Growth, age and size. Clark-Kennedy, A. 1867.2, 1868.1, 1879.1; Surbeck, G. 1904.6; Anon. 28, 464; Sturtevant, E. L. Add. 1871.1.

Taxonomy and nomenclature. American species. Evermann, B. W. 1898.3; Gill, T. N. 1896.3; Meek, S. E. & Newland, R. G. 1886.2; Milner, J. W. 1876.2. - Varieties. Knauthe, K. 1902.2.

Esox masquinongy (Muskallunge). Natural history notes, miscellaneous accounts, etc. Ayres, W. O. 1852.2; Cheney, A. N. 1896.4; Desrochers, J. E. 1895.1; Evermann, B. W. 1902.21, 1906.2; Stockwell, G. A. 1875.1, 1883.1; Bean, T. H. Add. 1908.1.

Nomenclature; vernacular names. Armstrong, J. O. Add. 1904.1; Chambers, E. T. Add. 1904.1,.2; Henshall, J. A. Add. 1904.1.

Scopelus. Taxonomy and distribution. - On British coast. Clarke, W. Branwhite, 1838.1; Edwards, T. 1863.1. - Sicily and the Mediterranean. Facciolà, L. 1882.2; Raffaele, F. 1889.1; Risso, A. 1820.1. Synopsis of species, Irish Atlantic slope. Holt, E. W. L. & Byrne, L. W. 1911.1. -China. Steindachner, F. 1867.5 (iv).

Family Synodontida

Taxonomy; review of the Lizard fishes of Japan. Jordan, D. S. & Herre, A. C. 1907.2.

Synodus. Taxonomy; review, American species. Meek, S. E. 1885.2.

Family Alepidosaurida

Alepidosaurus

(Plagyodus).

Nat

Family Kneridæ

Taxonomy. Gill, T. N. 1903.1.

Group Microcyprini Comprising Amblyopsidæ and Cyprinodontide Classification. Regan, C. T. 1911.15. Family Cyprinodontidæ (Pœciliida) For ovarian reproduction in Paciliida, see Viviparity, under Reproduction.

For maps showing the distribution of the Cyprinodontida, see Boulenger, G. A. 1904.7 (p. 617), and Meek, A. 1916.1 (p. 184).

General treatise. ★Garman, S. 1895.1. Natural history. Brüning, C. 1910.2; Emeljanenko, P. E. 1908.2; Peter, J. 1901.1.

Nomenclature. Gill, T. N. 1895.4,

For the peculiar structure of the eye of Anableps, see under Eye.

Cynolebias, Pterolebias, and Rivulus. Taxonomy; revision. Regan, C. T. 1912.19. Fundulus. Natural history. Nichols, J. T. 1912.6. - Color variety. Fischer, H. 1910.1.

Jenynsia. Taxonomy; revision. Regan, C. T. 1913.16.

Lebias. Natural history, L. calaritana. Mazza, F. 1897.1.

Fossil forms, structure and taxonomy. Tertiary. Agassiz, J. L. 1832.2. Tertiary of Germany. Meyer, C. E. 1831.1; Münster, G. 1836.1. Miocene of Germany. Winkler, T. C. 1861.1. - Oligocene of Germany. Winkler, T. C. 1880.3.

Family Amblyopsida
The Cave-fishes

For a map showing the distribution of the Amblyopside, see Meek, A. 1916.1 (p. 184).

For other fishes with degenerate eyes, see Blind fishes of the Caves.

Various notes on Amblyopsida. Eigenmann, C. H. 1899.1,.4,.5,.8, 1900.1,.2; Forbes, S. A. 1882.1; Girard, C. F. 1888.1,.2; Putnam, F. W. 1872.1,.2, 1875.1..2.

Revisions of the Amblyopsida, with literature. Cox, U. O. 1905.1; Eigenmann, C. H. 1909.2; Putnam, F. W. 1872.10. Amblyopsis. Ear and hearing. Eigenmann, C. H. & Yoder, A. C. 1899.1; Wyman, J. 1854.5. Payne, F. 1909.1;

mann,

Eye, anatomy and development. ★EigenC. H. 1899.7, 1900.4, 1901.2, 1909.2, Add. 1898.1, 1900.1; Eigenmann, C. H. & Denny, W. A. 1899.1; Tellkampf, T. A. 1870.1; Wyman, J. 1851.1, 1854.5. Reactions to light. Payne, F. 1907.1. Brain, optic lobes and tracts. Ramsey, E. E. 1901.1, 1909.1.

