"It is not probable that it (the history) had originally either a general title, or division into books; the present arrangement, which is perhaps the work of the Alexandrian grammarians, sometimes interrupting the con

nexion of the particles. See the close of the seventh

book, and the commencement of the eighth, and the close of the eighth and commencement of the ninth: where Mèv and dè are separated from each other From Lucian ("Herodotus s. Aetion" 4, 117, ed. Bip.) it is evident that the name of the Muses was commonly applied to the books of the history in his time (A.D. 160)

The ancient critics and scholiasts cite them by the number." - The Egypt of Herodotus, London, 1841, p. 1-2.

I send this, not in any spirit of fault-finding, but with the hope of eliciting further discussion of this interesting question. Dahlmann, I believe, does not mention it, except to postpone its consideration (p. 27 of Cox's translation).

St. Paul, Minnesota.

J. C. LINDSAY.

INCHGAW: RUFFOLCIA. - 1. By what name is Ruffolcia, a castle of the Bruces, mentioned in Rymer's Fœdera, now known?

2. I lately observed the name of "Inchgaw" given to a barony in Fife-"The Barony and tower of Inchgaw." Should not the name be Inchgarve, or Garvie? (a small island in the Frith of Forth). If so, how came that island to be styled a barony? S.

INQUISITIONS VERSUS VISITATIONS. - Robert Lord de Lisle of Rougemont, only surviving son of John Lord de Lisle, one of the founders of the Order of the Garter, and his wife Elizabeth de Ferrers, is represented by an inquisition as having died unmarried, his sister Elizabeth, wife of William Lord Aldeburgh of Harewood, co. York, being his sole heir.

According, however, to a pedigree which occurs in the Visitation Book of Somersetshire, anno 1623, he had a son William seated at Waterferry, co. Oxon, from whom a lineal descent is given down to George Lisle of Compton Domville, in the former county. Lord de Lisle died in the year 1399; his sister Elizabeth inherited all his estates, with the exception of eighty-six knights' fees, of which the crown was in possession at the time of his death, and which it was suffered to retain afterwards.

These circumstances would seem to indicate accuracy as to the Inquisition, and error in respect of the entry in the Visitation Book. Is the discrepancy susceptible of any other interpretation? HIPPEUS.

MARY MASTERS published a volume of poetry under the title, Poems on Several Occasions, 8vo,

London, 1733. Who was this lady? And where did she reside? EDWARD HAILSTONE.

MARTIN.-Can you refer me to any information respecting the family of Martin of Alresford Hall, in the county of Essex? P. S. C.

MOORE.-Arms: Arg. 6 lions rampant vert, 3, 2, and 1. These arms are upon old plate, which formerly belonged to Dr. Mordecai Moore, who married Deborah, daughter of Thomas Lloyd, the first Governor of Pennsylvania. Can the family of Dr. Moore be identified? ST. T.

A FEW QUERIES WITH QUOTATIONS WANTED: -1. Where can I get an account of the origin of kissing the Pope's toe or slipper?

2. Which of the Latins is it who spoke of "our dying often in the death of our friends and children"?

3. Who is the cardinal referred to in the following? "As that proud cardinal in Germany said, I confess these things that Luther finds fault with are naughty; but shall I yield to a base monk ?'"

4. Who is the bishop spoken of here? "It was a worthy work of that reverend bishop that set out in a treatise all the deliverances that have been from popish conspiracies from the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's time to this present" (1639)?

5. Where do these passages occur in Augustine? (1) Quisquis domus suæ, &c., every man is a stranger in his own house. (2) "When there is contention between brethren, witnesses are brought, but in the end the words of the will of the dead man is brought forth, and these determine; so

6. Who is "the chief papist" of this reference? "One of them, the chief of them, a great scholar, will have the water itself [of baptisin] to be elevated above its own nature to confer grace." If Bellarmine, where?

7. Which "heathen " is it who says "The praising of a man's self is burdensome hearing"?"

8. Is it Bernard who says "There is a child of anger, and a child under anger"? Where?

9. Cyprian saith, "Non potest seculum," &c., the world cannot hurt him who in the world hath God for his protector. Where?

10. "You know whose ensign it is, whose motto; Deus nobiscum is better than Sancta Maria? Whose?

11. "Nihil tam certum, &c., nothing is so certain as that that is certain after doubting-". Where is this to be found?

