"He weeneth himself a special penman, as he were the head man of the pamphleting crew.' And of his manner of writing

"I have seldom read a more garish and piebald style in any scribbling inkhornist; or tasted a more unsavoury slaump-paump of words and sentences in any sluttish pamphleteer, that denounceth not defiance against the rules of oratory, and the direction of the English Secretary."

On the other hand, the word is of comparatively recent introduction into the French language; and probably first came into use, ex necessitate rei, in the truly pamphleteering times of the first Revolution. It is found in the Lexicographia-NeologicaGallica of William Dupré (London, 8vo, 1801), who says that it is

"A word which the French have borrowed from the English, and now apply to the authors of fugitive pieces, and obnoxious pamphlets and brochures."

This was the word, it will be remembered, so terrible to the Gallic ear, with which, on the trial of Paul Louis Courier, the advocate for the prosecution indignantly apostrophised the unfortunate vigneron. The effect of this rhetorical coup upon the court is described in a fine strain of banter by that able writer :

:

"Il m'apostropha de la sorte: Vil pamphlétaire! etc., coup de foudre, non, de massue, vu le style de l'orateur, dont il m'assomma sans remède. Ce mot, soulevant contre moi les juges, les témoins, les jurés, l'assemblée (mon avocat lui-même en parut ébranlé), ce mot décida tout. Je fus condamné dès l'heure, dans l'esprit des Messieurs, dès que l'homme du roi m'eut appelé pamphlétaire, à quoi je ne sus que répondre; car il me semblait bien en mon âme avoir fait ce qu'on nomme un pamphlet; je ne l'eusse osé nier. J'étais donc pamphlétaire à mon propre jugement, et voyant l'horreur qu'un tel nom inspirait à tout l'auditoire, je demeurai confus."-Pamphlet des Pamphlets.

Another passage, from the same powerful writer, will lead us to the French definition of the now much-vexed word: