1867.1; Malmgren, A. J. 1869.2,.6, 1885.1, 1887.1; Näs, J. 1895.1-1900.1; Nordqvist, O. F. 1890.1-1906.1; Palander, L. 1767.1; Räihä, 1893.1; Rein, G. 1864.1, 1867.1; Reuter, O. O. 1889.11896.1, 1900.1; Rosberg, J. E. 1891.11900.2; Roschier, 1826.1; Rosendal, P. 1893.1; Runeberg, E. O. 1758.1; Ryder, J. A. 1896.2; Salenius, J. M. 1871.1; Sandman, J. A. 1892.1-1900.1; Sars, G. O. 1868.2; Saurén, H. 1895.1; Schneider, G. 1902.5, 1904.2,.8, 1905.3; Sjöberg, H. R. 1895.1-1903.1; Snellman, R. W. 1899.1..2; Stabrowski, X. 1894.1; Stadius, A. 1893.1; Stenbäck, J. 1894.1; Stiervald, C. F. 1774.1; Tammelander, A. 1893.1; Ticcander, M. 1792.1; Wallenius, E. 1896.1, 1898.1; Wallenius, J. F. 1814.1; Warelius, A. 1855.1; Wikberg, E. 1895.1.

Aland Islands. Forsberg, A. 1893.11899.1; Holmberg, H. J. 1859.1; Nordström, J. A. 1900.1; Oehberg, A. 1897.1; Willebrand, K. F. 1864.1.

Lapland: Breitfuss, L. L. 1905.1; Fabritius, W. 1910.1; Hellander, A. 1772.1; Lidbeck, E. G. 1764.1; Schultz, A. 1873.1, 1874.1, 1876.1; Stjernvall, H. J. 1893.1; Tornaeus, J. J. 1772.1; Hallström, G. Add. 1911.1.

N. W. Russia: Chiefly Archangel Govt. and Baltic Provinces. Ekman, F. J. 1847.1; Golubcov, N. A. 1910.1; Grimm, O. 1902.1, 1905.3; Knipovich, N. M. 1897.1; Samsonov, N. A. 1910.1; Schneider, G. 1903.9, 1909.10, 1910.2; Tiesler, W. 1903.1; Zur Mühlen, M. 1911.27; Anon. 223.

SPAIN

General treatises. Ashworth, T. & Ashworth, E. 1857.1; Pardo y Puzo, A. 1907.1; Salas, J. & Garcia Solá, F. 1876.1; ★Sañez Reguart, A. 1791.1; Valverde, - 1879.1. See also" Monographie de la pêche maritime en Espagne." Stenograph. Protokoll, Verhandl. internat. Fischerei-Kongresses, Wien, 1905 (1906). Bibliography. Jordana y Morera, J.

1873.1.

Various references. Albert I, H. C. 1887.2; Alonso Lopez, J. 1820.1; Amengual, R. 1912.1; Borja y Goyeneche, J. 1902.1, Add. 1907.1;. Cisternas, R. 1867.1; Cornide, J. 1774.1-1788.1; García Solá, F. 1883.1; Graells, M. 1869.2; Larruga, D. E. 1798.1; Nava y Caveda, H. 1878.1; Reed, D. T. 1885.1; Fernandez, C. Add. 1850.1, 1868.1.

SWEDEN

The work of the Swedish section of the International Commission is published in the Svenska Hydrografisk-biologiska Kommissioners Skrifter. The reader should consult also a monthly journal, the Svensk Fiskeritidskrift published at Stockholm, and a fortnightly paper, the Fiskerierna, published at Göteborg.

General treatises. Cederström, G. C. 1857.1; Ekström, C. 1830.1, 1835.1

(Mörkö Skärgård);

Lilljeborg, W.

1884.1; Limborg, H. 1880.1; ★Lundberg, R. 1886.1; Nordqvist, O. F. 1911.3; S., T. S. 1778.1; Sundström, C. R. 1886.1; Widegren, H. 1866.1; Yhlen, G. 1880.1. International fisheries conference at Stockholm, June 15-23, 1899. Allen, E. J.