Early answers will very much oblige

A STUDENT. ROSARY.-The institution of the Rosary is generally attributed to St. Dominic (b. 1170). Some writers have, however, attributed it to Bede; and some have given to its institution an antiquity as

early as the time of St. Benedict (b. 480). I wish to inquire, through the medium of "Ñ. & Q.,” whether there is evidence to show that the rosary was in use previously to the time of St. Dominic? I have often thought that the beads, which are found in large numbers in Anglo-Saxon tumuli in Kent and other parts of England, may have been used for religious purposes, and perhaps for rosaries; if so, it would help to decide the muchdisputed question as to whether the interments were Christian or Pagan.

ALGERNON Brent.

THE SEA OF GLASS.-I send the following beautiful passage from the Lyra Apostolica (12th edition, p. 62), and should much like to know whether the idea of the sea before the throne reflecting events on earth is based upon Scripture, or taken from any ancient Father?

"A sea before

The throne is spread: its pure still glass
Pictures all earth scenes as they pass.
We on its shore,

Share, in the bosom of our rest,

God's knowledge-and are blest!" The account of "the sea of glass," is of course taken from the Apocalypse, and is a part of the portion of Scripture appointed to be read for the Epistle on Trinity Sunday :

"And before the throne there was a sea of glass like unto crystal."-Rev. iv. 6.

OXONIENSIS.

SIR JOHN SALTER'S TOMB AND THE SALTERS' COMPANY. — The following curious custom deserves enshrining in "N. & Q.":

"The beadles and servants of the worshipful Company of Salters are to attend Divine Service at St. Magnus's Church, London Bridge, pursuant to the will of Sir John Salter, who died in the year 1605, and was a good benefactor to the said Company; and ordered that the beadles and servants should go to the said church in the first week in October, and knock upon his 'gravestone with sticks or staves three times each person, and say: How do you do brother Salter? I hope you are well.'"Annual Reg., Oct. 1769, vol. xii. p. 137.

Is this ceremony still observed? If not, is it known when it ceased?

S. J.

A SECRET SOCIETY. — I am desirous of obtaining information respecting a secret society that was suppressed some thirty-five or forty years ago in consequence of prosecutions being instituted against its members. At the meetings of this society, the chairman would ring a bell, at the same time calling upon the Evil One; the members thereupon, in turn, endeavoured to outdo one another in cursing and swearing, and the victor in this wickedness received a token of approbation from his fellows. I understand that in some periodical of that day an account is given of the prosecution, and suppression of the society; perhaps one of your contributors will be able to favour me with the name of the periodical con

TRIALS OF ANIMALS. Ten years since I read in the Journal des Débats an article on Snailpicking in the Vineyards in France, which gave curious instances of many criminal trials in the Middle Ages in France, with all the usual formalities, both in civil and ecclesiastical courts, against animals and insects which had done damage to man. And, in a pamphlet published in 1858 by Dumoulin of Paris, and written by Mons. Emile Agnel, entitled Curiosités Judiciaires et Historiques du Moyen Age," Procès contre les Animaux," the subject is treated more at large.

I should be obliged to any of your correspondents who can supply information on this subject, especially if they can say if such trials ever took place in England, and cite any instances of them.

The origin of the proceedings against large animals may be traced to the Pentateuch. The pecuniary advantage and superstitious influence they gained by it probably induced the clergy to proceed against snails, locusts, and other insects in their ecclesiastical jurisdictions.

JOHN P. BOILEAU.

Ketteringham Park, Wymondham, Norfolk.

BUCK WHALLEY, M.P. (3rd S. ii. 314.)-What is the date of this queer fish's birth? And what place did he represent in the Irish Parliament?

ZACHARIAH CADWALLADER SMITH.

WONDERFUL CHARACTERS.-Can any of your readers inform me where I can find a list of all the books and periodicals that have been published from the earliest period to the present time, on a History of the Lives of Eccentric and Wonderful Characters? Also, where I can inspect collections for a history of the Eccentric and Wonderful Characters of the present century? I should also be glad to know if any of your readers are aware if it is the intention of any one to publish a history of the remarkable characters of the present day. J. H.

MARQUIS OF WORCESTER'S "CENTURY OF INVENTIONS."-There was an edition printed in 1748, and another in 1763. But where, and by whom printed, I cannot ascertain. Nor do I find any edition noticed later than 1825; although I have been informed that Messrs. Cundell printed one

about 1850-56.

H. D.

Queries with Answers. REGINALD FITZURSE. I have a picture inscribed "Reginald Fitzurse's Chapel." Query the parish and county? A. J. DUNKIN.

Dartford.

