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Alischer, Sebastian. De carpione hermaphroditico, oder von einer Karpfe, so Milch und Rogen gehabt. Natur u. Kunstgesch., Breslau, 1720, 14, 645. Pre-Linn. 1720.1

Allamand (junior), Jean Nicola Sebastian [1713-1787] Kort verhaal van de uitwerkzelen, welke een Americaanse vis veroorsaakt op de geenen die hem aanraaken. Verhandl. Hollandsch. Maatsch. Wetensch. Haarlem, 1756, 2, 372-379. Pre-Linn. 1756.1

"Piscis ex Gymnoti genere in America Meridionali frequens, effectus tales prodit quos Torpedo in Italia."

Also found in Hannov. Samml., 1756, 2. Th., 27. St. Hamb. Mag., 1756, 2, 178. Abstract in Comment. Lips., 1756, 8, 396.

Allen, Benjamin. Of the manner of the generation of eels. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 1697 (1698), 19, no. 231. Pre-Linn. 1698.1

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(Ray, John.

Travels through the Low Countries, etc. To which are added a collection of curious travels collected from the observations of P. Alpinus. and others. 2nd. ed. 2 vols. London, 1738) Pre-Linn. 1738.1

Alpinus, professor and prefect of the University of Padua, was Venetian consul at Cairo, 1580-1584. The original edition of his "Travels is not known.

"

Ambrose, (Saint) (c. 340-397] Hexæmeron de principis rerum libri vi. Augustæ Vindelicorum [Augsburg), 1472. fol. Pre-Linn. 1472.1 This is the much prized 1st ed. Copies; L. C., & H. E. H.

Another ed. is dated c. 1481. A later ed. is listed below.

fol.

Opera. 3 vols. Basel, 1492.
Pre-Linn. 1492.1

Fishes, vol. I, book v.

Other eds.: Lugduni, 1559; Paris, 1686-90. 2 vols. fol.

Divi Ambrosii, Mediolanensis episcopi, Hexameron libri vi. Basileæ, 1566. 88 p. fol. Pre-Linn. 1566.1 The names of a score of fishes are given in book v., but no descriptions are added.

Ambrosius, Divus (Bishop of Milan). See Ambrose, Saint.

Anderson or Andersen, Johann [1674-1743] Nachrichten von Island, Grönland und der Strasse Davis, zum wahren Nutzen der Wissenschaften und der Handlung. Nebst einem Vorberichte von den Lebensumständen des Herrn Verfassers. Hamburg, 1746. xxx, 333 p. 5 pls. map. 8°.

Pre-Linn. 1746.1

This work, which contains considerable data about fishes, passed through many editions: Frankfort and Leipsic, 1747; Copenhagen, 1748; Paris, 1750, 1754, 1764; Amsterdam, 1750, 1756; London, 1758. fol.

Danish & Dutch versions are:

- Efterretninger om Island, Grönland og strat Davis, med en tilgift som videre efterretning om Island. Kjöbenhavn, 1748. 356 p. pls. 8°. Pre-Linn. 1748.1

Beschryving van Ysland, Groenland en de Straat Davis . . . Benevens

Anderson, J.

een voorbericht, bevattende levensbyzonderheden van den Schryver. Uit het hoogduitsch verstaalt. Amsterdam, 1750, xvi, 286 p. 6 pls. 4°.

Pre-Linn. 1751.1 See also note under Horrebow, N., Pre-Linn. 1758.1

Andrew, Laurence. The wonderful shape and nature of man, beastes, serpentes, fowles, fishes, and monsters, translated out of divers authors, by Laur. Andrew, of Calis. Antwerp, 1510. ills. fol. (black letter)

Pre-Linn. 1510.1

Anglicus, Bartholomew. See Bartholomæus Anglicus.

Ankarkrona, Theodore [1687-1750] Beschreibung des Fünffingerfisches. Abhand. Schwed. Akad., 1740, 2, 242245. pls. Pre-Linn. 1740.1

See note under Kästner, A. G., in this section.

Beskrifning of ver famfingers fisken. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., Stockholm, 1740, 2, 457.

Pre-Linn. 1740.2 Describes Coryphæna pentadactylus Bloch.