1899.1.
Lake and river fisheries. Hetting, M.
G. 1866.3; Klingspor, D. M. 1911.1;
Limborg, H. 1894.1-.5,.7, 1895.1; Ling,
J. A. 1901.1.

Miscellanea, chiefly marine fisheries. Andersen, O. 1868.1,.2, 1872.1; Andrée, A. 1850.1; Annerstedt, L. 1894.1; Ekström, C. 1850.1; Friedel, E. 1875.1; ★Lönnberg, A. J. 1894.7, 1895.1, 1897.2, 1899.4, 1900.9, 1907.3, 1911.4; Lundberg, R. 1886.1-1899.1; Nordqvist, O. F. 1911.3, 1912.2; Reuter, O. O. 1889.1; Schneider, G. 1909.2,.7; Smitt, F. A. 1883.1; Tilljeborg, W. 1881.1; Trybom, F. 1887.2, 1901.1, 1903.1; Wahlberg, Y. Y. 1903.1; Wheelwright, H. W. 1864.1; Widegren, H. 1860.1-1880.1; Wollebæk, A. 1904.1, 1905.1; Anon. 679; Marin, G. Add. 1774.1, 1781.1; Strøm, H. Add. 1782.1.

Pre-Linn. references. Brander, F. R. 1751.1; Carleson, E. 1754.1; Enholm, J. E. 1753.4; Eslenberg, C. 1750.1. Bohuslän), see under Fisheries, Herring, For Swedish herring fisheries (chiefly of

above.

SWITZERLAND

Bibliographies. Coaz, J. 1883.1, 1898.1; Anon. 244.

Miscellanea, reports, statistics, etc. Asper, G. 1883.1-1891.1; Borne, M. 1882.1; Estermann, W. 1875.1; Fankhauser, F. 1906.1; Fuhrmann, O. 1904.2,.3, 1906.1; Gloenkler, K. 1895.1; Goll, H. 1893.1,.2; Heuscher, J. 1897.1; Hofer, J. 1897.1; Liebenau, T. 1893.1-1897.1; Madörin, A. 1885.1; Merz-Diebold, W. 1896.1; Plattner, S. 1879.1; Salis, S. R. 1893.1; Schinz, H. R. 1787.1; Schoch, G. 1890.2, 1891.3, 1893.2, 1896.1; Sulzer, J. 1880.1; Surbeck, G. 1910.3, 1911.10, 1915.1,.4; Weith, W. 1880.1; Wittmack, M. C. 1875.1; Anon. 244, 383, 577.

-

Lake fisheries: Heuscher, J. 1893.2, 1901.1, 1903.1,.2, 1906.1; Zacharias, E. O. 1905.2. Lake of Bienne. Hirt, F. 1896.1, 1897.1. Neuchâtel Lake. SavoiePetitpierre, 1901.1. Sarnen Lake. Kuechler, A. 1895.1.- Sempacher See. Heuscher, J. 1895.1; Liebenau, T. [n. d.]; Zwimpfer, L. 1869.1. Thunersee. Gilleron-Fuhrer, 1894.1; Heuscher, J. 1901.1, 1903.1; Türler, H. 1895.1. Wallensee. Heuscher, J. 1905.2; Steinmüller, J. R. 1827.1.- Lake of Zug. Heuscher, J. 1893.1.

Lake of Constance (Bodensee).

Coaz,

J. 1892.1; Hartmann, W. 1870.1; ★Heuscher, J. 1903.1, Add. 1911.1; Hirn, R. 1896.1; Läubli, G. 1880.1; Metz, A. 1888.1; Mörikofer, J. C. 1853.1; Nenning, S. V. 1834.1; Nüsslin,

Fisheries Cont'd.

