Germany. Schoenichen, W. 1904.1. Wrangelsburg (Prussia), 1863. Clunie, J. & Boll, E. 1863.1. In Spree R. Potters, K. 1896.1. In Neckar and Rhine rivers. Zimmermann, E. R. 1907.1.

Italy. Lake Comacchio: for epidemic destructive to eel (Pestis rubra anguillarum), see Diseases caused by Bacteria under Pathology.

Russia.

Goktscha lake. Lebedintsev,

A. A. 1905.4. Reval. Murzajev, B. B. 1909.1. Malmby creek, Finland. Nordqvist, O. F. 1902.2. Switzerland. Esox in Lake Geneva, 1887. Blanc, H. 1888.1; Fatio, V. 1887.1, Add. 1887.1. Alosa finta (Agoni) in Lake Lugano. Heuscher, J. 1905.1; Mazzarelli, G. F. 1904.2, 1905.3, 1909.1; Studer, T. 1902.1.

Mortality in Gulf of Mexico and along Florida coast, and theories concerning causes, probably seismological or volcanic so-called "poisoned water." Glennan, A. H. 1887.1; Moore, M. A. 1881.1; Nuñez Ortega, A. 1877.1,.2, 1879.1; Pierce, H. D. 1883.1, 1884.1; Stearns, S. 1878.2; Walker, S. T. 1883.1; Webb, J. G. 1886.1.

See also Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 1, 1878, pp. 244-246, 363-364; vol. 4, 1881, pp. 74-80, 121-127, 205; vol. 6, 1883, pp. 105-106.

For a recent review, see Taylor, H. F. in Rept. U. S. Bureau Fisheries, 1917, Append.

MUSEUMS OF THE WORLD

No attempt has been made here to notice the literature relating to researches on material in the various museums. The publications of the museums concerned ordinarily comprise the bulk of such contributions.

The following list includes guide-books, and lists or catalogues of particular or special collections.

For plans for exhibition of fishes, methods of installation, taxidermy, etc., see under Collection, preservation and exhibition.

ASIATIC MUSEUMS

Indian Museum at Calcutta: guide. Alcock, A. W. 1899.2.

Museum Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.; catalogue. Bassett-Smith, P. W. 1897.1.

Government Central Museum, Madras; cat. Bidie, W. 1874.1.

Colombo Museum, Ceylon; notes. Haly, A. 1886.1. -Guide. Willey, A. 1906.1.

Japan: Imperial Museum, Tokyo; catalogue. Ishikawa, C. & Matsuura, K. 1897.1.

Siberia: Government Museum at Tobolsk. Pignatti, V. 1910.1.

Singapore: Raffles Museum; report, 1903. Hanitsch, R. 1904.1.

66

See also Notes on Asiatic Museums " by B. Dean in Pop. Sci. Monthly, 1906, pp. 481-497.

AUSTRALIAN MUSEUMS Queensland Museum; exhibit. Ogilby, J. D. 1907.1.

EUROPEAN MUSEUMS Austria-Hungary: Zagreb Zool. Museum; Cat. Langhoffer, A. 1904.1.

University of Vienna; Zool.-Comp. Anat. Coll. Werner, Franz. 1904.1.

Salzburg Municipal Museum, notice of. Zetter, J. T. 1859.1.

Belgium and Luxembourg: Luxembourg Nat. Hist. Museum; cat. Congo fishes. Boulenger, G. A. 1909.1.

Brussels, Royal Museum; exhibit, fossil fishes. Dupont, E. F. 1887.1.

British Isles: Bibliography, Museums of United Kingdom. 3 vols. Murray, D. Add. 1904.1.

Bath Museum; list, fossil types. Wilson, E. 1892.1. Moore fossil coll., list. Winwood, H. H. 1905.1.

Brighton Museum; cat., fossils. Willett, H. 1871.1.

Cretaceous

Bristol Museum, List, fossil types. Wilson, E. 1890.1.

Cambridge; Geol. Museum Cambridge Univ.; vertebrate fossils. M'Coy, F. 1854.1. Woodwardian Museum; cat., type fossils. Woods, H. 1891.1, 1893.1; Woodward, J. Pre-Linn. 1728.2.

Gosport; Haslar Hospital Museum. Baikie, W. B. Add. 1852.2.

Liverpool Univ. College; cat., fisheries coll. Herdman, W. A. 1897.1; Herdman & Scott, A. 1897.1.