[Sir Reginald Fitzurse, "son of the Bear," was one of the four murderers of Thomas Becket. His father, Richard Fitzurse, became possessed in the reign of Stephen of the manor of Willeton in Somersetshire, which had descended to Reginald a few years before the murder of the Archbishop of Canterbury. He was also a tenant in chief in Northamptonshire, in tail in Leicestershire (Liber Nigri Scaccarii, 216-288), and was also possessor of the manor of Barham Court in Kent. (Hasted's Kent, iii. 755.) The mediæval tradition is, that the four murderers, struck with remorse, went to Rome to receive the sentence of Pope Alexander III., and by him were sent to expiate their sins in the Holy Land. Dean Stanley (Historical Memorials of Canterbury, 8vo, 1855), has, however, carefully traced the facts of their subsequent history, from which it appears, that Fitzurse is said to have gone over to Ireland, and there to have become the ancestor of the

M'Mahon family in the north of Ireland - M‘Mahon

being the Celtic translation of Bear's son. On his flight, the estate which he held in the Island of Thanet, Barham or Berham Court, lapsed to his kinsman Robert of Berham -Berham being, as it would seem, the English, as M'Mahon was the Irish version, of the name Fitzurse. His estates of Willeton, in Somersetshire, he made over, half to the Knights of St. John the year after the murder, probably in expiation—the other half to his brother Robert, who built the chapel of Willeton. This probably is the chapel of which our correspondent possesses a picture. The descendants of the family lingered for a long time in the neighbourhood under the same name, successively corrupted into Fitzour, Fishour, and Fisher. Vide Collinson's Somersetshire, iii. 487.]

WILLIAM DUNBAR.-Some of your readers may be glad to read the enclosed gem of poetry. Why is such a writer forgotten?

"The Nychtingall said, Bird, quhy doist thou raif? Man may tak in his lady sic delyt,

Him to forget that hir sic vertew gaif,

And for his hevin rassaif her cullour quhyt;
Hir goldin tressit hairis redomyt,
Like to Apollois bemis thocht thay schone,
Suld nocht him blind fro lufe that is perfyt;
All Luve is lost bot vpone God allone."

The Twa Luves, st. x., ed. 1788, by
W. Dunbar, circa 1505.

EDWARD H. KNOWLES. [Although William Dunbar, "the darling of the Scottish Muses," as he has been termed by Sir Walter Scott, received from his contemporaries the homage due to the greatest of Scotland's early makars, his name and fame were doomed to a total eclipse, during the period from 1530 (when Sir David Lyndsay mentions him among the poets then deceased) to the year 1724, when some of his poems were published by Allan Ramsay in

The Evergreen. A considerable part of the volume entitled Antient Scottish Poems, published by Lord Hailes in 1770, is occupied with poems by Dunbar. The first complete collection of his Poems was published by Mr. David Laing, 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1834, with Notes and a Memoir of his Life. "If any misfortune," 'remarks Mr. Laing, "had befallen the two nearly coeval manuscript collections of Scottish poetry by Bannatyne and Maitland, the great chance is, that it might have been scarcely known to posterity that such a poet as Dunbar had ever existed." (Vol. i. p. 5.) In Mr. Laing's edition the poem quoted by our correspondent, "The Twa Luves," is entitled "The Merle and the Nychtingaill." It is written as an apologue, between two birds, the Merle or Blackbird, and the Nightingale.]

POPE AND CHESTERFIELD. 136, it is written :

-In Caxtoniana, i.

'Accept a miracle; instead of wit,

See two dull lines by Stanhope's pencil writ.'" In The Art of Poetry on a New Plan, edited by Oliver Goldsmith, 1762, vol. i. p. 57, the couplet is stated to have been written by Pope on a glass with the Earl of Chesterfield's diamond pencil. "For my part," says Goldsmith, "I am at a loss to determine whether it does more honour to the poet who wrote it, or to the nobleman for whom the compliment is designed."]

ST. ISHMAEL. In the county of Carmarthen there is a parish of St. Ishmael. Can you give me any information about this saint?

CECIL BLENT.

[St. Ishmael, or more correctly Ismael, was the son of Budic, a native of Cornugallia, the western division of Brittany. His mother was the sister of St. Teilo, archbishop of Llandaff. St. Ishmael had two younger brothers, Tyfei, accidentally slain when a child, who lies buried at Penaly, and Oudoceus, afterwards archbishop of Llandaff. According to the Liber Landavensis St. Ishmael was, after the decease of St. David, appointed suffragan of St. David's, under his uncle St. Teilo, who had removed to Llandaff. St. Ishmael was the founder of St. Ishmael's near Kidwelly, Carmarthenshire, and of Camros, Usmaston, Rosemarket, St. Ishmael's, and East Haroldston,

Pembrokeshire. Consult Rice Rees's Essay on the Welsh Saints, p. 252, and W. J. Rees's Lives of the CambroBritish Saints, p. 406.]

