Behavior Cont'd. La Blanchère, P. R. 1870.3, 1876.1; Leonhardt, E. E. 1909.1; Lépinay, S. 1907.1; Moulton, L. M. 1880.1; Ohm, P. 1909.1; Rivera, E. 1905.1; Romanes, G. J. 1883.1; Willumsen, P. J. 1901.2; Faraday, F. J. Add. 1879.1. Memory or retention. Retention of an acquired or habitual response during a period of its non-performance. Habit formation; experiments on motor habits. Pike learned not to dash into glass partition to secure prey on other side. Möbius, K. A. 1875.1. — Denial of such learning, in flounders. Bateson, W. 1889.1. Repetition of Möbius's experiment. Triplett, N. 1901.1.-Labyrinth habit of Fundulus. Thorndike, E. 1899.1, Add. 1911.1. Maze learning by goldfish. Churchill, E. P. Jr. in Journ. Animal Behavior, 1916, vol. 6, pp. 247-255. Memory of colors, including color discrimination. The following experiments (★) involved the use of certain colored objects, papers, tubes, forceps, etc., enclosing food as a reward; other colors were not accompanied by food or were rendered disagreeable, as by Reighard. All observers agree in the retention of the associations formed. Frisch, K. 1913.1; Minkevich, R. 1912.1; Oxner, M. 1912.1-1912.5. Reighard, J. E. 1908.1; Uhlenhuth, E. 1911.1; Washburn, M. F. & Bentley, I. M. 1906.1; Zolotniskii, N. F. 1901.3; ★Goldsmith, M. Add. 1914.1; ★White, G. M. Add. 1919.1. Memory of form or shape. Persists longer than color memory. Goldsmith, M. Add. 1914.1. Memory of places and directions. (Topographic memory.) Miscellaneous, role in migrations, etc.; Franz, V. 1911.7, Add. 1913.2; Thierfelder, A. 1911.1; Zur Mühlen, M. 1911.19; Anon. 317. Memory for nesting site in Blennius seems to be olfactory. Piéron, H. 1914.1.- Experiments. Goldsmith, M. Add. 1914.1. Observations and anecdotes supposed to indicate the existence of memory. Baumgardt, G. 1904.1; Crivelli-Serbelloni, G. 1901.1; Dankler, M. 1902.1; Dantan, L. 1904.1; Landois, H. 1897.1; McIntosh, W. C. 1898.2; Parville, H. 1897.1; Reeker, H. 1898.1; Anon. 287; Giard, A. Add. 1897.1; J., J. Add. 1897.1. Memory considered non-existent. ★Edinger, L. 1899.1, 1911.1. Phototaxis and phototropism. Perception and reactions to white light. Experiments. Hess, C. 1909.1, Add. 1913.1, 1914.1; Polimanti, O. 1912.4; Eisig, H. Add. 1884.3; Freytag, G. Add. 1914.1. Light perception and reactions in -Amphioxus. Krause, W. 1897.1, 1898.2; Hesse, R. Add. 1898.1-.3. Haplochilus. Miehe, H. 1911.1,.2. - Larval plaice. Moore, B. 1909.1. Danio. Mertens, R. 1915.1; Schulze, L. 1915.2. Periophthalmus. Weve, H. 1913.1. BLIND FISHES OF THE CAVES For the blind fishes (par excellence) of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, and of other caverns, see under Amblyopsidæ. General treatise: Cave vertebrates of America. Eigenmann, C. H. 1909.2. Origin of cave faunas. Eigenmann, C. H. 1898.1; Garman, H. 1892.1; Packard, A. S. 1889.1, 1894.1; Loeb, J. Add. 1915.1. Development and anatomy of the eye of cave fishes. ★Eigenmann, C. H. 1892.51901.2, Add. 1898.1, 1900.1; Eigenmann, C. H. & Denny, W. A. 1899.1; Kohl, C. 1895.1; Tellkampf, T. A. 1870.1; man, J. 1851.1, 1854.5. Wy Gronias nigrilabris Cope, blind catfish of Pennsylvania. Cope, E. D. 1864.1. Phreatobius cisternarum Goeldi, blind catfish of Marajo I., Brazil. Fuhrmann, 0. 