Smaller papers on Amblyopsis; records, remarks, notes, popular accounts, etc. Agassiz, J. L. 1847.3, 1851.1; Baird, S. F. 1871.27; Banta, A. M. 1907.1; Blatchley, W. S. 1896.1; Cope, E. D. 1871.5; Garman, H. 1892.1; Hahn, W. L. 1908.1; Mocquard, F. 1908.1; Schreitmüller, W. 1915.2; Taylor, J. E. 1873.1; Thompson, W. 1844.1; Wilson, J. 1854.1; Wyman, J. 1843.1; Anon. 248.

Chologaster (An eyed member of the Amblyopsida). Agassiz, J. L. 1853.6; Eigenmann, C. H. 1899.3; Putnam, F. W. 1880.1.

Troglichthys rose (Eigenmann) (A markedly degenerate Amblyopsid from caves of Missouri). Eigenmann, C. H. 1897.3, 1899.2; Garman, S. 1889.1.

Typlichthys subterraneus (Girard) (An Amblyopsid from Kentucky caves). Eigenmann, C. H. 1899.2; Girard, C. F. 1859.2; 1888.1,.2; Putnam, F. W. 1872.1,.2, 1875.1,.2.

Family Stephanoberycidæ Original description. Gill, T. N. Add. 1884.2.

Family Percopsida (Salmoperca) For a map showing the distribution of the Percopsida, see Meek, A. 1916.1 (p. 184). Taxonomy. Eigenmann, C. H. (Pacific slope, U. S. A.) 1892.9; Regan, C. T. 1911.3.

SUB-ORDER HETEROMI
Goode, G. B. &

Taxonomy; revision.
Bean, T. H. 1894.3.

Family Dercetidæ Structure and taxonomy, Woodward, A. S. 1889.2.

Family Halosaurida

Cretaceous.

Taxonomy. Gill, T. N. 1889.2.

Family Notacanthida

Taxonomy. Bleeker, P. (Sunda-Molucca Archipelago) 1850.4; Gill, T. N. 1889.4. Family Fierasferida

Fierasfer (Echidion, Lefroyia, Oxybeles, syns.). General treatise. Emery, C. 1880.1,.2.

Natural history, including references to symbiotic habits and larval forms (Encheliophis and Vexillifer). Costa, A. 1871.2; Emery, C. 1879.1 (iii), 1879.2 (i); Kaup, J. J. 1856.4, 1860.4; Putnam, F. W. 1874.4. - For association with echinoderms, pearl oysters, and tunicates, see also under Commensalism and Symbiosis. Occurrence. In East Indies. Bleeker, P. 1851.18, 1854.17, 1858.14. In Norwegian waters. Collett, R. 1882.1. In Scotland. Edwards, T. (Banff) 1863.2; Sim, G. (Aberdeen) 1883.3. - In Ireland. Thompson, W. 1837.1.

SUB ORDER CATOSTEOMI "Limits and contents of the group. Boulenger, G. A. 1901.15.

DIVISION SELENICHTHYES

Family Lampridida

Taxonomy. Gill, T. N. 1903.8; Regan, C. T. 1907.11. Australian forms. Kershaw, J. A. 1913.1.

Lampris. Natural history. Fulton, T. W. 1901.1, 1902.1, 1903.2; Holten, H. S. 1902.1; Katuric, M. 1902.1; Morton, A. 1897.1; Shufeldt, R. W. 1893.2.

Occurrence. on British coast. Clarke, J. B. (Shetland) 1905.1; Cornish, T.. (Cornwall) 1865.1; Gray, J. E. 1861.2.

Spinachia. Natural history. Petersen, C. G. 1893.5.

For a map showing the distribution of Spinachia, see Meek, A. 1916.1 (p. 194).

Family Aulorhynchida

For a map showing the geographical distribution of the Aulorhynchidae, see Meek, A. 1916.1 (p. 194).

Taxonomy. Gill, T. N. 1863.12.

Family Centriscidæ
Macrorhamposidæ, syn.