London; British Museum; catalogue. Boulenger, G. A. 1895.2. Guides. Günther, A. C. 1859.1, 1887.2; Ridewood, W. G. 1908.1. -List. Gray, J. E. 1851.1. Catalogues of fossil coll. Davies, W. 1871.1; Woodward, A. S. 1885.1, 1889.2, 1904.2, 1905.1. Fossil collections of Lord Cole and Sir Philip Grey-Egerton. Egerton, P. G. 1836.1, 1841.1, 1869.1. -Linnaan Coll. Goode, G. B. & Bean, T. H. 1885.4; Günther, A. C. 1899.2. -L. T. Gronow coll., cat. See also under Denmark, below. Gray, J. E. 1854.1. Types American fishes. Jordan, D. S. 1880.4, 1884.4. · Museum Petiveriani; description. Petiver, J. Pre-Linn. 1695.1. Catalogue, J. Banks' coll. Dryander, J. Add. 1796.1.

London; Royal College of Surgeons. Teratological series, cat. Lowne, B. T. 1893.1.-Fossils; cat. Owen, R. 1854.1.

Physiol, series comp. anat., cat. Owen, R. Add. 1833.1; Stewart, C. Add. 1900.1. London; Collection of fossils of J. Tennant; catalogue. Woodward, S. P. 1858.1.

Museum of Field Naturalists & Scientific Soc., Malton, Yorkshire; fossil coll. Woodward, A. S. 1889.12.

Manchester; Owens College; catalogue of types and figured specimens in geol. dept. Bolton, H. 1893.1, 1894.1.

rius, under Germany (Gottorp), and Seba, under Netherlands (Amsterdam). Tiflis; Caucasian Museum; account. Radde, G. F. 1899.1.

Spain: Madrid; Real gabinete de historia natural. Bru de Ramon, J. B. 1786.1. Instituto de Jovellanos. Jiménez de Cisneros, D. 1904.1.

Sevilla; University Museum. Calderon y Arana, L. Add. 1889.1.

Sweden: Stockholm; Museum AdolphoFriderici, Palace of Ulricsdahl, descrip tions. Balk, L. Pre-Linn. 1749.1; næus, C. Pre-Linn. 1754.1.

Lin

Upsala; Univ. Thunberg, C. P. 1787.1. Linnæan type-specimens. Lönnberg, A. J. 1896.3. - List of Japanese fishes. Nyström, E. 1887.1.

Switzerland: Geneva; Nat. Hist. Museum; fossil fishes. Woodward, A. S. 1898.5.

NORTH AMERICAN MUSEUMS Canada: Fisheries Museum; reports. Halkett, A. 1905.3, 1907.1, 1910.2.

Mexico: Museo Nacional; cat. Herrera. A. L. 1896.1.

United States

Connecticut: Yale Univ.; Triassic coll. Eaton, G. F. 1903.1. Wesleyan Univ. Goode, G. B. 1877.1, 1878.12, 1879.4.

District of Columbia: Washington; U.S. National Museum. -Reports. Bean, T. H. 1884.9, 1889.18, 1890.25, Add. 1885.11893.1. Collection of European fishes. Bean, T. H. 1879.7. Selachians. Garman, S. 1885.4. List of publications. Geare, R. I. 1906.1. Fossil coll. List of type specimens. Merrill, G. P. 1907.1. Collection of Prof. O. C. Marsh. Walcott, C. D. 1900.1.-Fossil fishes. Eastman, C. R. Add. 1917.3. Mounted collection.

Shufeldt, R. W. 1894.2,.3.

Washington:

Smithsonian Institution. - List of publications, 1846-1903. Rhees, W. J. 1882.1, 1903.1. - History. Gill, T. N. Add. 1897.2.

Hist.

Massachusetts: Boston; Boston Soc. Nat. - reports. Putnam, F. W. 1861.1, - Ad1863.1, 1866.8, 1869.2, Add. 1868.1. ditions to collections, 1842. Storer, D. H. 1844.13,.14,.16.

Mass.: Cambridge; Museum Comp. Zool. - CalGarman, S. 1879.1, 1881.1, 1890.5. lionymide and Gobiida. Eigenmann, C. H. & Eigenmann, R. S. 1882.2, 1888.2. New York: Albany; State Museum. Anon. 341, 342. Type specimens Paleozoic fossils; cat. Clarke, J. M. 1903.1. Accessions, 1849-1850. Gebhard, J. 1850.1.