Antonius, G. (præses) Disputatio juridica de jure venandi, aucupandi et piscandi. Inaug. Dissert. Marpurgæ, 1604. 3 pls. 4°. Pre-Linn. 1604.1 Jacobus Ninmero, respond.

Aquinas, (Saint) Thomas (surnamed Doctor Angelicus) (c. 1225-1274] For a brief account of the life and works of this learned man, and for a list of biographies and editions of his books, see Martin, T. L., & Mitchell, J. M. in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., 1910, vol. II, p. 250-252.

Summæ theologica. Partes III. Basel, 1485. Pre-Linn. 1485.1

Clupeoid fishes named Sarda and Harenga are mentioned in connection with canonizing ceremonies. The first of these names occurs also in Isidore and seems to refer to the sardine.

An early ed. of the complete work. Issued in 3 parts separately and in fractions of these parts as well as a whole from 1467 (Partes secundæ; secunda pars," Mainz) on, this work passed through a great number of editions and translations. Of 15th century issues alone there are, of the whole work, or of its parts, in America alone, 32 eds. For these, see "Census of 15th Century Books in America."

The best modern eds. of the "Summæ Theologica" are that of Rome, 1882-1903 (prepared at the expense of Leo XIII); and one in English by J. M. Ashby. London, 1888.

Arctædius, Petrus. See Artedi, P.

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The method of catching fish is one adopted at a small country town near Norwich, wherein worms, enclosing a thorn, are attached by threads, in hundreds, to the bushes overhanging a stream, for the purpose of catching the fish. A letter concerning the hearing of fish. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 1748 (1750), 45, 149-155. - Hamburg. Mag., 1750, 5, 655-663. Pre-Linn. 1750.1

[Observations on keeping fish in glasses.] Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 1748 (1750), 45, 321-323. fig.

Pre-Linn. 1750.2 First known reference to fungus parasitic on fish.

Argenville, Ant. Jos. Dezallier d' [1680-1765] L'histoire naturelle. l'oryctologie, qui traite des terres, des pierres, autres fossiles, etc. Paris, 1754. 560 p. pls. 4°.

et

Pre-Linn. 1754.1

American fishes engraved from Plumier's drawings, pl. 26, figures 1-4.

Fossil fishes figured, pl. 18; listed, pp. 334341; 350-353.

Another ed., Paris, 1755. Copy 1754 ed.,

Col.

Argillander, Abraham. Rön om Gjädd-leken. K. Svensk. Vetensk. Acad. Handl., 1753, 15, 74-77.

Pre-Linn. 1753.1

Untersuchung vom Laichen des Hechtes. König. Schwed. Akad. Abhandl., 1753, 15, 77-79.- Hollands. Mag., 1753, 2, 569. Notice in Comment. Lips., 1753, 5, 10. Pre-Linn. 1753.2 See note under Kästner, A. G., this section.

Aringhi, Paul. Roma subterranea. 2 vols. Paris, 1659. 352 & 396 p. illust. fol. Pre-Linn. 1659.1 Fishes are dealt with. An earlier edition (?), 1651.

For a

Aristotle [384-322 B. C.] memoir, see Crichton, Andrew, (In Jardine, (Sir) W. Naturalist's Library, 1836, vol. XIV, p. 17-112. Ibid., [2nd issuel, 1845-46.

For critical commentaries on the work of the "Father of Natural History," see Agassiz, L. 1856.2, 1858.9, 1871.1; Burckhardt, C. R. 1905.2; Girod, P. 1880.1; Klunzinger, C. B. 1901.1; Scupin, E. 1905.1; Sonnenburg, L. 1857.1; Steier, A. 1913.2; Sundevall, C. J. 1863.1; Thompson, D. W. 1913.1; Vallot, J. N. 1838.1, 1839.1; Wiegmann, A. 1826.1. Also, Biese, F. Add. 1835.1; Camus, A. G. Add. 1783.1; Gill, T. N. Add. 1873.1; Heck, L. F. Add. 1885.1; Jourdain, A. Add. 1843.1; Langkavel, B. Add. 1863.1; Lewes, G. H. Add. 1864.1; Meyer, J. B. Add. 1855.1; Osborne, J. Add. 1840.1.