Taxonomy; synopsis. Regan, C. T.

on

Taxonomy and relationships. Boulenger, G. A. 1901.15; Brünnich, M. T. 1788.2; Retzius, A. J. 1799.1; Gill, T. N. Add. 1903.4. -Earliest description. Mortimer, C. Pre-Linn. 1750.1.

DIVISION HEMIBRANCHII

Taxonomy; Synopsis. Gill, T. N. 1885.3. Review, Japan. Jordan, D. S. & Starks, E. C. 1903.4. -Fossil forms. Woodward, A. S. 1889.2.

Family Gasterosteida

The Sticklebacks

For a map showing the geographical distribution of the Gasterosteida, see Boulenger, G. A. 1904.7 (p. 631).

Тахопоту. - Review; American species. Eigenmann, C. H. 1887.2. - Nova Scotia. Girard, C. F. 1857.5.

Fossil forms. In Pleistocene of Nevada. Hay, O. P. 1907.1. - Taxonomy. Jordan, D. S. 1907.3, 1908.2.

Gasterosteus. Natural history notes, popular articles, etc. Borcéa, J. 1904.4; Forbes, H. O. 1897.2; Leonhardt, E. E. 1907.2; Lönnberg, A. J. 1898.2; Lühe, M. 1911.1; Martens, E. 1871.1; O., 1830.1; Ramage, J. 1825.1, 1826.1; Salm-Horstmar, W. F. 1860.1; Schulze, L. 1915.3; Seligo, A. 1901.1; Sprenger, W. 1901.4; ★Swinnerton, H. H. 1907.1; Anon. 320, 430, 459, 509; Holt, E. W. Add. 1893.2; Kendall, W. C. Add. 1902.1; Arderon, W. Pre-Linn. 1748.2; Westbeck, Z. Pre-Linn. 1754.1.

Тахопоту. Revisions. Regan, C. T. 1909.15; Sauvage, H. E. 1874.5. Species of Ireland. Thompson, W. 1841.4. Variability and variations. Bonizzi, P. 1869.2; Boulenger, G. A. (in lateral shields) 1893.3; Day, F. 1878.3; Harting, P. 1878.4; Lunel, G. (of diagnostic characters) 1882.1; Mourgue, M. 1901.3. For a map showing the distribution of members of the genus Gasterosteus, Meek, A. 1916.1 (p. 188).

see

Pygosteus. Review East Asian forms. Berg, L. S. 1907.12.

For a map showing the geographical distribution of species of the genus Pygosteus, see Meek, A. 1916.1 (p. 190).

Centriscus (Macrorhamposus) (Snipe-fish). Natural history and occurrence. Emery, C. 1879.2 (5); Künstler, J. & Chaine, J. 1906.1; Rodier, E. 1898.1. On French coast. Brasil, L. & Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1905.1. On Chilean coast. Delfin, F. T. 1899.4. - In Irish waters. Patterson, R. 1906.1. - In Florida waters. Smith, H. M. 1904.7. Taxonomy. Revision. Weber, M. C.

Group Lophobranchii
(Hippocampids and Syngnathids)

Natural history. Duncker, G. 1900.1;. Harting, P. 1872.5; Noll, F. C. 1879.1; Zograf, N. Y. 1901.4.

Taxonomy. Cope, E. D. 1871.9; Gill, T. N. 1896.2; Hollard, H. L. 1850.1; Kaup, J. J. 1853.1, 1856.2; Nardo, G. D. 1842.1. Review, Japan. Jordan, D. S. & Snyder, J. O. 1901.11.

Family Syngnathida
Pipe-fishes and Sea-horses

Taxonomy of Genera. ★Duncker, G. 1912.1. Australian forms. Duncker, G. 1909.1. - Indian forms. Duncker, G. 1910.1. - Synopsis; western North - Baltic America. Gill, T. N. 1863.24. Sea. Review of Heincke, F. 1880.1. American species. Swain, J. 1882.3. Hippocampus (Sea-horse). Natural history notes; miscellaneous accounts, descriptions, etc. Baird, S. F. 1872.17; Bert, P. 1867.3; Brittain, T. 1873.1; Dax, L. 1863.1; Gill, T. N. 1905.5: Goode, G. B. (on St. Georges Banks) 1878.8; Hutchinson, T. N. 1873.1; Shufeldt, R. W. 1895.1; Anon. 499. - Tail as a prehensile organ in Hippocampus. Dufossé, A. 1874.2.