1905.5,.6; Goeldi, E. A. 1905.1. Lucifuga and Stygicola (Brotulidœ), blind fishes of the caves of Cuba. Eye, development. Eigenmann, C. H. 1902.1,.2, 1903.1, 1912.1. - Ovary, ova, ovarian gestation, etc. Lane, H. H. 1903.1-1909.1. Original descriptions. Poey y Aloy, F. 1851.1, 1865.1. Typhlobagrus kronei (Ribeiro), blind catfish of Iporanga, Brazil. Haseman, J. D. 1911.2; Lönnberg, A. J. 1908.1. - See also Eigenmann in Mem. Carnegie Mus., 1917, vol. 7, p. 255. Typhlogobius californiensis Steindachner, blind goby of Point Loma, Cal. Eigenmann, C. H. 1890.6; Packard, A. S. 1894.1; Ritter, W. E. 1893.1; Smith, R. S. 1881.1. For a recent paper describing Trogloglanis pattersoni, a new blind catfish from an artesian well at San Antonio, Texas, see C. H. Eigenmann in Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1919, LVIII, 397-400. Recording (erroneus) one-eyed and blind fishes in cavern of Gabard in France. Montalembert, R. Pre-Linn. 1748.1. Dr. G. A. Boulenger (Revue Zool. Africaine, 1921, vol. 9, pp. 252-253) has recently described an eyeless cyprinid (Cœcobarbus geertsii) related to Barbus, from the Grotte de Thysville (Bas-Congo). This is the first record of a “blind fish" from other than American caverns. BLOOD OF FISHES For the circulation of the blood, see Physiology under Circulatory system. Researches General papers. Molecular concentration. Frédéricq, L. 1901.1. on normal and abnormal blood. Hoffmeyer, C. W. 1907.1, Add. 1907.1. Comparative hæmatology. Werzberg, H. 1911.1. Coagulation of blood in fishes. Bottazzi, F. 1902.1; Delezenne, C. 1897.1; Nolf, P. 1906.1, 1909.1. Coagulation in Selachii. Rodier, E. 1900.1,.2. Absence of autoagglutination in eel blood containing trypanosomes. Sabrazès, J. & Muratet, E. 1909.1. Origin and development of the blood. Aubert, H. 1855.1; Brigidi, V. & Tafani, A. 1878.1; Hoffmann, C. K. 1893.1; Mosso, A. 1888.5; Ziegler, H. E. 1889.1, 1892.1. For a comprehensive treatise on the development of the blood, see ★Rückert, J. & Mollier, S. Add. 1906.1. MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS Erythrocytes or red corpuscles Hemoglobin estimations (hemoglobinometry) and blood counts (hemocytometry) or numbers of erythrocytes in fishes. Harris, D. F. (Skate) 1903.1; Malassez, L. 1872.1; Marsh, M. C. & Gorham, F. P. 1906.1; Marsh, M. C. Add. 1902.1. Development of the erythrocytes. General researches on the origin and formation of erythrocytes in adult fishes, etc. Camerano, L. & Salvadori, T. 1897.1; Downey, H. 1911.1; Giglio-Tos, E. 1897.2; Lereboullet, D. A. 1863.1, 1864.2. Role of spleen. Phisalix, C. 1902.1. Role of thymus. Schaffer, J. 1893.1. Formation of red corpuscles in "blood islands" in the yolk sac of the embryo fish. For extensive studies of the formation of red corpuscles, see ★Stockard, C. R. 