Aristotelis de animalibus libri IX; de partibus animalium libri Iv; de generatione animalium libri v. Latine, interprete [Theod.] Gaza. Venetiis, 1476. fol.

Pre-Linn. 1476.1

The first printed edition of any of Aristotle's "Natural History." Other editions of this: Venice, 1492, 1498, & 1503. Copies in H., Y., I. C., H. E. H.

Historia animalium latine, Th. Gaza interprete. Venetiis, 1492. Pre-Linn. 1492.1

A 2nd ed. of the above is dated Venice, 1498. Another ed., augmented by the works of other natural history writers, appeared at Venice in 1513.

Opera omnia. 4 vols. Augsburg, 1479. fol. Pre-Linn. 1479.1 The first Latin edition of the "Opera." Other early Latin eds. are: Venice, 1489, 1496, 1550-52 (11 vols. fol.). Copies: H., P., J. H. U., U. C., H. E. H.

Opera omnia et nonnulla græce. Aldus Manutius editor. 5 vols. Venetiis, 1495-1498. fol. Pre-Linn. 1495.1

The first Greek edition of Aristotle's works. Other eds. in Greek of the complete works are: Basle, 1531, 1550.

During the 15th century, six editions of the "Opera," the "Historia" or its parts, appeared at Venice; 1476, 1492, 1493, 1495, 1497, 1498. Of the same the 16th century saw at least 5 editions from Venice; as many from Paris; 4 from Leyden: 2 from Basel; and one each from Cologne, Florence, and Lyons. During the 17th and first half of the 18th centuries, editions appeared too numerous to be listed. Of comparatively recent editions, the following may be cited as standard:

Aristoteles Græce; ex recensione I. Bekkeri, etc. Edidit Academia Borussica. 5 vols. Berolini, 1831-70. 4°.

Aristoteles Thierkunde: Kritischberichtigter Text mit Deutscher Uebersetzung.. Sprachlicher Erklärung

und von H. Aubert

und.. illust. 8°. Histoire des animaux d'Aristote traduite en Français et accompagnée de notes perpétuelles Paris, par J. Barthélemy-St.-Hilaire. 3 tom. 1883. 8°.

F. Wimmer. 2 Bd. Leipzig, 1868.

The works of Aristotle translated into English under the editorship of J. A. Smith, and W. D. Ross. Vol. IV. Historia animalium by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Oxford, 1910. xv, folios 486a - 633a + îndex. 8°.

This is the best English translation, far superior to that by Thomas Taylor (1806.1) or that by Creswell (1883.1). For a critical estimate of both the two earlier English and of Thompson's newer version, see Gill, T. N.

1911.1.

Arkstee, & Merkus, Allgemeine Historie der Reisen zu Wasser und Lande; oder Sammlung aller Reisebeschreibungen welche bis itzo in verschiedenen Sprachen von allen Völkern herausgegeben worden

Durch eine Gesellschaft gelehrter Männer im Englischen zusammen getragen, und aus demselben ins Deutsche übersetzet. 21 vols. Leipzig, 1747–74. illust. 4°. Pre-Linn. 1747.1

"This work is a translation and extension of 'A new general collection of voyages and travels, etc.,' 1745-47, as well as of A. F. Prévost's 'Histoire générale des voyages." The translation was begun by A. G. Kästner and J. J. Schwabe, and carried on by F. W. Beer, C. C. Woog, J. G. Müller, F. J. Bierling, and others.' -Catalogue British Museum (Natural History).

Armstrong, John [ -1758] The history of the Island of Minorca. London, 1752. xxvii, 260 p. 2 pls. 8°. Pre-Linn. 1752.1 Glossopetras, pp. 142-143. figs. Fishes, pp.

161-169.

2nd. ed., London, 1756. A French version is:

Histoire naturelle et civile de l'isle de Minorque, traduite sur la deuxième édition anglaise. Amsterdam & Paris, 1769. 2 pls. map. 12°.

There is also a German translation, Hamburg, 1771; while another appeared in the Göttingische Sammlung der Reisen.