New York: American Museum of Natural History. - Exhibit of fishes. Nichols, J. T. 1910.1. Paleontological coll.; general account. Dean, B. 1904.3; additions to Devonian coll. 1899.1, Jay Terrell coll. 1900.3, restorations. 1911.2, 1912.3,.4, 1914.1; catalogue. Hussakof, L. 1908.1; progress of paleontology. Hay, O. P. 1905.1; history of fossil collection. Hovey, E. O. 1900.1. cat., fossil types. Whitfield, R. P. & Hovey, E. O. 1900.1.

Ohio: Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. cat. James, J. F. 1887.1.

Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Acad. Nat. Sci. Types of fishes. Fowler, H. W. 1902.5. - Index to scientific contents of the Journal and Proceedings. 1812-1912. Nolan, E. J. 1913.1.

Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh; Carnegie Mus.; cat., fossil fishes. Eastman, C. R. 1911.1.

Texas: University of Texas; list of fossil types. Montgomery, T. H. 1904.1.

SOUTH AMERICAN MUSEUMS Brazil: Rio de Janeiro; Museu Nacional. Ribeiro, A. 1903.1, 1904.1. Para; Museu Goeldi. Snethlage, E. 1909.1. Chile: Santiago; Museo Nacional; cat. Quijada, B. 1912.1, 1913.1.

MYOLOGY (OF FISHES)

Comprising the structure and development of the muscular system.

For the eye muscles, see Oculo-motor apparatus under Eye.

The heart muscles are included with and treated under Heart.

For the electrical organs, which are derivatives of, or which are transformed muscles, see under Electrical Fishes.

For the general function of the muscles, see under Locomotion.

For technique in the study of muscular contraction in respiration, see under Technique and Methods.

For the chemical composition of the muscles, see Analysis of flesh under Chemistry.

For an excellent treatise in English on the musculature of the salmon which may be used as a manual for the dissection of the muscles of a typical bony fish or teleost, see ★Greene, C. W. & Greene, C. H. Add. 1914.1.

Another valuable paper, on the myology of Amiurus, is ★McMurrich, J. P. 1884.1.

Development of muscles

For an excellent general account, in German, of the development of the muscular with system, a full bibliography, ★Maurer, F. 1906.1.

see

Miscellaneous and general. Balfour, F. M. 1877.1; ★Braus, H. 1898.1, 1899.1; Gad, 1877.1; Lebert, H. 1849.1; SchmalMaurer, F. 1894.1-1912.1; hausen, J. J. 1912.1 (i). differentiation of myotome and sclerotome. ★Sunier, A. L. J. 1911.1.

fishes.

- Early stages in

Development of the muscles in various - Elasmobranchii. Kastschenko, N. 1890.2; Schneider, A. F. 1890.2; - Petromyzon ★Kaestner, S. Add. 1892.1.

Schiefferdecker, P. 1911.1. Vialleton, L. 1902.3.

Teleostei.

Histology of striated muscle Miscellaneous and general. Baumhauer, E. H. 1848.2; Bornaud, E. 1887.2; Emery, C. 1881.1; ★Hirschler, J. 1910.1; Munk, H. ★Länsimäki, T. A. 1910.1;

1858.1; Leeuwenhoek, A. Pre-Linn. 1723.1.

Be

Innervation of striated muscle Being chiefly the peripheral terminations of motor nerves in the voluntary or striated muscle fibers. Baglioni, S. 1909.1; lousov, N. 1909.1; Bisselick, J. W. 1905.1; Boeke, J. 1902.2, 1908.2; Cavalié, M. 1902.1, 1904.3; Ciaccio, G. V. 1877.2, .3, 1882.1, 1883.1; Fusari, R. 1901.1, 1905.1; Giacomini, E. 1898.2,.3; Huber, G. C. & De Witt, L. 1898.1; Kallius, E. 1897.1; Razzauti, A. 1914.1; Retzius, M. G. 1892.7; Supino, F. 1898.1; Trinchese, S. 1892.1; Wikström, D. A. 1897.1, 1903.1.

Demonstration of continuity between nerve cell and muscle cell from the very first separation of the two sets of elements (Lepidosiren). Kerr, J. G. 1902.1, 1904.2.

Innervation of striated muscles by sensory nerves. Poloumordwinoff, D. 1899.1, 1902.2; Wunderer, H. 1908.1.

ANATOMY OF MUSCLES
Musculature in general

The following references, in general, include the complete muscular system, i. e., both cranial and body musculature.

Miscellaneous and general. Baudelot, E. 1867.1; Carlisle, A. 1805.1; Jaquet, M. 1897.2; Kuhl, H. & Hasselt, J. K. 1820.1, 1824.1.