"OFFICINA GENTIUM."-In what author does the phrase occur, "officina gentium," applied, I believe, to the numbers of the northern nations, whose irruptions overwhelmed the south of Europe on the decline of the Roman Empire?

Δ.

[The phrase occurs in the treatise by Bishop Jornandes De Getarum, sive Gothorum, Origine et rebus gestis. It will be found in the edition of 1597, Lugd. Bat. p. 11. (see first sentence of cap. iv.), and is employed in the sense which our correspondent mentions:- -"Ex hac igitur Scanzia insula, quasi officina gentium, aut certè velut vagina nationum, cum rege suo," &c. Scanzia, or the Scandinavian peninsula, was formerly deemed an island.

Any difficulty that has arisen in the search for this expression may have been occasioned by its too frequent misquotation; the phrases, both remarkable, "officina gentium" and "vagina nationum," having been jumbled together, and cited as "vagina gentium."]

J. HOLLAND, OPTICIAN.—I have a fine achromatic telescope, of five feet focal length, and four inches aperture. It bears the name of J. Holland, London. I should feel obliged to any of your astronomical readers who could give me some information respecting this artist, and when he died. Was he the inventor of a microscopic objectglass which bears his name?

JOHN PAVIN PHILLIPS.

[We have not been able to trace any optician of the

Replies.

PORTRAIT OF OUR SAVIOUR.

(3rd S. v. 74.)

I have an "old picture painted on oak on a gold ground," which answers so exactly to the description quoted by ANON, that at first it seemed to be no other than the portrait inquired for. On comparing it with the engraving in the Antiquarian Repertory, I find that, although the words of the inscription are exactly similar, are written in gold capital letters on a black ground, and are set out in the same number of lines-in all these points resembling the painting delineated: the division of the words, and the spelling, are here and there different. There is agreement also in the handling of the subject, and in the outline of the features; but it is obviously difficult to judge of a likeness which has filtered through "a drawing taken by a young lady of this city (Canterbury)," and an engraving, probably reduced in size from the original in order to suit the page of the work in which it appeared.

I am assuming that the painting in my possession is old. Of course, it may not be; although I can adopt the words of the Repertory and say, "from the manner of writing, and appearance of the wood, (it) has been done a great many years." Its merits, as a work of art, are slender; and I have not yet indulged in the luxury of paying a guinea fee to a high professional authority for his opinion as to its genuine age. Since there is a

the old-established firm of Dollond, of St. Paul's churchyard?]

OATH OF THE JUDGES ON NOMINATING THE SHERIFFS.-Where is a copy of this oath to be found? It is administered in Norman-French. Lord Coke, in his Institutes, gives many official oaths, but not this one.

T. F. [In the Book of Oaths, London, 1689, will be found, at p. 14, "The Oath of a Sheriff of a County;" at p. 123, "The Oath of a Sheriff," which appears to have been taken by the Sheriff of Bedford and Berks; and at p. 126, "The Oath of the Sheriff of Oxon and Berks, Cambridge and Huntingdon." All three oaths are in English.] MAINT.-In Moore's poem, "The Ring, a Tale," Works, vol. ii. p. 45 (ed. 1840), stanza 43 reads

may be of the same date, I append a description of mine for the purpose of comparison with that from which the drawing was made.

The panel is 11 inches high, by 9 inches wide. The upper space, 5 inches in depth, has the portrait in profile, issuing, as it were, out of a golden chief. The head has brown hair, thickly flowing to the shoulders; the nose and forehead nearly a straight line; the mouth and chin conspicuous, though wearing a full beard. The upper part of the body (shown to about three inches below the shoulder) covered by a red garment, which leaves the throat bare; and has a hem, or border, on each edge of which is a dotting of white beads. The lower portion of the panel is taken up with the legend, contained in ten lines, as follows:

"THIS PRESENT FIGURE IS THE

_
SIMILITUDE OF OUR LORD IHV
OUR SAVIOVR IMPRINTED IN
AMIRALD BY THE PREDESESSORS; OF
THE GREAT TURK; AND SENT TO THE
POPE; INNOCENT THE VIII AT
THE COST OF THE GREAT
TURK FOR A TOKEN FOR THIS

CAUSE TO REDEEME HIS BROTHER
THAT WAS TAKEN PRISONOR."

