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1896.2; ★Studnička, F. K. 1893.1,.3,
1900.2, 1905.1.

Various papers on the morphology and
development. Ayers, H. 1891.1; Beard, J.
1887.1, 1888.6; Cope, E. D. 1888.2;
Dendy, A. 1899.1; Frisch, K. (Func-
tions) 1912.2; Locy, W. A. 1893.1;
Ovsyannikov, F. V. 1891.1; Rohon, J.
V. 1900.2; Carrière, J. Add. 1890.1.
Morphology in Geotria. Dendy, A.
Mordacia. Spencer,

1907.1, 1907.2,.3.

-

W. B. 1890.1. Myxine. Studnička, F.
K. 1899.6. Petromyzon. Ovsyannikov,
F. V. 1888.1, 1889.2; Retzius, M. G.
1895.4; Studnička, F. K. 1893.2, 1899.3;
★Tretjakoff, D. 1915.1.

Hypophysis cerebri, or pituitary body.
An ectodermal diverticulum from the roof of
the oral cavity; not properly a brain struc-
ture, but by common consent placed here.

Anatomy and morphology. ★Haller, B.
1898.1; Jaekel, O. 1903.3; Müller, W.
Add. 1871.1 (ii); Stendell, W. Add.
1913.1.Lateral lobes. Gentes, L. (Tor-
pedo) 1908.4; Rossi, U. (Selachii) 1903.1.
-Glandular lobe. Gentes, L. 1903.1.
Posterior lobe. Joris, H. 1908.1.
Anatomy in various fishes.

moichthys. Bickford, E. 1895.1.
troscymnus. Pettit, A. 1906.1.

- Cala-
·Cen-
Myxine.

Retzius, M. G. 1895.5. - Petromyzon.
Sterzi, G. 1904.2,.3. - Chimæra. Aresu,
M. Add. 1914.1.
Development.

Goette, A.
★Müller, W. Add. 1871.1 (ii).

1883.1;

Development in various groups of fishes.
Cyclostomata (Petromyzon). Scott, W. B.
1883.1; Sterzi, G. 1904.3. Elasmo-
branchii. Chiarugi, G. (Torpedo) 1898.1,
1905.1; Gentes, L. (lobes in Torpedo)
1908.2-.5; Herring, P. T. 1911.1.
noidei (Amia). Prather, J. M. 1900.1;
Reighard, J. E. 1900.2; Reighard, J. E.
& Mast, S. O. 1908.1; Smith, P. E. 1914.1.
Teleostei. Boeke, J. (Murænida) 1903.1;
Lundborg, H. 1894.1.

Ga-

Histology. Studnička, F. K. 1901.1;
Stendell, W. Add. 1913.1; Tilney, F.

Add. 1911.1.

Phylogeny. Dohrn, F. A. (Petromyzon
and Teleoster) 1882.1,.2 (ii & iii); Stendell,
W. 1914.1; Ayres, H. Add. 1907.1.

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Varia. - Structure, Rathke's pocket.
Albrecht, P. 1884.2. Action of extracts
of hypophysis. Herring, P. T. 1908.1,.2.
- Relation of hypophysis to notochord, shark
embryos. Rabl-Rückhard, H. 1880.1.

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Histology. Barbieri, C. 1905.2, 1906.1;
Bellonci, G. 1883.1; Ramon y Cajal, P.
1899.1.

Functions of optic lobes. Gómez Ocaña,
J. 1908.1.

Tectum opticum, that portion of the
mid-brain which roofs over the optic vesicle.
Anatomy and histology. Aichel, O. 1901.1;
Bellonci, G. 1880.2, 1882.1.

Torus longitudinalis, a grooved ridge
in the median portion of the roof of the
mesencephalon. Morphology, phylogeny,
etc. Rabl-Rückhard, H. 1887.1; Sala, L.
1895.1; Sargent, P. E. 1903.2.

METENCEPHALON

or Cerebellum

Anatomy and morphology.

lonci, G. 1879.2;

Bel-

★Burckhardt, C. R.