Muscular system of Amphioxus. Grenacher, H. 1867.1; Rhode, E. 1892.1.

Anatomy of muscles of Cyclostomata. Myxinida. Cole, F. J. 1905.1 (ii). ·Cyclostomata. Grenacher, H. 1867.1. Petromyzon. Stannius, F. H. 1851.1.

Structure of the muscles in Elasmobranchii. Chaine, J. 1902.1. Mustelus. Humphry, G. M. 1872.3. Raja. Ranvier, L. A. 1873.1.

Morphology of the muscles in Ganoidei and Dipnoi. Polyodon. Danforth, C. H. 1913.1; Handyside, P. D. 1875.1 (ii). - Neoceratodus and Protopterus. Humphry, G. M. 1872.1.

Plectognaths. Rosén, N. 1912.1 (iv). Carassius. Schiefferdecker, P. 1909.1. - Luvarus. Haller, B. Add. 1881.1.

MYOMERES OR MYOTOMES

The muscle-masses of Teleosts are composed on each side of a series of transverse segments (myomeres) which are separated from each other by bands or fascia of fibrous connective tissue (myosepta or myocommata).

Variation in form or shape and arrangement of myomeres. Anderson, R. J. 1889.1; Dietz, P. A. 1909.1, 1913.1; Houssay, F. 1909.2, 1912.2; Wikström, D. A. 1897.1, 1903.1.

Trunk-myotome form in Petromyzon and Acanthias. Langelaan, J. W. 1904.1. Trunk-myotome form as influenced by fins. Tricht, B. 1907.1,.2.

Actual counts of the number of myomeres in numerous adult selachians and teleosts. Magnan, A. & La Riboisiere, J. 1912.1.

Cranial and visceral muscles

Muscles with their insertions in the jaws and visceral arches and serving to move these structures. Inclusive of mandibular and pharyngeal muscles.

A noteworthy treatise on the cranial and visceral musculature of Amia, with magnificent illustrations, is that of Allis, E. P. 1895.1, 1898.2.

For a general treatise on the embryological development and homologies of the cranial muscles of vertebrates including fishes, see Edgeworth, F. H. 1911.1.

For an illuminative paper in English on the morphology of the visceral muscles of Selachii, see Marion, G. E. 1905.1.

A recent treatise summarizing the homol ogies of the several jaw muscles throughout the vertebrate series is "A memoir on the phylogeny of the jaw muscles in recent and fossil vertebrates by L. A. Adams. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1919, vol. 28, pp. 51-166, pls. i-xiii.

Muscles of the jaws, adductor and depressor mandibulæ, etc., respectively closing and opening the mouth. They include as parts, the M. constrictor I. dorsalis (M. levator maxillæ superioris),M. levator palatoquadrati, M. spiracularis, etc. These muscles are innervated by the trigeminal and facial nerves.

Structure in Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays). Edgeworth, T. H. 1902.1; Fürbringer, M. 1895.1; Luther, A. F. 1909.3, 1913.2; Marion, G. E. 1905.1; ★Tiesing, B. 1895.1.

Structure in Teleostei. Arcangeli, A. 1911.1; Ayres, W. O. 1848.5; Chaine, J. 1904.1, 1905.2; ★Vetter, B. 1878.1; Dietz, P. A. 1912.2, Add. 1914.1. Gadus. Holmquist, O. 1911.1. - Silurus glanis. ★Juge, M. 1899.1.

FürDinichthys. Amia. Me- Hypoglossus Neal, H. V.

Structure in - Cyclostomata. bringer, P. 1874.1, 1875.1. Gregory, W. K. 1915.2. Murrich, J. P. 1885.1. musculature, development.

1897.1. -General. Teutleben, E. Add. 1874.1.

Branchial or respiratory musculature, or the mechanism for opening and closing the gill clefts, including both internal and external interbranchials. The preceding references also include this subject. Albrecht, P. 1876.1; Bazin, A. 1839.2,.3; Borcéa,

J. 1907.1,.4; Favaro, G. 1902.1; McWilliam, J. A. 1885.1; Remak, R. 1843.1.

Musculus protractor hyoidei (M. geniohyoideus, auct.), extending from ceratohyal to symphysis of dentary. ★Albrecht, P. 1876.1; Anderson, R. J. 1881.1; Chaine, J. 1900.2, 1901.1; Holmquist, O. 1910.1, 1911.1, 1913.1, Add. 1910.1; Rouvière, H. Add. 1906.1; Zavattari, E. Add. 1910.1.

