Petromyzontida. Ahlborn, C. G. 1882.1, 1883.1; Alton, E. & Schlemm, F. 1838.1; Desmoulins, L. A. 1824.1, 1825.2. Myxine. Retzius, A. J. 1822.1-1828.1; Sanders, A. 1894.1. Dipnoi and Ganoidei. Handyside, P. D. 1875.1. Wiedersheim, R. E. 1880.2.

Polyodon. Protopterus.

Elasmobranchii. Onodi, A. D. 1886.1; ★Savi, P. 1844.1; Szczawinska, W. 1898.1.

Le

Teleostei. Gehuchten, A. 1894.1; Roux, M. 1887.1. - Cyprinus. Büchner, G. 1835.1. -Lepadogaster. Guitel, F. 1887.3. -Argyropelecus. Handrick, K. 1901.1. -Amiurus. Wright, R. R. 1885.3.

Development and embryology. PetromySqualus. Neal, H. V. 1915.2. - Transient zon. Shipley, A. E. 1886.1. nervous system. Selachii. Beard, J. 1892.2, 1896.1,.3,.4; Dohrn, A. 1882.2 (xvii). - Trout. Rohon, J. V. 1884.1.

Epibranchial placodes. Landacre, F. L. 1908.1, 1912.1.

For other transient nervous structures, see also Giant ganglion cells under Spinal cord.

Histology. General treatises. Hannover, A. 1844.1; Lenhossék, M. 1894.1, 1895.1; Ramon y Cajal, S. 1899.1.

In various fishes. Myxine. Holm, J. F. 1901.1. - Teleosts. Le Roux, M. 1887.1. Branchiostoma. Quatrefages,

J. L. 1845.1.

Physiology of the nervous system. For effects of extirpation of cerebrum, medulla, etc., see Physiological researches under Physiology.

For a comprehensive review of the physiology of the nervous system in all vertebrates, see Baglioni, S. Add. 1910.1.

General treatises. Girgensohn, O. G. 1846.1; ★Polimanti, O. 1911.3, 1913.1; Vulpian, E. F. 1864.1.

Miscellaneous and general. Bailly, E. M. 1824.2; Desmoulins, L. A. 1822.1, .2,.3; TreviFlourens, M. J. 1825.1; ranus, G. R. 1820.1. Oxygen metabolism. Baglioni, S. 1905.2; Buijtendijk, - Branchiostoma. F. J. 1910.1. manti, O. 1910.1.

Poli

COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM

GANGLIA AND GANGLION CELLS It has been found impossible to separate Cranial and Spinal ganglia and ganglion cells from those belonging to the peripheral nervous system.

For ganglia of particular nerves, see those nerves under Peripheral nervous system.

Development and histology. Beard, J. ★Dohrn, F. A. 1882.2 (xvii); Schaffer, J. 1896.3; Schenk, S. L. 1877.1; Schultze, H. 1878.1. Lophius. Antoni, N. 1907.1. Amphioxus. Boeke, J. 1907.3. Selachii. ★Gast, R. 1909.1. Raja. Robin, C. P. 1847.5.

Occurrence of canals and alveoli in ganglion cells. Studnička, F. K. 1903.1, Add. 1899.1.

Cranial ganglia. Anatomy. Beard, J. 1885.1, 1888.2. Salmon embryos. Fürst, C. M. 1900.2, 1901.1. -Amphioxus. Johnston, J. B. 1905.1. Development. - Elasmobranchii. Beard, J. 1888.2; Guthke, E. 1906.1 (Torpedo); ★Mitrofanov, Klinkhardt, W. 1905.1;

P. I. 1892.1.

Development of cranial ganglia, Ameiu rus. Landacre, F. L. 1910.1.

Cerebro-spinal ganglia. Histological structure. Levi, G. 1906.1; Retzius, M. G. 1880.2, (Myxine) 1890.2. Petromyzon. Tomaselli, A. 1907.1. - Selachii. Cannieu, Add. 1899.1.

Spinal ganglia and ganglion cells. Structure and development. Gehuchten, A. & Nelis, C. 1898.1; Holmgren, A. E. 1899.1, 1900.1; Kolster, R. 1899.2; Levi, G. 1911.1; Neumayer, L. 1906.1; Rawitz, B. 1882.1. Petromyzon. Freud, S. 1879.1. Amphioxus. Johnston, J. B. 1905.1. Cyclostomes. Mawas, J. 1910.2. Pristiurus. Lenhossék, M. 1892.1. - Raja. Wahlgren, F. 1852.1.