"Vera Salvatoris nostri effigies ad imitationem imaginis smaragdo incisæ iussv Tiberii Cæsaris quo smaragdo Postea ex thesauro constantinopolitano turearvm imperator Innocentivm VIII Pont: Max: Rom: Donavit pro Redimendo fratre christianis Captivo."

Will your correspondent pardon me for saying, that one or two words in his extract from the inscription, as given in the Repertory, are not precisely exact; and that the name of the writer is Loltie, not "Lottie"? I believe he will, for literal accuracy is one of the many useful aims of "N. & Q." JOHN A. C. VINCENT.

I have a picture in my possession that I believe to be the one ANON inquires about. The portrait is on a gold ground, painted on oak; and underneath is the following inscription, in capital

letters :

"This present figvre is the similitude of our Lord IHV ovre Savior imprinted in amirald by the predesessors of T-E great Tvrke, and sent to the Pope Innosent the VIII. at the cost of the Grete Tvrke for a token for this cawse to redeme his brother that was takyn presonor."

The picture has been in my possession somewhere about twenty years. I purchased it at the sale of the effects of the late Mr. Isherwood of Marple Hall, near Stockport, in Cheshire. Marple Hall was the residence of the celebrated President Bradshaw, and I believe Mr. Isherwood came into possession of the estate through having married a descendant of the judge.

Chester.

T. TOPHAM.

I lately purchased, at an old print shop, a print of no great merit as an engraving; evidently cut out of a book or periodical, and apparently not more than thirty or forty years old, perhaps less. It bears the following inscription:

"The only true likeness of our Saviour, taken from one worked on a piece of tapestry by command of Tiberius Cæsar; and was given from the Treasury of Constantine by the Emperor of the Turks to Pope Innocent VIII., for the redemption of his brother, then a captive

of the Christians.

J. Rogers, sc."

It is an oval, set in a square frame of elaborate needlework-pattern, 9 inches by 7. I have occasionally seen a similar likeness in modern cheap prints, but do not recollect ever to have met with one bearing the same inscription. The Penny Cyclopædia states (see "Innocent VIII." and "Bayazid"), that the name of the Turkish monarch was Bajazet II.; and that of his brother, Jem, or Zigim. Poor Jem, however, does not appear to

have been liberated through this tempting bait of the holy tapestry; but after varied vicissitudes, is supposed to have been poisoned, in 1495, by order of Alexander VI. FENTONIA.

MUTILATION OF SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS. (3rd S. iv. 101.)

The letters in " N. & Q." on this subject have doubtless impressed your readers with its importance; the last communication from MR. FERREY is especially interesting. In two churches that I could mention every monument was taken from the walls, and thrown together, pell-mell. How many of these were restored?

That the compartment or tablet containing the inscription should be carefully preserved and refixed, whilst the absurd decorations that frequently surround it should be abstracted, I have myself strongly recommended. With every feeling of respect for the dead, we may surely discard, without hesitation, the lamps and urns, the hour-glasses, weeping cherubs, and other absurd devices. In one instance a monument of considerable size, and of surpassing ugliness, occupied nearly the whole of a wall in a small mortuary chapel, but notwithstanding remonstrances, there it has been suffered to remain.

The Abbey Church of Bath, perhaps, contains a larger number of tablets and gravestone inscriptions than any church of the same size in England. " seems to have "Snug lying in the abbey been desired both before and since the days of Bob Acres. A grave was prepared in this church for the distinguished political economist, Malthus. The coffins on each side the grave presented a fearful picture, and the resting-place for this eminent man could not have been obtained but by the expulsion of remains that ought never to have been disturbed. The introduction of walled graves, now so common in cemeteries, will do much to promote decency in our interments.

The more correct taste of the present day is shown in removing monuments, sometimes vast fabrics, from situations which they ought never to have occupied, to places more fitted for them. This has recently been done in some of our cathedrals, and several years ago the tablets on the pillars in the nave of Bath Abbey were removed to the adjoining walls. Two monuments to members of my own family, of the dates of 1706 and 1707, —a dark period in the history of monumental sculpture,-originally held prominent situations in Chester cathedral, where columns must have been hacked and hewn to receive them. On my last visit to that cathedral I found that they had been removed to a less conspicuous situation; an act of propriety of which no descendants of a family in similar cases can complain.