1879.1; Edinger, L. 1910.1; Falcone,
C. 1893.1; Gurewitsch, M. J. 1905.1;
Schaper, A. 1899.3; Treviranus, G. R.
1831.1. · Corpus restiforme, a structure
in the cerebellum. Gehuchten, A. 1904.1.
Of various fishes. - Petromyzon. Clark,
W. B. 1906.1. Scyllium. Edinger, L.
1901.1. Teleosts. Franz, V. 1911.4.
Acipenser. Johnston, J. B. 1898.1.
Mormyrida. Stendell, W. 1914.4.
Histology and histogenesis. - Tel-
costs. Baudelot, E. 1869.4; Ovsyannikov,
F. V. 1864.2; Schaper, A. 1893.1, 1894.1,
Petromyzontida. 1899.2, Mustelus. 1898.1.
Functions. Static function in larvæ.
As center for sense of
equilibrium. Reisinger, L. 1915.1.

Franz, V. 1912.3.
Boeke, J.

Infundibulum, a funnel-shaped out-
pushing of the floor of the diencephalon.
Morphology and homology.
(Amphioxus) 1902.3, 1908.1, 1914.1; Ge-
melli, F. A. 1906.1; ★Haller, B. 1898.1.
Development. Murænida. Boeke, J.
1901.1, 1902.1. Torpedo. Gentes, L.
1908.1.
Petromyzon. ★Sterzi, G.
1904.3.

-

Lobi inferiores, or bilobed expansions
of the ventral walls of the diencephalon.
Morphology. Chatin, J. 1889.1. Ga-
noids and Teleosts. David, J. J. 1892.1.
Saccus vasculosus, a vascular sac in

MYELENCEPHALON

or Medulla oblongata
Anatomy. Kingsbury, B. F. 1897.2;
Meckel, J. F. 1836.1. - Cyprinida. Sa-
vouré, P. 1912.1.

Histology. Ovsyannikov, F. V. 1854.1.
Petromyzon. David, J. 1892.1. Aci-
penser. Johnston, J. B. 1898.1,.2.
Myrine. Röthig, P. 1913.1. Lophius.
Zuikov, V. P. 1898.1.

Brain-Cont'd.

-

Physiology. - Gustatory center. Herrick, C. J. 1905.1, 1906.1; Tactile center. 1906.1; Tactile center, Prionotus. 1907.3. General center for orientation. Polimanti, O. 1915.1. Effects of sectioning upon orientation. Loeb, J. Add. 1891.1. Generalia. --Fasciculus communis system, Bdellostoma. Ayres, H. & Worthington, J. 1908.1. Entrance of cranial Droogleever Fortuyn, A. nerves, Amia. B. 1913.1. - Entrance of motor nerves in Amia. Fortuyn, A. B. 1912.1. - Funicular nuclei. Herrick, C. J. 1906.2, 1907.2.

Vagal lobes in Gadus. 1907.2. Accessory lobes, Orthagoriscus. Vignal, W. V.

1886.1.

For electric lobes, centers of the electric nerves in Torpedo, see under Electric fishes. INCERTE SEDIS

Various unclassifiable items. Nerve center connected with posterior bundle, commissure of Haller in Gasterosteus. Baudelot, E. 1869.2. Degeneration of brain, Scyllium, (experimental researches). Fornario, G. 1894.1. - Eversion and inversion of parts. Kappers, C. U. 1908.1.

-Weight of brain in relation to size of eye. Lapicque, L. 1908.1; Lapicque, L. & Laugier, H. 1908.1.

Nomenclature of cavities. Parker, T. J. 1889.1. - Significance of parts. Stieda. L. 1873.2,.5. - Arrangement motor roots and nuclei, Acipenser and Lepidosteus. Theunissen, F. 1914.1.

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Review of brain casts of various fossil fishes. Moodie, R. L. 1915.2. Brain casts of Eocene Siluroids. Neumayer, L. -Brain structures of various fossil fishes. Eastman, C. R. Add. 1913.1.

1913.1.

CHEMISTRY (BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL)

The great majority of the experiments and researches of the biological chemists have been performed with subjects other than fishes. The following titles represent the subjects, in so far as they are known to us, wherein their investigations have touched upon the subject of fishes.

Reference may advantageously be made to the standard text books of physiological chemistry, such as Mandel's translation of Hammersten and Hedin.

For topics primarily physiological, such as anabolism, katabolism, and urea formation; for effects upon fishes of acids, alkaloids, salts in solution, and other foreign substances, see under Physiology.

For the nature of the gaseous content of the air bladder, see under Air bladder.

For the nature of pigments, see under Coloration.

For the composition of fish guano and cod-liver oil, see Fertilizer, and Oils below Economic products under Fisheries.

For albumen, basic proteins, nucleic acid, etc., in ova; composition of egg-cases of sharks, etc., see under Ova and ovum.