Elasmobranchii.

Development of neural crest, out of which are formed dorsal spinal ganglia. Coggi, A. 1895.1,.2; Dohrn, F. A. 1882.2 (xx), 1892.1.

Sympathetic ganglia. Anatomy and morphology. Huber, G. C. 1897.1, Add. 1899.1. - Elasmobranchii. Diamare, V. 1902.1; Pitzorno, M. 1910.1-1913.1. - Of heart, Sharks and Teleosts. Vignal, W. V. 1880.1, 1883.1.

Incertæ sedis. "Ganglienleiste," struc ture of. Boeke, J. 1903.1; Dohrn, F. A. 1882.2 (xxii); Froriep, A. 1901.1.

Miscellanea. Ganglion isthmi. Johnston, J. B. 1905.4. - Froriep's ganglion. Ostroumov, A. A. 1889.2. Subcutaneous ganglion cells, Myrine. Retzius, M. G. 1890.2. Sensory ganglia, histology. Chase, M. R. Add. 1909.1. terior ganglionic cord, Torpedo and Pristiurus. Coggi, A. 1895.2.

For segmental structure of motor nerve plexus, see under Metamerism.

Nerve tissue. Histology and development. Beard, J. 1892.1; Bornaud, E. 1887.1. - Ganoidei and Teleostei. Nemiloff, A. 1908.1; Sterzi, G. 1911.1.

For a comprehensive treatise on the tissues of the nervous system, see Held, H. 1909.1.

Nerve cells. Histological structure. Flemming, W. 1896.1; Held, H. 1896.1; Paladino, G. Jacobsohn, L. 1910.1; 1898.1; Schultze, H. 1878.1; Retzius, M. G. 1911.3. Petromyzon. Kolster, R. 1898.1 (ii), (Cottus) 1900.1; Ganoidei and Teleostei. Nemiloff, A. 1908.1. Chondrostei. Valenti, G. 1891.1.

Vacuolisation of Intra

Various researches. Athias, 1906.1. nerve cells. cortical fibers. Bottazzi, F. 1893.1. 'Myelocytes.' Chatin, J. 1889.2. Nature of pericellular network. Hatai, S. 1903.1. Neurone, significance of size. Teleneurones Johnston, J. B. 1908.3. in Leuciscus. Hoffmann, C. K. 1897.1. Holm- Intracellular fibrils, Lophius. gren, A. E. 1903.1; Mencl, E. (Scyllium) 1903.3. Physiology of nerve cells. Jacobsohn, L. 1910.1. Nomenclature of nerve cells. Nissl, K. 1895.1. Development of nerve cells in Selachii. Pighini, G. 1905.1. ·Sensory cells of Golgi. Ramon y Cajal, P. 1897.1. Canals and alveoli in axis cylinder. Studnička, F. K. Add. 1899.1.

Anatomy and morphology in various groups of fishes. Amphioxus. Ovsyannikov, F. V. 1868.1; Retzius, M. G. 1891.2; Steiner, J. 1886.3. Petromyzon.

Cyclostomata.

Des

moulins, L. A. 1825.1; Mayer, F. 1897.1. Myxine. Retzius, M. G. 1891.3. Dipnoi and Ganoidei. Dipnoi (Protopterus and Ceratodus). Burckhardt, C. R. 1891.2, 1892.2, 1905.1; Bing, R. & Burckhardt, C. 1905.1; Sanders, A. 1889.1. Polypterus. Waldschmidt, J. 1887.1.

-

Elasmobranchii. Rohon, J. V. 1877.1; Sanders, A. 1887.1; Steiner, J. 1886.2,.3. - Torpedo. Borchert, M. 1903.1, 1905.1, 1906.1. Scymnus. Burckhardt, C. R. 1907.1, (Palæo-selachii). 1911.1. Chimara. Valentin, G. G. 1842.2. Teleostei. Grette, A. 1879.1; Stieda, L. 1868.1, 1870.1. - Orthagoriscus. Haller, B. 1891.1; Tagliani, G. 1894.1, 1895.1.

Development and embryology. General treatises. Kupffer, C. W. 1906.1. - Cyclostomata and Selachii. Sterzi, G. 1907.1.