Early descriptions, figures, etc. of the sen horse. Osburn, R. C. 1915.1; Anon. 730; Eastman, C. R. Add. 1916.2, Add. 1917.4; Moffett, T. Pre-Linn. 1634.1.

Nerophis. Natural history, occurrence, etc. Lord, J. K. 1867.4; Smith, John A. 1863.2-.4. In Ireland. Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. 1892.1. - Pelagic form. Ever

mann, B. W. & Kendall, W. C. 1908.1. In Finland. Nordqvist, O. F. 1899.8. - Off British coast. Holt, E. W. L. & Byrne, L. W. 1904.1. -Off Scotland. Young, W. S. 1863.1.

SUB-ORDER PERCESOCES Structure and taxonomy, fossil forms. Woodward, A. S. 1889.2.

Family Scombresocidæ

Taxonomy. Gill, T. N. 1896.3; Regan, C. T. 1911.7. Dutch E. Indies. Bleeker, P. 1862.1. Review, American species. Jordan, D. S. & Fordice, M. W. 1887.1. Review, Japan. Jordan, D. S. & Starks, E. C. 1903.5. Revision, African species. Boulenger, G. A. Add. 1909.1.

Phylogeny and ecology. Schlesinger, G. 1909.2.

Belone (Gar-fish). Natural history, popular accounts, descriptions, etc. Bianchi, V. 1907.1; Hutchinson, H. G. 1904.1; Anon. 298, 445; Gill, T. N. Add. 1895.1; Martini, F. H. Add. 1775.1; Schoepf, J. D. Add. 1776.1; Jacobaeus, O. Pre-Linn. 1675.1.

Exocotus (Flying-fish). Natural history notes, descriptions, etc. Brown, T. 1778.1; Lord, W. B. 1866.1. In England. Murie, J. 1905.1, 1906.1; Patterson, A. H. 1906.2; Stephenson, T. 1894.1. Taxonomy; revisions. Bleeker, P. (Indian Archip.) 1866.12; Jordan, D. S. & Meek, S. E. (America) 1886.2; Lütken, C. F. 1874.1 (vi), 1877.1,.3; Weinland, D. F. 1856.1.

For structure of pectoral fins of Exocatus in adaptation for flight, see under Fins, paired.

For flight of Exocatus, see under Flying fishes and their flight.

Hemirhamphus (Half-beak). Natural history and occurrence. Andrews, W. 1849.3; Günther, A. C. 1866.3; Malm, A. W. 1852.1; Yarrow, H. C. 1872.1. on English coast. Clarke, W. Barnard 1837.1; Couch, J. 1851.4.

Revision of species of Indian Archip. Bleeker, P. 1866.10. Synopsis of genera. Gill, T. N. 1864.13. Review, American species. Meek, S. E.

& Goss, D. K. 1885.1.

Family Ammodytida

Taxonomy. Gill, T. N. 1904.6; Regan, C. T. 1913.2. Japanese forms; review. Jordan, D. S. 1906.1.

Ammodytes (Sand-eel or Launce). Natural history notes, miscellaneous accounts, descriptions, etc. Bowman, A. 1914.1; Cisternas, R. 1875.1; ★Fullarton, J. H. 1894.1; Jourdain, S. 1879.1; Masterman, A. T. 1895.1; Pybus, W. M. 1912.1; Sandman, J. A. 1894.3; Schultén, A. B. 1874.1; Anon. 538; Martini, F. H. Add. 1775.1. Taxonomy, Finland.

1910.1.

Gottberg, G.

Chirostoma. Occurrence in - Lake Chapala, Mexico. Boulenger, G. A. 1900.7; Jordan, D. S. 1900.4. - Chile. Steindachner, F. 1896.3.

Melanotaenia and related species. Taxonomy, Australia. Ogilby, J. D. 1896.3; Gill, T. N. Add. 1894.1.

Menidia (Silverside). Notes on species in United States. Kendall, W. C. 1902.1. Family Mugilida

Тахопоту. Cuvier, G. L. 1830.1; Fowler, H. W. 1903.6. British Guiana. Hancock, J. 1830.1. Revision, American marine forms. Jordan, D. S. & Swain, J. 1885.5. Australia. Macleay, W. 1880.4.