O. 1882.2, 1907.3; Rauch, G. 1896.1; Schoch, G. 1895.1; Stoffel, F. 1906.1; Surbeck, G. 1904.2, 1914.1, 1915.3, 1916.1; Anon. 678; Strigel, A. Add. 1910.1.

Lake Geneva. Dessaix, J. 1868.1; Forel, F. A. 1901.3, 1906.2, 1909.1; Frossard de Saugny, E. 1884.1; Lugrin, Fr. 1893.1; Naville, Add. 1762.1,.2.

Various localities: Appenzell (Canton). Heuscher, J. 1894.3. Basel (Canton). Schönberg, G. 1879.1; Surbeck, G. 1915.2; Vetter, J. 1864.1 (Gen. treat.); Anon. 222. Schaffhausen (Canton). Moser-Ott, 1880.1,.2. - St. Gall (Canton). Heuscher, J. 1894.2; Naegeli, L. & Mächler, A. 1899.1; Pfyffer, C. 1858.1; Schoch, G. 1890.3; Wartmann, F. B. 1868.1; Wulpillier, P. (History) 1896.1. Ticino (Canton). Pavesi, P. 1871.1; Regazzoni, I. 1864.1. Vaud (Canton). Bridel, 1818.1; Matthey, L. 1880.2, 1883.1. Zug (Canton). Wickart, A. (Gen. treat.) 1891.1. - Zürich (Canton). Heuscher, J. 1894.1, 1905.2; Hulftlegger, H. 1891.1, 1893.1, 1896.1, 1904.1; Meister, U. 1894.1; Escher, H. Pre-Linn. 1692.1.

TURKEY

Der Fischmarkt in Konstantinopel. Schleiff, V. 1902.1.

OCEANICA

Native fishing in various island groups of Oceanica. Alexander, A. B. 1902.1.

Australia: (including Tasmania). Alexander, J. E. 1869.2,.4; Brown, G.

1912.1; Waite, E. R. 1900.2; Kent, W. S. Add. 1897.1. See also T. C. Roughley Fishes of Australia and their Technology." Sydney, 1916. 296 p. pls.

New South Wales. Collins, J. W. 1883.2; Ramsay, E. P. 1883.3; Stead, D. G. 1908.1, 1910.1, 1911.3; ★Thompson, L. G. 1893.1; Waite, E. R. 1898.1,.2; Willey, A. 1908.1; Woods, J. E. 1882.1, 1888.1; Zietz, A. 1902.1.

Queensland. Ogilby, J. D. 1913.1, 1915.2. Tasmania. Allport, M. 1869.2; Johnston, R. M. 1890.1; Spencer, O. M.

1885.1.

Victoria. Castelnau, F. L. 1872.2, 1874.1; Lang, G. S. 1864.2.

Dutch East Indies: Koningsberger, J. C. 1907.1; Sunier, A. L. 1914.1; Verloop, G. N. 1904.1,.2; Weber, M. 1913.1; Anon. 711, 712; Knebel, C. Add. 1881.1; Popta, C. Add. 1905.1.

Borneo. Low, H. 1848.1.
Java.

Roosendaal, A. M. 1910.1,.2; M., Add. 1905.1.

New Guinea. Erdweg, P. M. Add. 1902.1.

Sumatra. Kampen, P. N. 1908.2, 1909.1,.2; Marsden, W. 1811.1.

Hawaiian Is.: Beckley, E. M. 1883.1, Add. 1887.1; Cobb, J. N. 1902.1, Jordan, D. S. & Ever

1909.2, 1912.2; mann, B. W. 1902.2.

New Zealand: Brown, G. 1912.1; Thomson, G. M. 1898.1; Thomson, P. 1877.1, 1879.1.

Philippine Is.: Seale, A. 1908.1,

1911.1.

Samoan Is.: Demandt, E. Add. 1913.1.

FISHING METHODS

See also section on Angling.

For apparatus used in commercial fisheries, such as seines, nets, boats, etc., see Apparatus & Appliances, under Fisheries.

For prehistoric fishing implements, see under Archaeology.