Arnault de Nobleville, Louis Daniel [1701-1778], & Salerne, François. Traité d'histoire naturelle des animaux, pour servir de suite à la matière médicale de Geoffroy. 7 vols. Paris, 1756-1757. 12°. Pre-Linn. 1756.1

14 fishes described, vol. II, p. 347. Refers to fishes in medicine. Deals with voracity of pike, viviparity of eels, etc.

Arnold, Theodorus. (translator). Eine Untersuchung des Ursprungs. und der

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Arrian, Flavius fl. 2. cent. A. D.1 Historia [Greek]. Pisauri [Pesano], 1508. fol. Pre-Linn. 1508.1

Other eds. Basel, 1539; Venice, 1544 (Italian). "Arrian's History furnishes us with some interesting details of an almost exclusively ichthyophagous community in India, and their wonderful skill, both in the manufacture and the use of nets made from the inner bark of palm-trees." -J. J. Ripley, 1883.

De venatione. Græce et Latine; Luca Holstenio interprete. Parisiis, 1644. 4°. Pre-Linn. 1644.1

Artedi, Peter [1705-1735] For biographies, see Eastman, C. R. 1905.5; & Lönnberg, A. J. 1905.7.

Ichthyologia, sive opera omnia de piscibus scilicet: Bibliotheca ichthyologica. Philosophia ichthyologica. Generum piscium. Synonymia specierum. Descriptiones specierum. Omnia in hoc opere perfectiora, quam antea ulla. Posthuma vindicavit, recognovit, coeptavit et edidit Carolus Linnæus. 5 parts. Lugduni Batavorum [Leyden), 1738. 8°.

Pre-Linn. 1738.1

The separate parts of this work are thus entitled:

Pars i. Bibliotheca ichthyologica sive historia litteraria ichthyologiæ in qua recensio fit auctorum, qui de piscibus scripsere, librorum titulis, loco & editionis tempore, additis judiciis, quid quisvis auctor præstiterit, quali methodo et successu scripserit, disposita secundum sæcula in quibus quisvis auctor floruit. iv, 66 p.

Pars ii. Philosophia ichthyologica in qua quicquid fundamenta artis absolvit, characterum scillicet genericorum, differentiarum specificarum, varietatum et nominum theoria rationibus demonstratur, et exemplis corroboratur. iv, 118 p.

Pars iii. Genera piscium. In quibus systema totum ichthyologiæ proponitur, cum classibus. ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis. Redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52. iv, 88 p.

Pars iv. Synonymia nominum (specierum) piscium fere omnium; in qua recensio fit nominum piscium, omnium facile authorum, qui unquam de piscibus scripsere: uti Græcorum, Romanorum, barbarorum, necnon omnium insequentium ichthyologorum una cum nominibus inquilinis variarum nationum. iv, 118 p.

Pars v. Descriptiones specierum piscium quos vivos præsertim dissecuit et examinavit, inter quos primario pisces Regni Sueciæ facile omnes accuratissime describuntur, cum non paucis aliis exoticis. iv, 102 p.

"Artedi may be justly regarded as the father of modern ichthyology, having introduced a precise terminology, full and pertinent diagnoses, and throughout uninominal generic names." ."-T. N. Gill, Smithson. Misc. Coll., 1872 (1874), no. 247, p. 28.

The subsequent editions of Artedi's work by Walbaum (1788-1793) and J. G. Schneider (1789) are noticed under the editors' names.

Ascham, Anthony [fl. 1553] A prognosticacion and an almanacke joyned together declaryng the disposition of the people, and also of the wether, with certayne electyons and tymes chosen. for hawekyng, huntyng, fishyng and fowlyng, accordyng to the science of astronomy, made for the yeare of our Lorde God, MDL. London [1549]

Pre-Linn. 1549.1

Ash, Thomas. Carolina; or a description of the present state of that country, etc. Published by T. A[shi gent. London, 1682. Pre-Linn. 1682.1

Among the fishes mentioned are sturgeon, mullets, salmon, trout, bass, drum, cat-fish, plaice and eels.