For histones and protamines, see Chemical composition under Spermatozoa.

For the occurrence of guanin in the skins of fishes, see Argenteum under Integument.

Guanin in retinal epithelium. Cunningham, J. T. & MacMunn, C. 1893.1; Kühne, W. & Sewall, H. 1880.1.

Glycogen in various tissues, especially in the liver and muscles. Blanchard, R. 1882.1; Bottazzi, F. 1907.1; Gage, S. H. 1905.2; Schöndorff, B. & Wachholder, K. 1914.1; Bernard, C. Add. 1879.1; Brammertz, W. Add. 1914.1.

Chlorine, variations according to medium, in Cobitis. Calugareanu, D. 1910.1,.2. Iodine content of thyroids. Cameron, A. T. 1913.1, Add. 1914.1.

Absence of glycogen and sugar in electrical organs of Torpedo. Dubois, R. 1899.1.

Analysis of the urine in various fishes. Buijtendijk, F. J. 1909.1; Davy, J. 1857.2; Dekhuyzen, M. C. 1904.2; ★Denis, W. 1912.1, Add. 1913.1; Heinroth, O. 1895.2; Jones, J. 1856.1; Ubaldini, G. 1871.1.

Composition of pathological calculi, chiefly intestinal. Delachanel, B. & Mermet, A. 1874.1; Fourcroy, A. & Vauquelin, L. 1807.1; Harting, P. 1875.2. Biliary calculi in squeteague. Tower, R. W. 1902.1.

Ichthylepidin in fish scales. Green, E. H. & Tower, R. W. 1902.1,.2; Mörner, C. T. 1898.1, 1902.1.

Red color of salmon flesh due to lipochrome pigment related to tetron or zoonerythrin. Newbigin, M. I. 1900.1. - Review of this.

Prince, E. E. 1916.2.

Otto, R.

Bile of fishes, composition. 1867.1; Scherer, J. 1857.1; Schlossberger,

J. 1858.1; Zanetti, C. U. 1902.1. Crystalline lens, composition. Payen, A. 1857.1; Valenciennes, A. & Fremy, E. 1854.3.

Mucous secretions of the skin of the hagfish Myrine, composition. Reid, E. W. 1893.1, 1894.1.

Percentage of water in brain of dogfish. Scott, G. G. 1912.1, 1914.1.

Nitrogen distribution in liver of Acipenser. Wakeman, A. J. 1905.1.

Scyllite from spleen of sharks.

J. Add. 1907.1.

Müller,

Composition of cartilage in sharks and rays. Bunge, G. 1899.1; Chevreul, M. E. 1811.1,.2; Harting, P. 1873.2; Lönnberg, J. 1884.1; Marchand, R. F. 1836.1; Soxleth, F. & Petersen, P. 1873.1.

Composition of subdermal connective tissue of Mola. Green, E. H. 1901.1.

Fat or adipose tissue. Metabolism, etc. Studies on the fat and fat-cells of fishes: composition, histology, etc. Giles, A. E. 1890.1; Mottram, V. H. 1912.1; Nemiloff, A. 1906.1; Rosenfeld, G. 1912.1; Weill, J. 1914.1; Zdarek, E. 1902.1; Zuntz, N. 1903.1; Leeuwenhoek, A. Pre

Linn. 1724.1.

Fat-storage in muscles of the salmon: metabolism, absorption during migrations, etc. Greene, C. W. 1912.1-.6; Mahalanobis, S. C. 1898.1.

Fat content of Selachian liver: its role

during pregnancy, etc. Bottazzi, F. 1907.1; Polimanti, O. 1912.6, 1913.4; Reach, F. 1912.1.

Amount of fat in different fishes, in relation to their comestible value. Payen, A. 1834.1-1865.1; Fage, L. & Legendre, R. Add. 1914.1; Hughes, F. Add. 1891.1. Analysis of fish flesh

Changes in flesh of herring during reproductive period. Milroy, T. H. 1908.1.

Characteristic odor of sea-fish flesh. Panzer, T. 1910.1.

Fluorine in tissue. Gautier, A. & Clausmann, P. 1913.1. Urea in shark flesh. Krukenberg, C. F. 1888.1. Sulphur content of flesh. Schulz, H. 1893.1. Nitrogen content of dried codfish. Yoshimura, K. & Kanai, M. 1913.1.