Limb and trunk muscles

By morphologists (Gegenbaur, Kingsley et al.) the trunk musculature is regarded as divisible horizontally into dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) portions, the line of division being marked by a horizontal partition of connective tissue.

The following references, chiefly to teleosts, include in general the structure of the entire trunk musculature including the muscles of the fins. Chevrel, R. 1913.1; Greene, C. W. 1913.1; Hartmann, R. 1881.1; Hindersson, H. A. 1910.1; Knauer, F. K. 1910.1; ★Maurer, F. 1892.1-1912.1; Reichert, C. B. 1871.1; Schmalhausen,

J. J. 1912.1 (ii).

Musculature of dorsal fin in — Motella. Bogoljubsky, S. 1908.1 Hippocampus. Ranvier, L. A. 1874.1; Rollett, A. 1888.1; Schultze, O. 1911.1.

Supracarinales of Teleostei. Favaro, G. 1902.2. "Rectus abdominis" of Petromyzon. Schneider, A. F. 1882.1.

Dorso-ventral division of lateral muscles considered empirical, and lateral muscle in teleosts regarded as composed of a single layer. Shann, E. W.-1914.1.

MYTHOLOGY AND SYMBOLISM

For the Christian fish symbol, see under Theology.

For a valuable recent work in English, treating extensively the mythology and symbolism of fishes among the Greeks and Romans, Egyptians, and Assyrians, see Wm. Radcliffe, "Fishing from the earliest times," London. 1921. 478 p. General treatises. Folk-lore and legends; fictitious and mythical fishes, etc. ★Gubernatis, A. 1872.1; Hulme, F. E. 1895.1; Robinson, P. S. 1883.1; Vinycomb, J. 1906.1; Watkins, M. G. 1896.1; Sebillot, P. Add. 1901.1.

The great sea-serpent, its identification with fishes. Collett, R. 1884.1; Holder, C. F. 1903.3; Holder, C. F. & Jordan, D. S. 1913.1; ★Oudemans, A. C. 1893.1; Smith, H. M. 1904.1; Anon. 496.

Fishes as mystic symbols in China and Japan. Carus, P. 1911.1; Laufer, B. 1912.1. - Fish symbol of Egyptian paintings. Mahler, E. 1913.1. - Fish and

water symbols. Norwood, J. W. 1912.1. -The fish as a sexual symbol. Eisler, R. Add. 1914.1.

Ichthyophobia or taboo of fish. Matthews, W. 1898.1. Fish totems in Torres Straits and New Guinea. Haddon, A. C. & Rivers, W. H. Add. 1904.1; Seligmann, C. G. Add. 1910.1. Fishing myths and ceremonies in the Malay Peninsula. Skeat, W. W. Add. 1900.1.

Hieroglyphics or markings believed or alleged to have been found on fishes. PreLinn. refs. Bartholinus, T. 1654.1; Döbel, H. W. 1718.1; Francus, A. 1591.1; Jeraucurius, A. 1588.1; Simson, A. 1622.1.

Miscellaneous papers on mythology. Anon. 738; Eckstein, K. Add. 1911.1. - Pre-Linn. refs. Castrillo, H. 1692.1; Kornmann, H. 1666.1; Lemnius, L. 1559.1; Picinelli, D. F. 1670.1; Rondelet, G. 1558.1; Vogelhaupt, J. 1670.1. "Trees producing fish." Duret, C. 1605.1.

Fishes in heraldry. Use of fishes in armorial bearings, seals, etc. Robinson, P. S. 1883.1; Moule, T. Add. 1842.1; Schulenberg, W. Add. 1911.1; Peacham, H. Pre-Linn. 1627.1.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Comprising the morphology, development and physiology of the nervous mechanism.

Many of the parts of the nervous system have been treated separately. See Auditory organs, Brain, Eye, Gustatory organs, Lateral line system, Olfactory organs, Spinal cord, etc.

Anatomy and morphology in general. Reference should also be made to the various subdivisions of the nervous system below for the literature relating specifically to these constituent parts.

General treatises. Baudelot, E. 1883.1; Girgensohn, O. G. 1846.1; Johnston, J. B. 1906.1, 1907.1, 1913.1; Key, A. & Retzius, G. 1875.1.

Apáthy, S.

Bazin, A. Cortese, F.

Miscellaneous and general. 1895.1; Bailly, E. M. 1824.2; 1839.4; Bellonci, G. 1880.1; 1846.1; Desmoulins, L. A. 1822.1,.2,.3; Dubreuil, E. 1885.1; Ebel, J. G. 1788.1;