1915.1,.2. Cyclostomata, Dipnoi, and Ganoidei. Mollier, S. 1906.1, Add. 1906.2. Petromyzon. Ascoli, M. 1896.1, 1898.1, 1899.1; Giglio-Tos, E. 1897.1. - Lepidosiren. Bryce, T. H. 1904.1, 1905.1. - Ceratodus. Greil, A. 1908.1,.2, 1913.1. Elasmobranchii. - Selachii. Maximow, A. 1910.1; Rückert, J. 1906.1; Stricht, O. 1896.2. - Scyllium. Mosso, A. 1888.4; Rouvière, & Ladreyt, F. 1906.1. Torpedo. Rückert, J. 1887.1; Swaen, A. 1885.1; Virchow, H. 1898.1. Teleostei. 1882.1; Gensch, H. 1881.1, Add. Marcus, H. 1905.1; Mencl, E. 1910.1; Mollier, 1906.2; Wenckebach, K. F. 1885.1; Ziegler, H. E. 1887.1. - SalTylosurus. Ryder, J. A. 1882.3. monida. Sobotta, J. 1894.1, 1902.1. Morphology of red corpuscles, including their form or shape, size, etc. (Biconcare and circular in Cyclostomata, except Myrine, bi-convex and oval in all other fishes.) For extensive papers dealing with the morphology of the red corpuscles, see Giglio-Tos, E. 1897.2, and ★Knoll, P. 1896.1. Miscellaneous and general. Camerano, L. & Salvadori, T. 1897.1; Downey, H. 1911.1; Hammond, W. H. 1877.1,.2; Jones, T. W. 1846.1; Savory, W. S. 1869.1; Leeuwenhoek, A. Pre-Linn. 1702.2, 1709.1..2. Measurements or sizes of the erythrocytes. Cleland, J. B. & Johnston, T. H. 1912.1; Gulliver, G. 1845.1, Davy, J. 1846.1; 1846.1, 1848.1, 1862.1, 1875.1; Jakimov, V. D. & Kohl-Jakimova, N. 1912.1; - SalMilne-Edwards, A., Jr. 1856.1. monida. Gulliver, G. 1872.3, (Lamna) 1872.4. Structure, size, shape, etc., in Cyclostomata (Petromyzon). Camerano, L. 1896.1; Dekhuyzen, M. C. 1899.1; ★Gage, S. H. 1888.1,.2; Giglio-Tos, E. 1896.1,.2; Salvadori, T. A. 1896.1; Thompson, D. W. 1887.1. Structure and form of erythrocytes in Lepidosiren. Bryce, T. H. 1904.1, 1905.1. Polyodon. Downey, H. 1911.1. Teleosts and Ganoids. Rawitz, B. 1899.1, 1900.1. - Torpedo. Sabrazès, J. & Muratet, E. 1908.1. Protopterus. Smith, A. & Gulliver, G. 1848.1. Amphioxus. Huxley, T. H. Add. 1847.1. Mobile granulations in red corpuscles of Petromyzon. Giglioli, E. H. 1896.1. - Hippocampus. Sabrazès, J. & Muratet, E. 1900.1,.3. Anguilla. Sabrazès, J. & Muratet, E. 1900.2, 1902.1, 1908.1. Nucleus of red cells. Bonsdorff, E. J. 1855.2. Zoological import. Gulliver, G. 1862.1. Reticular structure of red corpuscles. Trinchese, S. 1878.1; Petrone, A. Add. 1914.1,.2. Blood Cont'd. Leucocytes or white corpuscles Histogenesis of leucocytes. Beard, J. 1900.1. in Lepidosiren. Bryce, T. H. 1904.1, 1905.1. Morphology of white corpuscles. General researches. Drzewina, A. 1911.1; Lanine, P. 1912.1; Meinertz, J. Add. 1902.1. Special forms of leucocytes. Nephrophagocytes in heart and kidney of Teleosts. Cuenot, L. 1907.1, 1912.1. - Eosinophiles. Drzewina, A. 1910.1; Loewenthal, N. 1909.1; Stephan, P. 1906.1. Eosinophiles are lacking in teleosts according to Sabrazès, J. & Muratet, E. 1900.4. Physiology and functions of leucocytes. Phagocytosis. (The ingestion and digestion of micro-organisms by white corpuscles.) Mesnil, F. 1895.1; Ruediger, G. F. & Davis, D. J. 1907.1. In lymphorenal