Chemical analyses of the flesh of fishes, chiefly from the viewpoint of the relative percentages of proteids, fat, carbohydrates, ash, water, waste, etc. Almen, A. 1877.1; Balland, M. 1898.1; Calderwood, W. L. 1904.4;

Both Heart and Blood, essential parts of the vascular system, are treated separately because of the large number of citations under each.

For an authoritative, readable article on the vascular system, see the chapter in ★Bridge, T. W. 1904.1.

Origin and evolution of the circulatory system. Cahall, W. C. 1891.1; Lankester, E. R. 1873.3.

Anatomy and morphology. Miscellaneous papers. Harting, P. 1857.1; Hyrtl, C. J. 1844.1, Add. 1838.1; Sabatier, C. P. 1873.1; Sède de Liéoux, P. 1886.1. Relation of blood and lymph vessels to the "Saftkanälchen." Arnold, J. 1875,1.

Anatomy of circulatory system in Amphioxus. Legros, R. 1900.1, 1902.1; Martino, A. 1846.2; Možeyko, B. 1912.2, 1913.3,.5.

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Ammocoetes. ★Cori, C. J. 1906.1; Dohrn, F. A. 1882.2 (xiii); Julin, C. 1888.1. Petromyzon. Favaro, G. 1905.1; Možeyko, B. 1910.1,.2, 1911.3, - Bdellostoma. Jackson, Heptatrema. Kirk, H. B.

1912.3-1912.5. Chittenden, R. H. 1877.1; Christison, R. 1872.1; C. M. 1901.1. Frédéricq, L. 1901.1, 1905.1; Kensington, E. T. 1884.1; Lebedintsev, A. A. 1905.2; Morin, B. 1822.1; Payen, A. 1834.1-1865.1; Payen, A. & Wood, - 1854.1; Stirling, W. 1885.1; White, G. F. & Thomas, A. 1914.1; Weidenbusch, H. 1847.1; Zuntz, N. 1903.1; König, J. & Splittgerber, A. Add. 1909.1.

For additional references of a similar nature, see Nutritive value below Economic products under Fisheries.

For the chemical composition of young eels under various conditions of nutrition or starvation, see Reuss, H. & Weinland, E. 1912.1.

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At many places in France, the transparent stages (Leptocephali) of the eel are eaten under the names of Civelles and "Piballes." Their food value because of their fat content is relatively greater than other older stages, according to Vaillant, L. L. 1903.3.

Extractive bodies. In fishes, the nitrogenous extractives of the muscles (flesh) consist chiefly of creatine and creatinine.

Various papers. Baglioni, S. 1906.3,.4; Krukenberg, C. F. 1881.1,.2, Add. 1881.2; Suwa, A. (Trimethylaminoxyd) 1909.1,.2; Suzuki, U., Mihata, M., Otsuki, S. & others 1912.1; Wilson, D. W. & Lyman, J. F. 1913.1; Buglia, G. & Costantino, A. Add. 1913.1; Okuda, Y. Add. 1912.1. Discovery of nitrogenized protic acid in Cyprinid, Rutilus. Limpricht, H. 1863.1.

Review of this. Harting, P. 1863.2. Isocreatinine in extractives. Discovered by Thesen, J. E. 1898.1. Considered an impure creatinine by Poulsson, and by Schmidt & Korndörfer, in Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., vol. 51.

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1912.1. In various fishes, chiefly Teleosts. Loricati. Allen, W. F. 1905.1. Amphipnous. Hyrtl, C. J. 1858.3. Amiurus. Mackenzie, T. 1884.1. -Lota. Melnikov, N. 1866.1. Lepidosteus. Mitchell, S. W. 1860.1. Mustelus. Parker, T. J. 1886.1. Selachii. Robin, C. P. 1845.2. Plectognaths. Rosén, N. 1912.1 (i). Lopholatilus. Silvester, C. F. 1904.1. Ceratodus. Spencer, W. B. 1893.1. Monopterus. Volz, W. 1905.1,.5, 1906.1. Development and embryology. For recent comprehensive general treatises on the development of the blood circulatory system see Hochstetter, - Add. 1906.1 and ★Rückert, J. & Mollier, S. Add. 1906.1.

Miscellaneous papers. Brigidi, V. & Tafani, A. 1878.1; Reichert, C. B. 1858.1. Development of blood vessels in Cyclostomata. Hatta, S. 1908.1; Keiser, W. Add. 1914.1; Mollier, S. Add. 1906.2.