Mugil (Mullet). Natural history notes. Carazzi, D. 1913.1; Dannevig, H. C. 1902.4; Hancock, J. 1830.1; Lloyd, W. A. 1867.1; Ninni, E. 1909.1.

Family Polynemidæ Taxonomy. Synopsis. Gill, T. N. 1862.26. Review, American species. Kirsch, P. H. 1890.1.

Family Chiasmodontidæ Taxonomy and relationships. Gill, T. N. 1883.2.

Chiasmodon (Swallower). Natural history and occurrence. Carte, A. 1866.1. In Madeira. Johnson, J. Y. 1864.1. In Indian Ocean. Smith, H. M. 1901.1. -Off Portugal. Wright, E. P. 1868.1.

Family Sphyrænidæ Тахопоту. Bleeker, P. (Indian Archipel.) 1854.6; Fowler, H. W. 1903.6.

Sphyræna (Barracuda). Taxonomy. Review, American species. Meek, S. E. & Newland, R. G. 1885.2.

Fossil in Tertiary of Tyrol. Meyer, C. E. H. 1863.2.

Occurrence on California

coast. Jordan, D. S. & Gilbert, C. H. 1880.13.

Icosteus. Description and natural history. Cohn, L. 1905.1.

and

OC

Schedophilus medusophagus (Medusa-eater). Natural history currence. Günther, A. C. (in Great Britain) 1885.1; Trois, E. F. 1900.2. Taxonomy, review. Ogilby, J. D. 1893.3.

Family Ophiocephalida

For maps showing the distribution of the Ophiocephalidæ, see Boulenger, G. A. 1904.7 (p. 645), and Meek, A. 1916.1 (p. 310).

Natural history. Köhler, W. 1907.1.
Family Anabantidæ

For maps showing the distribution of the Anabantida, see Boulenger, G. A. 1904.7 (p. 645), and Meek, A. 1916.1 (p. 311). Taxonomy. Indian Archip. Bleeker, · Asiatic species. Regan, C. General paper. Canestrini,

P. 1879.3.

T. 1909.2.

G. Add. 1860.1.

Anabas (Climbing Perch "). Natural history notes, popular articles, etc. Boake, B. 1866.1; Daldorff, D. C. 1797.1; Dobson, G. E. 1879.1; Harting, P. 1861.1; La Blanchère, P. R. H. 1874.1; Lubach, D. 1864.3; Anon. 697. For climbing habits and overland progression, see under Locomotion.

SUB-ORDER ANACANTHINI Taxonomy. Synopsis. Gill, T. N. 1884.3; Regan, C. T. 1903.10. Indian species. Day, F. 1865.2. - Philippines. Radcliffe, L. 1913.1. - Fossil. Woodward, A. S. 1889.2.

Family Macruridæ

Taxonomy. Gulf of Genoa. Canestrini, G. 1863.1. Japan. Jordan, D. S. & Gilbert, C. H. 1904.1.

--

- Antarctic. Dollo,

Family Gadida

General treatise. ★Damas, D. 1909.1. Geographical distribution. Damberk. K. 1877.1, 1879.1; Redeke, H. C. 1909.1; ★Thompson, D. W. 1910.1, 1911.1,3, 1912.3.

Natural history. Damas, D. 1909.3; Hoek, P. P. 1911.1; Petersen, C. G. 1902.3.

Spawning ground investigations. Schmidt, E. J. 1909.1. - Spawning conditions and places. Anon. 327.

Names. Brevoort, J. C.

Taxonomy and occurrence. -In Gulf of Genoa. Canestrini, G. 1863.1. -Systematic position. Dietz, P. A. 1912.1. Synopsis, North America. Gill, T. N. 1864.8..21. - Synopsis, general. Kaup, J. J. 1858.3. Gadus. 1873.4. - Taxonomy. Synopsis of species. Lütken, C. F. 1876.1 (v). - Bib and Poor Cod distinguished. McIntosh, W. C. 1886.6, 1888.1. Specific characters, with key to species found in northern waters. ★Williamson, H. C. 1902.1, 1906.1, 1909.1. Gadus æglefinus (Haddock). Complete literature, reproduction, development, etc. Plate of larval forms. ★Hock, P. 1903.1.

HellandNatural history; North sea. Hansen, B. 1909.1. - Comparison American and European specimens. Welsh, W.