For a valuable recent work in English, with chapters including discussions of the first use of the artificial fly and rod, and curious methods of fishing, etc., among the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, and Assyrians, see Wm. Radcliffe. Fishing from the earliest times." London. 1921. 478 p.

ills.

- Ef-

1907.1; Albertis, L. Add. 1881.1.
fects on study specimens. Vaillant, L. L.
1896.1.

Hook and Line Fishing

Chiefly native methods in South Seas and
Indian Archipelago. Beccari, O. Add.
1904.1; Christian, F. W. Add. 1899.1;
Earl, G. W. Add. 1837.1; Ellis, W. Add.
1829.1, 1853.1; Finsch, O. Add. 1888.1;
Forrest, T. Add. 1779.1; Haddon, A. C.
Add. 1904.1; Hedley, C. Add. 1896.1,
1897.1; Jacobsen, J. A. Add. 1896.1;
Kubary, J. S. Add. 1889.1; Moerenhout,
J. A. Add. 1837.1; Parkinson, R. Add.
1907.1; Pfeil, J. Add. 1899.1; Powell,
W. Add. 1884.1; Schmeltz, J. D. Add.
1881.1.

Use of pearl-shell hook, chiefly for Bonito,
in southern Pacific Is. Becke, L. Add.
1897.1-1909.1; Grimshaw, B. Add.
1907.1; Jacobs, T. J. Add. 1884.1; Wood-
ford, C. M. Add. 1890.1.

Thorns used instead of hooks. Arderon,
W. Pre-Linn. 1748.3.

Kite Fishing

Chiefly in the South Seas. Balfour, H.
Add. 1913.1; Codrington, R. H. Add.
1891.1; Coombe, F. Add. 1911.1; Hardy,
N. H. & Elkington, E. W. Add. 1907.1;
Parkinson, R. Add. 1907.1; Penny, A.
Add. 1887.1; Wawn, W. T. Add. 1893.1.
In East Indies. Jacobsen, J. A. Add.
1896.1; Reinwardt, C. G. Add. 1858.1;
Skeat. W. W. Add. 1900.1.

In New Guinea. MacGregor, W. Add.
1897.1, 1898.1; Murray, J. H. Add.

1912.1.

In the Solomon Is. Edge-Partington, T.
W. Add. 1912.1; Guppy, H. B. Add.
1887.1: Parkinson, R. Add. 1899.1,
1907.1; Ribbe, C. Add. 1903.1.

Lights, Fires, Torches, etc.
Employed in attracting or blinding fishes.
Baird, S. F. 1875.18; MacCulloch, J.
1826.2; Russo, A. 1913.1; Bean, T. H.
Add. 1884.2; Haddon, A. C. Add. 1904.3;
Ricci, J. H. Add. 1875.1; Rivers, W. H.
Add. 1914.1; Anon. 715; Fournival, R.
Pre-Linn. 1470.1; Scheffer, H. T. Pre-
Linn. 1750.1; Seländers, N. Pre-Linn.
1744.1.

Fishing with luminous bait. Police, G.
1910.2, 1912.1.

Nets of Native Peoples

Chiefly in South Sea islands. Albertis,
L. M. Add. 1881.1; Biró L. Add. 1905.1;
Coulter, J. Add. 1845.1; Ellis, W. Add.
1829.1, 1853.1; Grimshaw, B. Add.
1907.1; Jacobsen, J. A. Add. 1896.1;
Pfeil, J. Add. 1899.1; Ricci, J. H. Add.
1875.1; Schmeltz, J. D. Add. 1881.1;
Seligmann, C. G. Add. 1910.1; Chomel,
N. Pre-Linn. 1718.1; Peyer, J. C. Pre-
Linn. 1687.1. -In India. Hooker, J. D.
Add. 1854.1. - In China Sea. Jacobs, T.
J. Add. 1884.1. Caroline Is. Kubary,
J. S. Add. 1889.1. Solomon Is. Wood-
ford, C. M. Add. 1890.1.