Development in Elasmobranchii. Hoffmann, C. K. 1893.2; Mayer, P. 1887.1, 1888.1, 1894.1; Raffaele, F. 1891.1; Rückert, J. 1888.1, 1906.1; Virchow, H. 1895.2, 1897.1, 1898.1; Thompson, A. Add. 1831.1. Torpedo. Emmert, J. 1900.1. Acanthias. Hoffmann, C. K. 1892.1. Yolk-sac circulation, development in Scyllium. Hochstetter, F. 1905.1; Virchow, H. 1897.1. Sinus terminalis, Torpedo. Rückert, J. Add. 1903.1.

Dipnoi and Ganoidei. Mollier, S. 1906.1, Add. 1906.2. - Ceratodus. ★Greil, A. 1908.1,.2, 1913.1; Kellicott, W. E. 1904.1, 1905.1. -Lepidosiren. Robertson, J. I. 1913.1. -Lepidosteus. Virchow, H. 1894.1.

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Origin, development and structure In branchial vessels. Biétrix, E. 1895.2,.3. - Kupffer's cells of endothelium of liver. Nathan, M. 1908.1. — Of intestinal veins, Selachii. Neuville, H. 1900.1. Development from mesenchymal cells. Stockard, C. R. 1915.1,.2.

Origin of cardiac endothelium. Nöldeke, B. 1899.1; Rückert, J. 1887.2, 1888.1. Vascular system of various regions. Dohrn's sinus in the tail region of Petromyzon. Dohrn, A. 1882.2 (xiii); Možeyko, B. 1911.1,.2, 1912.5; Vogt, C. C. & Yung, E. 1888.1.

Retia mirabilia, networks of small blood vessels found in Liver of Thynnus and intestinal wall of Alopecias. Eschricht, J. F. & Müller, J. 1835.1,.2. - Spiral valve of Neusharks. Duvernoy, G. L. 1833.1; ville, H. 1897.3, 1901.1. - Spleen, Selachii. Pouchet, G. 1882.1.

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Morphology in Polypterus, Polyodon, Amia, and Ceratodus. Allis, E. P. 1908.2, 1911.2, 1912.4, 1914.4.

Morphology of carotid arteries in various Teleostei. Allis, E. P. 1908.1,.3, 1912.4. Development of carotid arteries in Cyclostomes. Julin, C. 1887.3.

Coronary arteries. Morphology in Scyllium. ★Carazzi, D. 1904.1,.2. Selachii. François-Franck, C. A. 1913.1; ★Parker, G. H. & Davis, F. K. 1899.1, 1901.1. - Teleosts. Lévadoux, M. 1904.1.

- Orthagoriscus. Parker, G. H. 1900.1. Pseudobranchial arteries. Morphology in numerous forms in all groups. Allis, E. P. 1900.3, 1908.3, 1908.11912.4, 1914.4. Vascular plexus of pseudobranchial arteries. Müller, J. 1840.2. Various arteries not included among the above. - Testicular arteries, Teleosts. Broussonet, P. M. 1785.3. -Esophageal arteries, Scyllium. Carazzi, D. 1904.1..2. - Splanchnic arteries, Elasmobranchii. Diamare, V. 1909.1, 1910.1. - Suprarenal arteries, Selachii. Grynfeltt, E. 1902.1. - Intestinal arteries, Ichthyopsida. Howes, G. B. 1890.2. Mesenteric arteries with valves in Labrida. Laguesse, G. E. 1892.1. - Subclavian arteries, Se lachii. Pitzorno, M. 1905.1. Abdominal arteries, origin. Salvi, G. 1907.1, 1909.1.

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Anatomy in Cyclostomata. Klinckowström, A. 1891.1, 1895.1; Retzius, A. J. 1822.1, 1826.1. Petromyzon. Robin, C. P. 1846.1.

Anatomy of venous system in Elasmobranchii. Robin, C. P. 1845.4, 1846.2,4; Lafite-Dupont, J. L. Add. 1898.1. Raja. Jourdain, S. 1868.1; Parker, T. J. 1881.1.

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Sinus urogenitalis, Petromyzon. vernoy, G. L. 1846.1.

reservoirs in Raja. Guillot, N. 1845.1.

Vena cara, Polypterus. Kerr, J. G. 1910.3. Dilatation in ventral cavity of Raja. Robin, C. P. 1845.1.