tissue, Polyodon. Downey, H. 1910.1. Phagocytosis in Hippocampus. Sabrazès, J. & Colombot, - 1894.1; Sabrazès, J. & Muratet, E. 1900.4. eel serum; toxicity, hemolytic or “globulicidal" action, acquisition of immunity against these effects, etc. ★Camus, L. & Gley, E. 1898.1-1905.1, Add. 1898.1; Doerr, R. & Raubitschek, H. 1908.1; Magliere, C. 1898.1; Springfield, A. 1889.1; Bellecci, A. & Polara, G. Add. 1907.1; Blanchard, R. Add. 1903.1; Čistovič, F. J. Add. 1899.1; Gley, E. Add. 1907.1; Héricourt, J. & Richet, C. Add. 1897.1,.2; Wehrmann, C. Add. 1897.1. Immunization against toxic action, by injection of peptones. Clerc, A. & Loper, M. 1902.1,.2. - Filtration of hemolysin. Frouin, A. 1908.1. Prevention of hemolysis by action of sodium citrate. Gengou, O. 1907.1,.2, Add. 1908.1. Eel serum possesses property of immunizing venom of viper. Phisalix, C. 1896.1. The injection of a dose of eel serum sufficient to kill a dog of 10 kgm. in a few minutes is without effect on a goldfish of 50 gm.; likewise serum of dog and ass have no effect when injected in goldfish. Scofone, L. & Buffa, E. 1900.1. Experimental physiological researches. Bardier, E. 1898.1. - Modification to variations in salinity of medium. Drzewina, A. 1906.1, 1908.1. -Behaviour in external media. Quinton, R. 1898.1. Platelets or thrombocytes Morphology and function. Eberth, C. J. 1887.1; Giglio-Tos, E. 1898.1; Sabrazès, J. & Muratet, E. 1908.1; Schwalbe, E. 1901.1. · Phagocytic powers. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1896.1. BLOOD SERUM Chemical composition. - In Torpedo. Baglioni, S. 1906.4. Nitrogen content. Bottazzi, F. 1908.1,.2. - Changes after bleeding in sharks. Buijtendijk, F. J. 1909.2. Chemical composition, Salmonida. Neresheimer, E. 1909.1. - Ancestral features in blood plasma. Macallum, A. B. Add. 1909.1. Hemolytic and toxic effects of eel serum. This has a remarkably strong hemolytic action upon the erythrocytes of most animals (except the hedgehog) and a minute quantity (0.04 c. c.) when injected into the veins of a rabbit will cause hemolysis and death. The latter is caused apparently by the action of cytotoxins on the vasomotor and respiratory centers in the medulla. For a recent valuable work in French, with an extensive bibliography, treating the entire subject of the toxic effects of the bloodserum of fishes, see Marie Phisalix. "Animaux venimeux et venins." Paris. 1922, vol. II, pp. 537-580. Effects upon "ichthyotoxin" of eel serum of alkalis, acids, dialysis, artificial digestion, heat, etc.; toxin considered a seralbumin. ★Mosso, A. 1888.2,.6, Add. 1888.1; Mosso, U. 1889.1,.2. Various researches on the properties of 1898.1. Effects of injection upon cardiac activities. -Effects of remote injections. Héricourt, J. & Richet, C. -Effect upon kidney cells. Pettit, A. 1898.1, 1901. Antiproteolytic action. Sellier, J. 1905.1, 1906.1. Effects upon mammalian eye. Sterndorff, K. 1914.1. As a blood anti-coagulant. Delezenne, C. Add. 1897.1. Serum of eel is without effect when introduced into stomach