Special researches. Peter, K. 1901.1. - Teleostei. Goette, A. 1873.1 (iii), 1878.2; Goronowitsch, N. Add. 1884.1. - Central canal. Rudnev, V. G. 1894.1. Earliest differentiation. Schaper, A. Add. 1897.1.

Nervous System - Cont'd.

For formation of Medullary tube, see that heading under Embryology.

Histology. For a general account of the histological structure of the central nervous system, see Nansen, H. 1887.2.

Histological structure of the central nervous system in -Lophius. Fritsch, G. T. 1886.4. - Amphioxus. Joseph, H. 1904.1. Myrine. Nansen, F. 1885.1, 1886.1. -Esox. Neumayer, L. 1895.1. Meninges, membranes covering the central nervous system. Pigmentation

-

of sheath. Borchert, M. 1904.1. Membrana limitans externa. Retzius, M. G. 1904.2. Meninx primitiva. Sagemehl, M. 1884.1 (ii). - Ontogeny, phylogeny and anatomy. Sterzi, G. 1899.1-1902.2. Phylogeny of central nervous system. Burckhardt, C. R. 1907.1; Gaskell, W. H. 1889.1,.2; Herrick, C. J. 1910.1; Steiner, J. 1888.1.

Reissner's fiber, a cord of fibers arising in the tectum opticum of the mid-brain and extending backward throughout the central canal of the central nervous system.

For the most comprehensive study of the structure and development of Reissner's fiber, see Nicholls, G. E. 1912.2.

Anatomy, development, functions, etc. Ayers, H. (Myxinoidei) 1908.1; Dendy, A. 1913.1, Add. 1909.1; Studnička, F. K. 1899.1.

Experimental investigations indicating functions as an aid in the flexure of the body. Nicholls, G. E. 1912.1.

Considered an optic reflex apparatus for transmission of motor reflexes. Sargent, P. E. 1900.1, 1901.1, 1904.1, Add. 1901.1.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

For the innervation of particular organs, see under those organs, such as Electrical organs under Electrical fishes, Heart, Striated muscles under Myology, etc.

For peripheral terminations of nerves of special senses, see Auditory organs, Eye, Gustatory, Olfactory and Tactile organs.

For the "End organs, see under Senses and Sense organs, and Lateral line system.

For a general treatise on the anatomy and physiology of the peripheral nervous system, see Stannius, H. 1849.1.

Anatomy and morphology in various fishes. Amphioxus. Dogiel, A. S. 1903.1; Fusari, R. 1889.1; Kutchin, H. L. 1913.1. Ammocætes. Julin, C. 1888.1. Teleostei. Herrick, C. J. 1899.3; Stannius, F. H. (Gadus) 1842.2; Panschin, B. A. 1910.2. Selachii. Müller, E.

1913.1.

Development. Beard, J. 1888.3, 1890.2; His, W. 1879.1; Kerr, J. G. (Lepidosiren) 1910.5; Lenhossék, M. 1905.1; Müller, E. (Selachii) 1913.1.

Histogenesis. Harrison, R. G. 1901.1; Kolster, R. 1899.1; ★Neumayer, L. 1906.1.

Phylogenetic relations. Herrick, C. J.

1910.1.

CRANIAL NERVES

General treatises. Gaskell, W. H. 1889.2; Johnston, J. B. 1902.4.

Anatomy and morphology. Cole, F. J. 1898.1,.3, 1899.1; Gaskell, W. H. 1888.1. – Entrance of cranial nerves into medulla oblongata. Droogleever Fortuyn, A. B. 1913.1. - Spinal homologues of cranial nerves. McMurrich, J. P. 1902.1. Cyclostomata. Johnston, J. B. (PetroWorthington, myzon) 1905.2, 1908.1; Julia (Bdellostoma) 1905.2. Dipnoi. Pinkus, F. 1905.1. todus. Beauregard, H. 1883.1; W. 1882.1. G. M. 1872.2; ★Pinkus, F. 1894.1. Elasmobranchii. Ewart, J. C. 1889.1; Ewart, J. C. & Cole, F. J. 1895.1; Marshall, A. M. 1881.1; Pinkus, F. 1905.1.— Raja. Bonsdorff, E. J. 1857.1. Chimara. Cole, F. J. 1896.1, 1897.1; Cole, F. J. & Dakin, W. J. 1906.1. Torpedo. Ewart, J. C. 1890.1. Hexanchus. Gegenbaur, C. 1871.1. Chlamydoselachus. Hawkes,

-CeraWijhe, J. Protopterus. Humphry,

O. A. 1906.1. - Echinorhinus. Jackson, W. H. & Clarke, W. B. 1876.1. - Scyllium. Marshall, A. M. & Spencer, W. B. 1881.1. Acanthias. Meek, A. 1909.1; Strong, O. S. 1903.1.