-

Spider-web nets. Codrington, R. H.
Add. 1891.1; Hardy, N. H. & Elkington,
E. W. Add. 1907.1. In the Solomon Is.
Guppy, H. B. Add. 1887.1. - In New
Guinea. Meek, A. S., Add. 1913.1; Pratt,
A. E. Add. 1906.1; Rawling, C. G. Add.
1913.1; Williamson, R. W. Add. 1912.1,
1914 1.

For popular articles giving a complete
résumé of the use of the spider-web net by
native fishermen in New Guinea, see E. W.
Gudger, in Bull. N. Y. Zool. Soc. 1918, vol.
21, pp. 1588-1590, 1687-1690.

POISONOUS PLANTS

Their use in killing fishes

General treatises. Greshoff, M. Add.
1893.1; Radlkofer, L. Add. 1886.1;
Schaer, E. Add. 1901.1. Review of

Greshoff. Mitchell, C. A. Add. 1906.1.
Timbo. Haseman, J. D. & Eigenmann,
C. H. 1911.1. Spurge, Euphorbia hi-
- Poisoning
berna. Kyle, H. M. 1901.2.
of fishes by American Indians. Hodge, F.
W. Add. 1910.1. In India. Hooker, J.
D. Add. 1854.1. -Fishing with the poison
creeper (Paullinia pinnata L.) in the Ama-
zon and Madeira rivers. Keller, F. Add.
1874.1. · Poisoning fish with Dirca
palustris. Livingstone, D. & Livingstone,
C. Add. 1866.1. - In Mexico, with poly-
gonum, amole, soke, and palo de la flecha.
Lumholtz, C. Add. 1902.1. Plant lac-
tones as fish poisons. Preiss, Add. 1911.1.
Verbascum. Chemical researches. Ro-
senthaler, L. Add. 1902.1. Stephania
hirnandiafolia of Australia. Shirley, J.
Add. 1895.1. With the chilpate (Sapin-
dus saponaria) in Honduras. Wells, W. V.
Add. 1857.1.

-

In various islands of the southern Pacific
Ocean. Adams, A. Add. 1848.1; Biró, L.
Add. 1901.1; Codrington, R. H. Add.
1891.1; Ellis, W. Add. 1829.1, 1853.1;
Guppy, H. B. Add. 1887.1; Haddon, A.
C. Add. 1904.3; Jacobsen, J. A. Add.
1896.1; Kubary, J. S. Add. 1889.1; Leh-
ner, S. Add. 1911.1; Meek, A. S. Add.
1913.1; Moerenhout, J. A. Add. 1837.1;
Neuhauss, R. Add. 1911.1; Parkinson,
R. Add. 1899.1; Pauwels, W. M. Add.

Cont'd.

Fishing Methods 1903.1; Powell, W. Add. 1884.1; Ribbe, C. Add. 1903.1; Rivers, W. H. R. Add. 1914.1.

Barbasco, used in South America. Castelnau, F. L. 1855.1; Ernst, A. 1881.1; Marcoy, P. 1869.1; Orton, J. 1870.1.

Barringtonia, used chiefly in Fiji Is. Brown, G. Add. 1910.1; Ricci, J. H. 1875.1; Seemann, B. Add. 1862.1.

Cyclamen, used in marine fishing. Costa, A. 1870.1; Jourdain, S. 1878.2. Tephrosia, used in southern Pacific. Brown, G. Add. 1910.1; Hanriot, M. Add. 1907.1-Add. 1907.3; Roth, W. Add. 1897.1.

"Tuba." (Derris). Low, H. 1848.1; Christian, F. W. Add. 1899.1; Hornaday, W. T. Add. 1888.1; Murray, J. H. Add. 1912.1; Walker, H. W. Add. 1910.1. In Sulu. Forrest, T. Add. 1779.1. In Fiji Is. Ricci, J. H. 1875.1; Seemann, B. Add. 1862.1. -In Sumatra. Schneider, G. Add. 1906.1.