of dog by way of mouth. Mosso, U. 1889.1; Mosso, A. Add. 1888.1. After similar feeding of rabbits for several months, post-mortem examinations show lesions similar to those produced by injections. Jousset, P. & Lefas, - Add. 1904.1. Toxic effects of sera of other fishes. In general these are not so pronouncedly toxic as in the eel. Hemolytic and toxic effects of the blood serum of Petromyzon. Buffa, E. 1900.1; Cavazzani, E. 1892.1, Add. 1892.1. Tinca. Cignetti, F. 1900.1; Scofone, L. Add. 1904.1. Torpedo. Gley, E. 1904.1. Thunnus. Marcacci, A. Add. 1891.1, 1893.1. Various fishes. Bellecci, A. & Polara, G. Add. 1907.1. Effects of injection of mammalian blood serum in fishes. Scofone, L. & Buffa, E. 1900.1. BRAIN For the literature in which the brain and spinal cord are not clearly separable, see Central nervous system under Nervous system. For the other component of the central nervous system, see Spinal cord. Anatomy and morphology General treatises on the comparative anatomy of the brain of vertebrates. Bellonci, G. 1880.1; Edinger, L. 1893.1, 1904.1, 1908.3; Haller, A. 1768.1, Add. 1768.1; His, W. 1892.2; Johnston, J. B. 1902.4; Serres, A. E. 1824.1; Guillot, N. Add. 1844.1. Miscellaneous and general papers on the anatomy of the brain of fishes. Agassiz, J. L. 1844.7, 1845.4; Barbieri, C. 1905.1; Barteniew, L. 1867.1; Bonsdorff, E. J. 1855.1; Burckhardt, C. R. 1894.1,.3, 1897.2, 1906.2, Add. 1895.1; Duvernoy, G. L. 1852.1; Fenner, C. W. 1835.1; Franz, V. 1912.5; Fritsch, G. T. 1875.1, 1880.1; Hollard, H. L. 1866.2; Home, E. 1824.1; Miklukho-Maklai, N. N. 1868.1; Philipeaux, J. M. & Vulpian, E. F. 1852.1, 1853.1; Rabl-Rückhard, H. 1894.1; Steiner, J. 1886.5; Wilder, B. G. 1876.3. Comparative anatomy of brain structures of fishes. Baudelot, E. 1870.1, 1873.1; Bonaparte, C. L. 1842.4; Edinger, L. 1888.1; Miklukho-Maklai, N. N. 1870.1. Ganoidei and Selachii. Busch, W. 1848.1. Amphioxus and Craniates. Delsman, H. C. 1913.1, Add. 1913.1. Salmo and Scyllium. Haller, B. 1898.2. Teleostei and Selachii. ★Kappers, C. U. 1904.1, 1906.1. Anatomy of brain in various fishes. Amphioxus. Huxley, T. H. 1875.1. Cyclostomata. Petromyzontida. ★Ahlborn, C. G. 1882.1, 1883.1. -Ammocates and Petromyzon. Dendy, A. 1902.1; Johnston, J. B. 1902.3; Schilling, K. 1907.1; Tretjakoff, D. 1909.2, 1910.1, 1913.1; Wiedersheim, R. E. 1879.1, 1880.1; Wilder, B. G. 1876.3, 1877.4; Gage, S. P. Add. 1893.1. — Ichthyomyzon. Herrick, C. J. & Obenchain, J. B. 1913.1. Myrine. Retzius, M. G. 1893.1; Wilder, B. G. 1876.3, 1877.4. - Bdellostoma. Worthington, J. 1905.2. Dipnoi. Neoceratodus. Beauregard, H. 1883.1; Sanders, A. 1888.1, 1889.1; Wilder, B. G. 1887.1. Protopterus. Fulliquet, G. 1886.1; Serres, P. M. 1863.1. Elasmobranchii. Burckhardt, C. R. 1898.1; Duméril, A. M., Flourens, M. J. & Duvernoy, G. L. 1854.1; Rohon, J. V. 1877.1; Wallenberg, A. 1907.1, 1907.2. - Isistius. Burckhardt, C. R. 1902.1. - Scymnus. Burckhardt, C. R. 1907.1. - Scyllium. Haller, B. 1898.2. - Galeocerdo. Haswell, W. A. 1883.1. - Echinorhinus. Jackson, W. H. & Clarke, W. B. 1876.1. Chimara. Kappers, C. U. & Carpentier, F. W. 1911.1; MiklukhoMaklai, N. N. & Gegenbaur, C. 1870.1; Tanaka, S. 1877.1; Wilder, B. G. 1877.3,.7, 1908.1. Dicerobatis. Panceri, P. & Sanctis, L. 1869.1. Acanthias. Sander, J. 1867.1; Wyman, J. 1848.1. Mustelus. Wilder, B. G. 1876.3, 1877.4; Mitsukurina. 