Ganoidei. Wijhe, J. W. 1880.1, 1882.1. - Amia. Allis, E. P. 1895.1, 1898.2. - Acipenser. Goronowitsch, N. 1888.1; ★Johnston, J. B. 1898.1,.2.

Teleostei. Herrick, C. J. 1897.1, 1898.1. Scomber. Allis, E. P. 1903.4; Dewitz, J. 1904.1. -Gadus. Cole, F. J. 1898.1, 1900.1; Herrick, C. J. 1900.1. - Cyclothone. Gierse, A. 1904.1. Menidia. ★Herrick, C. J. 1899.1.- Silurida. 1901.1; Juge, M. 1899.1. - Esox. Panschin, B. A. 1910.1. - Macrurida. Pfüller, A. 1914.1.

Du

Origin in the cells of the brain. ★Ahlborn, C. G. 1884.1 (Petromyzon); méril, A. M., Flourens, M. J. & Duvernoy, G. L. 1854.1; Duvernoy, G. L. 1854.1; Goette, A. 1913.1; Philipeaux, J. M. & Vulpian, E. F. 1852.1; Wallenberg, A. 1907.1,.2.

Peripheral distribution of cranial nerves. In various fishes. -Ammorates. Alcock, R. 1898.1; Cole, F. J. 1898.2. Mustelus. Allis, E. P. 1901.1. Unsymmetrical distribution of cranial nerves. Collinge, W. E. 1895.3.

For the peripheral distribution of the nerves of special senses, see under organs of

Nervous System - Cont'd.

Dorsal position of either right or left nerve in the crossing is a matter of chance and not a heritable character as shown in breeding experiments with brook-trout and cod. Larrabee, A. P. 1906.1.

For changes in the optic tract accompanying migration of the eye in flatfishes, see under Pleuronectidæ. See especially Mayhoff, H. 1912.1; Williams, S. R. 1902.1.

Terminalis (Pinkus's nerve). A sensory nerve arising from the anterior part of the fore-brain and innervating the epithelium of the nasal sac. Discovered by R. Pinkus in Protopterus in 1894.

Anatomy. Amia and Lepidosteus. ★Brookover, C. 1908.1, 1909.1, 1910.1. Ameiurus. Brookover, C. & Jackson, T. S. 1911.1. Heptanchus. Burckhardt, C. R. 1906.3. Selachii. Locy, W. A. 1899.1, 1904.1, 1905.2. Selachii and Dipnoi. ★Pinkus, F. 1894.1,.2, 1905.1. - Teleosts. Sheldon, R. E. 1909.1; Sheldon, R. E. & Brookover, C. 1909.1; Giacomini, E. Add. 1914.1.

-

Various researches on N. terminalis. Development in Selachii. Belogolowy, G. 1912.1. Physiology, Selachii, Kschischkowsky, K. 1912.1. -Ganglion cells, Mustelus. McKibben, P. S. 1914.1. Trigeminal or Trifacial (V). Anatomy. Friant, A. Add. 1879.1; Valkenberg, C. T. Add. 1911.1. Gadus. Baudelot, E. 1868.9. -Muranida. Calandruccio, S. 1896.1. - Lota. Goronowitsch, N. 1897.2; Toppelius, O. A. Add. 1846.1. Various morphological papers. -Endorgans in skin, Bdellostoma. Ayers, H. & Worthington, J. 1907.1. Plexus ophthalmicus in Amia and Lepidosteus. Belogolowy, G. 1912.1. Phylogeny of trigeminal. Gaskell, W. H. 1898.1 (v, vii). -Spinal ganglia of trigeminal. Haller, B. 1910.1. Trigemino-facialis complex, Gadus and Ameiurus. Herrick, C. J. 1900.2. Mesencephalic root. Johnston, J. B. 1905.4. Parts innervated, Selachii, Ganoidei and Dipnoi. Luther, A. F. 1909.3, 1913.2. - Origin, Teleosts. Orrù, E. 1913.1.