Use of tuba in Borneo. Beccari, O. Add. 1904.1; Gomes, E. H. Add. 1911.1; Haddon, A. C. Add. 1901.1; Hose, C. & McDougall, W. Add. 1912.1; Nieuwenhuis, A. W. Add. 1900.1, 1904.1; Roth, H. L. Add. 1896.1; St. John, S. Add. Treacher, W. H. Add. 1889.1; 1844.1; Walker, H. W. Add. 1910.1.

REMORA OR ECHENEIS

Use of the shark-sucker For a recent comprehensive summary, see E. W. Gudger in Amer. Nat., 1919, vol. 53, pp. 289-311, 446-467, 515-525.

Brassey, A. 1885.1; Brussel, T. 1798.1; Bullen, F. T. 1904.2; Dampier, W. 1906.1; Eastman, C. R. 1915.1, Add. 1916.3; Gosse, P. 1851.1; Holder, C. F. 1899.4, 1905.2, Add. 1899.1; Holmwood, F. 1884.1, Add. 1883.1; Humboldt, F. H. 1805.1, 1852.1; Kent, W. S. 1893.1; Meier, H. 1861.1; Pocock, W. I. 1912.1; Poey, F. 1851.1; Pollen, F. P. 1868.1; Selous, E. 1911.1; Semon, R. W. 1896.2, 1899.1, 1903.1; Sibree, J. 1915.1; Winkler, T. C. 1859.1; Bachiller y Morales, A. Add. 1883.1; Banfield, E. J. Add. 1913.1; Cobo, B. Add. 1891.1; Gill, W. W. Add. 1876.1; Haddon, A. C. Add. 1889.1-1904.1; Hudson, C. B. Add. 1893.1; MacGillivray, J. Add. 1846.1; Meek, A. S. Add. 1913.1; Oliver, S. P. Add. 1909.1; Roth, H. L. Add. 1889.1; Roth, W. E. Add. 1901.1; Sclater, P. L. Add. 1889.1; Thomas, N. W. Add. 1906.1; Wills, J. Add. 1897.1.

Pre-Linn. accounts. Eden, R. 1555.1; Gomara, F. 1578.1; Herrera, A. 1601.1; Martyr, P. 1504.1; Oviedo y Valdez, G. F. 1525.1; Ramusio, G. B. 1606.1.

TRAPS FOR FISHES

In South Sea Islands. Earle, E. M. 1890.1; Batchelor, J. Add. 1892.1; Biró, L. Add. 1905.1; Codrington, R. H. Add.

1891.1; Haddon, A. C. Add. 1904.1; Jenks, A. E. Add. 1905.1; Layard, E. L. Add. 1853.1; Parkinson, R. Add. 1899.1; Pfeil, J. Add. 1899.1; Sirelius, U. T. Add. 1906.1; Brauner, J. Pre-Linn. 1753.1.

METHODS OF TAKING
VARIOUS FISHES

Dolphin as an aid in capture of mullet. Ascherson, P. 1892.1. "Bucskalo," a sounding device to attract the Wels (Silurus glanis) in Danube and Serbia. Bayer, J. 1863.1. Lance for spearing pike. Weiss, 1880.1. Eel fishing with "Hommor" on the Baltic coast of Sweden. Lundberg, R. Add. 1885.1.

Catching carp. Smiley, C. W. 1884.14. Catching carp with hands. Templer, J. Pre-Linn. 1673.1.

Shark catching. In Arctic seas. Olaffen, Nordenskiöld, A. Add. 1879.1; O. Add. 1781.1; Knutberg, C. Pre-Linn. 1755.1.

Diving, "tickling" and noosing sharks in South Seas. Cobb,, J. N. 1902.1; H., L. 1876.1; Gill, Reitsma, A. J. 1868.1; W. W. Add. 1876.1; Gordon-Cumming, C. Add. 1882.1; Grimshaw, B. Add. 1907.1; Pritchard, W. T. Add. 1866.1.