Discovery of muscular sphincters of veins in different organs; stomach, spiral valves and gall-bladder. Sappey, M. P. 1880.1; Mayer, P. (Raja) 1911.1. -Lymphatic characters of veins in certain sharks. Vialleton, L. 1902.1. - Segmental veins, relation to ductus Cuvierii, Amphioxus. Zarnik, B. 1904.2.

Veins supplying particular organs
or regions

Hepatic portal veins. Morphology and development. ★Choronshitsky, B. 1900.1; Hyrtl, C. J. 1864.1; Rathke, M. H. 1826.1,.4; Schmid, F. C. Add. 1882.1. -Lota. Bonsdorff, E. J. 1851.1, 1852.1. -Galeus and Zygana. Duvernoy, G. L. 1833.1, 1835.1. Lophius. Jourdain, S. 1861.1. Myxine. Klinckowström, A. 1890.1. Selachii. Neuville, H. 1896.1, 1900.2, 1901.1.

Renal veins. Martino, A. 1845.1; Nicolai, J. A. Add. 1826.1.

Renal portal veins, origin, structure, etc. -Lota. Bonsdorff, E. J. 1853.3. -General treatise. Jourdain, S. 1859.1. - Origin and significance. Woodland, W. N. 1906.2.

Structure and development of various unclassified veins. Spermatic veins. Broussonet, P. M. 1785.3. Veins supplying head. Grosser, O. 1907.1. - Lateral vein in skate. Rand, H. W. & Ulrich, J. L. 1905.1. Veins of air-bladder. Reinhardt, J. C. 1822.1. · Veins of brain, Elasmobranchs. Rex, H. 1891.1.

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branchii. - Gadus. Huot, A. 1897.1. Jourdain, S. 1867.1. - Gadida and PleuMuræna. ronectida. Trois, E. F. 1878.1.

Jourdain, S. 1868.2. - Lophius. Trois, E. F. 1876.4, 1878.1. Uranoscopus.

Trois, E. F. 1878.1, 1880.4. Amiurus. Kilborne, F. L. Add. 1885.1.

Development of the lymphatic system. Favaro, G. 1908.2; Lankester, E. R. 1873.3. Bdellostoma (tail region). Allen, W. F. 1913.1. Trout. McClure, C. F. 1913.1-1915.2, 1915.1.

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Lymphatics in the head, tail, fins, etc., of Lepidosteus, Polyodon, and Scorpœnichthys. Allen, W. F. 1906.1-1913.1.

"Caudal heart," or caudal sinus, a pulsating lymph sac in the tail, propelling lymph into the caudal veins.

For general considerations of the caudal heart, see Favaro, G. 1905.2-1906.1.

Caudal heart of Cyclostomata. - Bdellostoma. Greene, C. W. 1900.1, 1902.1. Myxine. Retzius, M. G. 1890.1.

Caudal heart of Anguilla, structure, functions, etc. Hyrtl, C. J. 1843.1; ★Jones, T. W. 1869.1; Robin, C. P. 1880.1.

Causes of movement. Eckhard, C. 1863.1. Discovery. Hall, M. 1831.1, 1832.1. Regulation through spinal cord. Polimanti, O. 1912.3. - Electrogram of pulsations. Trigt, H. 1913.1. Alleged first notice. Leeuwenhoek, A. Pre-Linn. 1696.1, 1697.1.

Lymphoid tissue. Called also "adenoid tissue and represented by local masses or organs in various parts of the body. The " lymphatic glands" of higher vertebrates are lacking in fishes.

--

organs - In

Histology of lymphoid tissue. Ciaccio, C. 1909.1; Drzewina, A. 1905.1. Lymphoid "glands" or œsophagus of Selachii (Torpedo especially). Drzewina, A. 1904.3, 1909.1, 1910.2; Kulchitzki, N. 1911.1. In heart of

Acipenser. Hertwig, C. W. 1873.1;
Schultze, M. J. 1872.1. Heart of Mola.
Trois, E. F. & Perugia, A. 1867.1. - Kid-
ney, Polyodon. Downey, H. 1909.1.
Lymphatics of the intestine. Davidoff,
M. 1886.1. Torpedo. Diamare, V.
1913.1; Vialleton, L. 1902.2. - Teleosts.
Langer, C. 1870.1. -Lota. Melnikov,
N. 1866.1, 1867.1.
Pilliet, A. H. 1890.1.
Stöhr, P. A. 1897.1.

·Elasmobranchii. Development.

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