Branches of trigeminal nerve. -Ganglia of ophthalmicus profundus in Selachii. Beard, J. 1888.1. -Mandibularis trigemini, variations, Gadus. Holmquist, O. 1913.2. Ophthalmic branch, Ameiurus. Workman, I. S. 1900.1. - Lateralis

branch, Lota and Silurus. Weber, E. H. 1827.9.

For the muscles innervated by the Trigeminal nerve, see Cranial and visceral muscles, under Myology.

Trochlearis or Patheticus (IV). Anatomy and morphology. Dohrn, F. A. 1882.2 (xxv); Fürbringer, M. 1902.1; Kappers, C. U. 1913.1; ★Neal, H. V. 1912.1, Add. 1914.1. Teleostei. Beccari, N. 1909.2; Franz, V. 1911.3. -Ganoidei. Schneider, H. 1881.1. - Ameiurus. Workman, I. S. 1900.1.

Various researches on morphology and development. - Gadus, dorsal ramus.

Baudelot, E. 1873.2, (Homologies). 1868.6. - Development, Torpedo. Froriep, A. 1891.1. Nuclei of trochlear nerve. Huet, W. G. 1911.1.

Vagus or Pneumogastric (X). Anatomy and morphology. Baudelot, E. 1868.3, 1869.1; Hoffmann, C. E. 1860.1; Moreau, F. A. 1859.1; Onodi, A. D. Add. 1887.1; Bruner, G. Add. 1893.1. -Selachii. Dohrn, F. A. 1882.2 (xix, xxi). -Cyclostomata. Ransom, W. B. & Thompson, D. W. 1886.1.

Teleostei. - Gadus. Baudelot, E. 1868.9. - Orthagoriscus. Sauvage, H. E. 1910.1. Anguilla. Waga, T. 1896.1. Researches on origin and histology of vagus. Teleostei. ★Haller, B. 1895.1, 1896.1. Selachii. Rohon, J. V. 1878.1; Shore, T. W. 1889.1.

Rate

Physiology. Influence of section of nerve on gases of air bladder. Bohr, C. 1894.1. Influence of pneumogastric on heart, sharks. Cadiat, L. O. 1879.1.of impulse, Bdellostoma. Carlson, A. J. 1904.2. -General account of physiology of vagus. Hoffmann, C. E. 1860.1.

Lateralis system of vagus nerve. ★Fée, F. 1866.1, Add. 1869.1. Selachian embryos. Dohrn, F. A. 1882.2 (xix). -Lota and Silurus. Weber, E. H. 1827.9.

SPINAL NERVES

Anatomy and morphology. Baudelot, E. 1868.11; Gaskell, W. H. 1888.1; Trinci, G. 1905.1, 1906.1. Amphioxus. Balfour, F. M. 1876.3. Elasmobranchii. Ewart, J. C. & Cole, F. J. 1895.1. Chlamydoselachus. Hawkes, O. A. 1906.1.

Cyclostomata. Ransom, W. B. & Thompson, D. W. 1886.1; Schneider, A.

F. 1880.2.

Anatomy in Teleostei. - Teleosts. Allis, E. P. 1898.2. First spinal nerves, Amia and Scomber. Allis, E. P. 1895.1. 1898.1,.2, 1903.4. Scomber. Dewitz, J. 1904.1. Menidia. Herrick, C. J. 1899.1. Various anatomical items. Distribution, Elasmobranchii. Bardeen, C. R. 1904.1. - Ventral ramus, anterior spinal nerves, Selachians. Braus, H. 1892.1.

Conceived as a complex of two separate nerves. Wijhe, J. W. 1897.1.

Development. Elasmobranchii. Bal four, F. M. 1875.2. Motor nerves, Selachii. Dohrn, F. A. 1882.2 (xiv). -Ventral development. Neal, H. V. 1900.1, 1903.1. - General account of development. Sagemehl, M. 1882.1.

SPINO-OCCIPITAL NERVES Development, homologies, and morphology. - Homologies, Amia and telcosts. Allis, E. P. 1898.1. Development, Selachii. Braus, H. 1899.1. -Morphology in Holocephali. Fürbringer, M. 1896.1. In Amia. Ganfini, C. 1912.1. - In Teleostei. Supino, F. 1907.3. - In Ammocates. Wiedersheim, R. E. 1869.1, 1879.1, 1880.1,.3.