Asseler, Thomas. Viridarium adriaticum; oder, der, um den venetianischen golfo, florierende lust-garten in welchem zu sehen seyn die schône blumen &c., dero inligender insulen, allerseits, angråntzender lånder, vornembste stådt, gewachs, früchten, thier &c. vorgestellt. Augspurg, 1686. 110 p. 19 pls. maps. Pre-Linn. 1686.1

16°.

A few fishes described. Copy, Arn.

Athenæus, Naucratita [fl. c. 200] For an essay on this author and the fishes referred to in his work, see Wellmann, 1888.1.

Deipnosophistarum libri XV. Venice, 1514. fol. Pre-Linn. 1514.1 This, the editio princeps, is in Greek. Better known is the famous edition of 1524. Another very famous edition is:

- Athenæi Deipnosophistarum lib. XV, cura et studio Isaaci Casuboni auctiores emendatioresque editi. Cum interpretatione latina Jacobi Dalechampii, Cadomensis. Adjecti sunt indices rerum, scriptorum, proverbiorum, vocum accuratissimi. Heidelberga, 1597. 702 p. fol.

Pre-Linn. 1597.1

Other early eds. are: Basel, 1535 (in Greek), 1556; Venice, 1556 (apparently the 1st Latin edition); Lyons, 1583, 1600, 1612, 1621, 1657, 1661; Geneva, 1597.

Les xv livres de Deipnosophistes d'Athenée, traduits du grec en françois; par l'Abbé de Marolles. Paris, 1680. 4°. Pre-Linn. 1680.1

This is the best old edition issued at Paris. Other French editions are those of 1798, and that of 1819 in three volumes translated by Lefevre Villebrune.

Of modern issues, the one considered by Cuvier and by Brunet to be the best is that issued at Strassburg in 14 vols. by Schweighauser, 1801-07. A later edition and probably the best of all is that by Kaibel issued 1887-90.

An English translation by C. D. Yonge is to be found in Bohn's Classical Library, London, 1884, under the title "The deipnosophists or the banquet of the learned." In this translation, vol. I, book шII, chaps. LXXXV-XCIV, fish as food; vol. I, book vi, chaps. I-XII, fishmongers and fishermen; vol. II, book VII, chaps. IV-CXL, some 85 or more fishes are referred to: book VIII, voices of fishes, fossil fishes, subterranean fishes, rain of fishes, fish eaters, restoration after freezing, sounds made by fishes, migration of fishes, amphibious fishes, particular fishes used for food, etc.

Athenæus, a Greek rhetorician of Naucratis, Egypt, was author of a number of works of which "The Banquet of the Learned" only is extant. It is an immense storehouse of miscellaneous information written in the form of the table talk of a number of writers and philosophers who were entertained at a great banquet by a wealthy patron of art and literature. Its great value is due to the fact that it is full of quotations from writers whose works are no longer extant, and who but for Athenæus, would be lost to us. He quotes 800 authors and 2500 separate writings.

"As a work of art it [the Deipnosophistarum] can take but low rank, but as a repertory of fragments and morsels of information, it is invaluable."

Aurivillius, Joh. (respond.) Dissertatio de natura piscium in genere, et piscatura. Holmiæ, 1676. 4°.

Magnus Celsius, præses.

Pre-Linn. 1676.1

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The "Opera" of Ausonius have appeared in many editions of which this is the first. At least 10 editions are known ante 1758, the three earliest being; 1472, 1494, 1496. For further bibliographical details, see Westwood & Satchell.

The Mosella" is contained also in "Poetarum Latinorum minorum," vol. I, p. 192, edited by Johann C. Wernsdorff, Altenburg, 1780.

Oken in Isis, 1845, columns 5-44, reprints the "Mosella" with a parallel German translation. He then identifies the 16 fishes of Ausonius, and gives many references to these fish in the writings of 16th and 17th century authors. There is also a modern annotated edition by Hosius, published at Marburg in 1894, commented upon by J. Wimmer in his "Geschichte des deutschen Bodens," p. 322-384. Halle, 1905.

Modern editions of the Mosella in Latin and German were issued: Coblenz, 1802; Hamm, 1824; Berlin, 1828; Altona, 1832, and Cologne, 1837. The best German edition is probably that of Neumann, Trier, 1846; the best French, by Corpet, Paris, 1843.

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