Noosing sharks on the surface of the water. Beckley, E. M. 1883.1; Becke, L. Add. 1897.1; Codrington, R. H. Add. 1891.1; Coombe, F. Add. 1911.1; Finsch, O. Add. 1888.1; Hartzer, F. Add. 1900.1; Kubary, J. S. Add. 1889.1; Parkinson, R. Add. 1899.1, 1907.1; Powell, W. Add. 1884.1; Stair, J. B. Add. 1897.1; Wilkes, C. Add. 1845.1; Wilson, J. Add. 1799.1.

VARIOUS NATIVE METHODS African methods. Alluaud, C. 1904.1; Burrows, G. Add. 1898.1; Stow, G. W.

Add. 1905.1.

Fishing methods of Asia. China and Japan. See also above, under Cormorant. Dabry de Thiersant, P. 1872.1; Girard, O. 1869.1; Gray, J. H. Add. 1878.1; Du Halde, J. B. Pre-Linn. 1736.1; Montanus, A. Pre-Linn. 1669.1.

East Indies. See also above, under Tuba. Reichelt, J. 1906.4; Adams, A. Add. 1848.1; Earl, G. W. Add. 1837.1; Eeckhout, R. A. Add. 1905.1; Hasselt, A. L. Add. 1882.1; Hickson, S. J. Add. 1889.1; Jacobsen, J. A. Add. 1896.1; Moerenhout, J. A. Add. 1837.1; Raffles, T. S. Add. 1830.1; Skeat, W. W. & Blagden, C. O. Add. 1906.1.

New Guinea and Bismarck Archip. See also above, under Spider-web nets. Clercq, F. S. A. & Schmeltz, J. D. E. Add. 1893.1; Erdweg, P. M. Add. 1902.1; Finsch, O. Add. 1888.1; Friederici, G. Add. 1912.1; Gill, W. W. Add. 1876.1, 1885.1; Haddon, A. C. Add. 1904.1; Hardy, N. H. & Elkington, E. W. Add. 1907.1; MacGregor, W. Add. 1897.1; Parkinson, R. Add. 1887.1; Romilly, H. H. Add. 1889.1; ★Sande, G. Add.

1907.1.

South America. In the Guianas. André, E. Add. 1904.1; Anon. 673. — In Amazonian basin. Koch-Grünberg, T. Add. 1908.1; Woodroffe, J. F. Add. 1914.1.

South Sea Islands. Alexander, A. B. 1902.1; Becke, L. Add. 1897.1-1909.1; Brown, G. Add. 1910.1; Christian, F. W. Add. 1910.1; Coulter, J. Add. 1845.1;

Demandt, E. Add. 1913.1; EdgePartington, J. & Heape, Ch. Add. 1890.1; Ellis, W. Add. 1829.1, 1853.1; Erdland, P. A. Add. 1914.1; Forster, J. R. Add. 1778.1; Hardy, N. H. & Elkington, E. W. Add. 1907.1; Krämer, A. Add. 1903.1, 1906.1; Kubary, J. S. Add. 1889.1; ★Parkinson, R. Add. 1899.1, 1907.1; Penny, A. Add. 1887.1; Reche, O. Add. 1913.1; Rivers, W. H. R. Add. 1914.1; Schmeltz, J. D. Add. 1881.1; Thomson, B. Add. 1908.1; Walker, H. W. Add. 1910.1; Wilson, J. Add. 1799.1. Other localities. The fishing Indians of Vancouver Island. Bogge, E. B. 1870.1. - Fishing methods in Mexico. Lumholtz, C. Add. 1902.1. In North Queensland. Roth, W. E. Add. 1901.1. West Indies. Acosta, J. Pre-Linn. 1589.1.

AND THEIR

For other methods of progression, such as swimming, etc., see under Locomotion.