1905.1,.3; Chlamydoselachus and Scymnus. 1905.3; Cestracion and Pristiophorus. 1907.1. Retia mirabilia in brain of Dicerobatis. Sanctis, L. 1868.1. Brains of Plagiostomes figured. Garman, S. 1913.1. Ganoidei. Herrick, C. J. 1891.2. Amia. Gage, S. P. Add. 1893.1. Poly odon. Garman, H. 1896.1; Wilder, B. G. 1876.2, 1877.4. - Acipenser. Goronowitsch, N. 1888.1; Herrick, C. J. 1902.3; ★Johnston, J. B. 1902.2; Stannius, F. H. 1843.1; Wilder, B. G. 1876.2, 1877.4. Amia and Lepidosteus. Kappers, C. U. 1907.1; Wilder, B. G. 1876.2, 1877.4, 1912.1, Add. 1893.1. Teleostei. Gottsche, C. M. 1834.1, 1835.2; Herrick, C. L. 1891.1, 1892.1, Add. 1892.1; Malme, G. O. 1892.1; RablRückhard, H. 1884.1, 1885.1, Add. 1885.1; Ramon y Cajal, S. 1894.2; ★Wallenberg, A. 1907.1,.2. Mormyrida. Ecker, A. 1854.1; Erdl, M. P. 1846.1; ★Franz, V. 1911.5; Marcusen, J. 1862.1, 1864.1; Oeffinger, H. 1867.2; Sanders, A. 1882.1, 1883.1; Stendell, W. 1914.2. Cyclothone. ★Gierse, A. 1904.1. Salmo. Haller, B. 1898.2. Silurida. Herrick, C. J. 1891.1; Neumayer, L. 1908.1. Carassius. Hirsch, J. 1912.1; Savouré, P. 1911.2. Cyprinido. Mayser, P. 1882.1. Amblyopsis. Ramsey, E. E. 1909.1. Tinca. Rusconi, M. 1846.1. Idus and Squalius. Savouré, P. 1911.1; Leuciscus. 1911.1. - Esox. Stieda, L. 1861.1. - Deep sea fishes (Bassozetus, Mixonus, and Leucicorus). Trojan, E. 1906.1. Triglida. Tiedemann, D. F. 1816.2. Orthagoriscus. Vignal, W. V. 1881.1. -Lophius. Wyman, J. 1854.1; Cyclopterus. 1854.4. Luvarus. Haller, B. Add. 1881.1. Development in Choroid plexus. Torpedo. Gentes, L. 1906.1, 1908.1. Secretory function. Pettit, A. & Girard, J. 1902.1,.2. Development. Edinger, L. 1896.1; His, W. 1894.2; Hollard, H. L. 1866.1, 1866.3. Ammodytes. Fullarton, J. H. 1895.2. - Clupea. Holt, E. W. 1891.3. Acanthias. Meek, A. 1909.1. Teleosts. Rabl-Rückhard, H. 1882.1,.2. Tinca. Weber, E. H. 1846.1. - Selachii. Wilder, B. G. 1876.1. Evolution and phylogeny. Bothe, A. 1899.1; Gaskell, W. H. 1898.1 (i); Goette, A. 1883.1; Locy, W. A. 1905.1; Smith, G. E. 1910.1. For segmentation in the formation of the brain, see under Metamerism. Histology and histogenesis of brain. For comprehensive treatises on the comparative histology of the selachian and teleostean brain, see ★Kappers, C. U. 1904.1, 1906.1. Miscellaneous and general. H. 1896.1; Ayers, Baudelot, E. 1869.4,.5,.6; Catois, E. H. 1899.1,.2, 1901.1, 1902.1; Brain Cont'd. In various groups of fishes. - Cyclostomata. Jeleneff, A. 1879.1 (Petromyzon); Röthig, P. & Kappers, C. U. 1914.1 (Myxine). - Elasmobranchii. Houser, G. L. 1897.1, 1901.1; Sauerbeck, E. 1896.1; Viault, F. 1876.1. - Ganoidei. Teleostei. BelHerrick, C. J. 1891.2. lonci, G. 1879.1; Franz, V. 1913.1 (Mormyrus); Herrick, C. L. 1891.1, 1892.1,.2; Sanders, A. 1878.1; Savouré, P. 1912.2 (Cyprinids); Vignal, W. V. 1881.1 (Orthagoriscus). Physiology, functions of the brain. Barbieri, C. 1905.1; Baudelot, E. 1863.1; Harting, P. 1864.5; Lussana, F. & Lemoigne, A. 1871.1; Traube-Mengarini, M. 1884.1; Treviranus, G. R. 1820.1. DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN For a recent extensive memoir on the comparative morphology of the fore-brain in fishes, see Nils Holmgren, Journ. Comp. Neurol., 1922, vol. 34, pp. 391-460. Morphology. Burckhardt, C. R. 1894.4; Johnston, J. B. 1909.3; Kappers, C. U. & Theunissen, W. F. 1907.1; RablRückhard, H. 1894.2; Studnička, F. K. 1894.1-1895.1, 1898.2. Morphology in various groups of fishes. - Elasmobranchii. Bottazzi, F. 1894.1, 1895.1; Crisafulli, E. 1901.1 (Scyllium); Johnston, J. B. 1911.2. Cyclostomata and Ganoidei. Johnston, J. B. 1911.1, 1912.1. - Teleostei. Goldstein, K. 1905.1; ★Johnston, J. B. 1911.1, 1912.2,.3. Dipnoi (Lepidosiren). Smith, G. E. 1908.1. Histology, development, and function. Histology of fore-brain. Edinger, L. 1894.1; Johnston, J. B. (Acipenser) 1898.2. -Function of fore-brain in Pet· Developromyzon. Edinger, L. 1905.1. ment. Fuchs, F. 1908.1; Johnston, J. B. (Cerebral cortex) 1910.2. Corpus striatum, the basal ganglionic portion of the walls of the Telencephalon. Structure, function and phylogeny. Edinger, L. 1887.1, 1894.1; Kappers, C. U. 1882.2; Eichholtz, I. H. 1841.1; Kamon, K. 1904.1; Wilder, B. G. Add. 1898.1. - Teleosts. Bellonci, G. 1887.1. - Selachii. Rabl-Rückhard, H. 1893.1. Histology and histogenesis. Barbieri, C. 1905.2; Bellonci, G. 1887.1. Selachii. Bottazzi, F. 1894.1; Catois, E. H. 1897.1. · Acipenser. Johnston, J. B. 1898.2. Savouré, P. 1912.3. - Cyprinido. Analysis of olfactory tracts and centers. ★Sheldon, R. E. 1908.1, 1912.1. -- groups of fishes. Cyclostomata (Geotria Dendy, A. 1907.3; and Petromyzon). Sterzi, G. 1905.1; Whitwell, J. R. 1888.1. Dipnoi and Ganoidei (Protopterus, Polyodon, Amia). Burckhardt, C. R. 1891.2; Garman, H. 1896.1; Hill, C. 1894.1; - ElasmoKingsbury, B. F. 1897.1. branchii. Cattie, J. T. 1881.1,.2, 1882.1; Ehlers, E. H. 1878.2; Purvis, G. C. (Lamna) 1892.1. Teleostei. Hill, C. 1894.1; Klinckowström, A. (Callichthys) 1893.2; Terry, R. J. 1910.1. Development of epiphysis. Julin, C. 1887.1. Amia. Davis, B. M. 1896.1; Eycleshymer, A. C. & Davis, B. M. 1897.1. Coregonus. Hill, C. 1891.1. - Acanthias. Minot, C. S. 1901.1. Summary of literature concerning epiphysis. Davis, B. M. 1896.1. Functions of epiphysis. Ahlborn, F. Add. 1884.1. Pineal eye of Cyclostomata (called also Parietal eye), an organ with a close resemblance to an eye, possessing a retina and in some cases a lens. In the adult lamprey, two vesicles, s dorsal pineal" and a ventral parapineal" overlie the roof of the thalamencephalon, According to Studnička, these organs develop as evaginations of the brain roof, the parapineal anteriorly. General discussions. Mozejko, B. 1913.1; Favaro, G. & Leydig, F. 1887.1, |