Lull,

General articles on flight in vertebrates, including fishes. Dollo, L. 1889.2; R. S. 1906.1; Hankin, E. H. Add. 1914.1. General papers on the mechanism and manner of flight in fishes. ★Ahlborn, C. G. 1895.1; Dahl, F. T. 1891.1, 1892.1;

Durnford, C. D. 1906.1,.2; ★Gill, T. N. 1905.2, 1907.7; Möbius, K. A. 1878.1; Seitz, A. 1890.1, 1891.1; Whitman, C. O. 1880.1,.2.

Experimental researches with trial models, etc., into the mechanics of flight in fishes. Hoernes, H. 1913.3; Houssay, F. 1911.1; Lilienthal, G. 1911.1; Schlesinger, G.

1912.1.

Fossil flying fishes; their structure as shown by their remains, their geological history, etc. ★Abel, O. 1905.2, 1912.2; Young, G. W. 1915.1; Lydekker, R. Add. 1906.2,.3.

The probable flight of the fossil forms Cheirothrix and Megistopus. Landois, H. 1894.1.

Present day marine flying fishes, their structure and habits of flight. Exocatus. Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. 1903.1; Collingwood, C. 1868.2; Crossland, C. 1911.1; Jullien, J. 1878.1; Krause, E. H. 1888.1; Ridewood, W. G. 1913.1; Winkler, T. C. 1858.2; Zur Mühlen, M. 1911.6. Dacylopterus. Calderwood, W. L. 1890.1.

in

Presumed or alleged power of flight the African fresh-water "butterfly fish," Pantodon. Pellegrin, J. 1906.12. the South American fresh-water Characin, Gastropelecus. Ridewood, W. G. 1913.1.

гп

Smaller articles on flying fishes and their flight, mainly anecdotal, incidental and popular in their nature.

Text in

Danish. Eggers, H. F. 1878.1. - French. Gentil, W. 1781.1. Dutch. Winkler, T. C. 1858.2.

Text in English. Adams, L. E. 1906.1, 1909.1; Baird, G. W. 1886.1; Carpenter, A. 1886.1; Ewbank, T. 1853.1; Hadfield, H. 1881.1; Hartt, C. F. 1867.1; Jordan, D. S. 1880.2, 1907.2; Kneeland, S. 1871.1, 1872.1; Mann, H. 1866.1; Matthew, G. F. 1873.1; Mitchell, R. W. 1885.1; Nye, W. 1885.1; Pembroke, - 1872.1; Rendall, P. 1912.1; Smith, F. 1875.1; Vaughan, M. 1907.1; Anon. 676; Barrows, W. B. Add. 1883.1; Broun, A. D. Add. 1881.1; Carney, G. J. Add. 1883.1; Collingwood, C. Add. 1868.1; D'Urban, W. S. Add. 1881.1; Galloway, W. Add. 1892.1; Pascoe, F. P. Add. 1881.2; Taylor, R. E. Add. 1881.1.

Text in German. Danckelmann, E. 1880.1; Du Bois-Reymond, R. 1891.1, 1894.1; Haase, E. 1892.1; Heinrich, Aug. 1879.1; Leonhardt, E. E. 1907.3; Müller, K. 1873.1; Rüst, 1893.1; Anon. 240, 571.

FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS (OF FISHES)

In the sense of natural sustenance, as shown by their stomach contents and including habits of feeding.

For the proper food for fishes in cultivation, see Food and feeding-methods under Pisciculture.

For the stones often found in stomachs of fishes, see Gastroliths.

For related topics, see Assimilation under Physiology, and also Digestion.

For a general treatise on the entire subject of nutrition, including, however, little on food per se, see Biedermann, W. Add. 1911.1. Miscellaneous and general papers on the food of fishes.

Text in English. Carr, A. M. 1908.1; Goode, G. B. 1883.1; Knox, R. 1855.2; Robertson, D. 1890.1; Sim, G. 1883.1; Wilson, G. 1893.1; Zacharias, E. O. 1887.1; Baird, S. F. Add. 1874.1; Cornish, C. J. Add. 1896.1.