The American Naturalist

A Monthly Journal, established in 1867, Devoted to the Advancement of the Biological Sciences with Special Reference to the Factors of Organic Evolution and Heredity

CONTENTS OF THE JANUARY NUMBER Juvenile Kelps and the Recapitulation Theory. Professor ROBERT F. GRIGGS.

The Larva and Spat of the Canadian Oyster, Dr. J. STAFFORD.

Shorter Articles and Correspondence: Some Notes on the Traditions of the Natives of Northeastern Siberia about the Mammoth, WALDEMAR JOCHELSON. Age of Trotting Horse Sires, F. R. MARSHALL The Occurrence of Batrachoceps attenuatus and Autodax lugubris in Southern California, WILLIAM A. HILTON.

Notes and Literature: Experimental Evolution-The Effect of the Environment upon Animals, Dr. FRANK E. LUTZ. Experimental Zoology--The Influence of the Size of the Egg and Temperature on the Growth of the Frog, SERGIUS MORGULIS. Parasitology-Cestodes of Birds, Professor HENRY B

WARD.

CONTENTS OF THE FEBRUARY NUMBER Charles Darwin and the Mutation Theory. CHARLES F. Cox.

Juvenile Kelps and the Recapitulation Theory. II. Professor ROBERT F. GRIGGS.

Notes and Literature: Plant Phylogeny-The Origin of the Archegoniates, Dr. BRADLEY M. DAVIS. Holothurians-Clark's The Apodous Holothurians, W. K. FISHER. Lepidoptera-The Blue Butterflies of the Genus Celastrina, Professor T. D. A. COCKERELL. Vertebrate Paleontology-The Lysorophida; Stegocephala; The Cotylosauria; The Oldest Known Reptile; The Age of the Gaskohle; Bison Occidentalis; Nectosaurus; Callibrachion, Dr. ROY L. MOODIE. Parasitology-The Sleeping Sickness Bureau, Professor HENRY B. WARD. Exploration-Camp-fires on Desert and Lava, Dr. Roy L. MOODIE,

CONTENTS OF MARCH NUMBER Invitation Papers at the Baltimore Meeting of the Botanical Society of America; Darwin Memorial Session:Darwin as a Naturalist; Darwin's Work on Cross Pollination in Plants. Professor WILLIAM TRELEASE

Darwin's Influence upon Plant Geography and Ecol-
ogy. Professor FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS.
Darwin's Work on Movement in Plants, Professor
HERBERT MAULE RICHARDS.

An Examination of Darwin's "Origin of Species" in the
Light of Recent Observations and Experiments.
Professor EDWIN LINTON.

The Distinction between Development and Heredity in Inbreeding. Dr. EDWARD M. EAST.

Breeding Experiments with Rats. Professor T. H.
MORGAN.

Shorter Articles and Discussion: The Chub and tho Texas
Horn Fly, Dr. ROY L. MOODIE. A New Camel from
the Lower Miocene of Nebraska, HAROLD JAMES
COOK.
Notes and Literature: Heredity-The Chondriosomes as
Bearers of the Hereditary Qualities, F. PAYNE,
Cultural Bed Mutations in the Potato.

CONTENTS OF THE APRIL NUMBER Heredity of Hair Color in Man. GERTRUDE C. DAVENPORT and CHARLES C. DAVENPORT.

A Mechanism for Organic Correlation. Professor G, H,
PARKER.
Recent Advances in the Study of Vascular Anatomy.
Vascular Anatomy and the Reproductive Structures.
Professor JOHN M. COULTER.

The Progress of Plant Anatomy During the Last
Decade. Professor EDWARD C. JEFFREY.

Shorter Articles and Correspondence: A Note on the
Degree of Accuracy of the Biometric Constants, DR.
Pure Strains as Artifacts of
RAYMOND PEARL
Breeding. 0. F. COOK.
Notes and Literature: Heredity-The Nature of "Unit"
Characters, DR. W. J. SPILLMAN, Environment-
DR. FRANK E. LUTZ. Experimental Zoology-Hy-
bridology and Gynandromorphism, Professor T. H.
MORGAN. Echinodermata-Red Sea Crinoids, Dr.
AUSTIN HOBART CLARK.

CONTENTS OF THE MAY NUMBER The Categories of Variation. Professor S. J. HOLMES. The General Entomological Ecology of the Indian Corn Plant. S. A. FORBES.

Notes and Literature: Biometrics-Some Recent Studies on Growth. DR. RAYMOND PEARL. Experimental Zoology-Cuénot on the Honey Bee, Professor T. H. MORGAN. The Upholding of Darwin-Poulton and Plate on Evolution, V. L. K.

Single Number 35 Cents

CONTENTS OF THE JUNE NUMBER Heredity and Variation in the Simplest Organisms. Professor H. S. JENNINGS. The Color Sense of the Honey Bee Is Conspicuousness an Advantage to Flowers? JOHN H. LOVELL Variation in the Number of Seeds per Pod in the Broom, Cytisus scoparius. Doctor J. ARTHUR HARRIS.

Present Problems in Plant Ecology:

The Trend of Ecological Philosophy. Professor
HENRY C. COWLES.

The Present Problems of Physiological Plant
Ecology DR. BURTON LIVINGSTON.

Notes and Literature: Notes on Evolution, V. L. K.
DeVries's Species and Varieties, DR. GEORGE H.
On the Totipotence of
SHULL. Embryology
the First Two Blastomeres of the Frog's Egg.
DR. J. F. MCCLENDON.

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IN August, 1883, there occurred in the Straits of Sunda, between Java and Sumatra, the most violent volcanic eruption of which there is any record. This catastrophe involved the island of Krakatau (Krakatoa, as it is usually written in English), as well as the two small neighboring islands, Verlaten and Lang Island. As a result of this eruption about two thirds of the larger island, which was nine kilometers long and five in width, disappeared, while the other islands were noticeably increased in size, and the whole floor of the ocean in the vicinity was completely changed. It was estimated that the total amount of matter ejected during the successive eruptions from May to August amounted to eighteen cubic kilometers, and this immense mass of stones, ashes and volcanic dust was scattered over an enormous area, the ashes being carried many hundred miles, and life of all kinds upon the islands was completely annihilated. Many will recall the brilliant crimson sunset skies that were observed all over the world some months later. These were caused by the presence of fine volcanic dust from Krakatau which, suspended in the upper atmosphere, was carried entirely around the world. The detonations from the explosions were said to have been heard nearly three thousand miles away; and at Buiten

zorg and Batavia, in Java, about 150 kilometers away, the explosions were likened to the discharge of cannon near at hand, and were so violent as to shake the houses to such an extent that objects were thrown down.

The effect of the great mass of hot ashes and pumice that completely covered the islands, was to entirely destroy every vestige of the luxuriant vegetation which before the eruption clothed the island of Krakatau with a dense forest extending from the shore to the summit of the highest peak, Rakata, 832 meters in height.

The island of Krakatau, therefore, after the eruption, was very efficiently sterilized, and offered a most unusual opportunity for studying the establishment of the vegetation upon a large area absolutely barren and comparatively isolated. The nearest land is an island some nineteen kilometers distant on which the vegetation was also largely destroyed, while the large islands of Java and Sumatra are respectively 35 and 45 kilometers distant.

Fortunately there was a man who fully appreciated the importance of this unique opportunity, and determined to trace the reestablishment of the new flora upon the desolated island. The botanical world owes a great debt to Professor Treub, the distinguished botanist who has done so much to advance the study of botany in the tropics, both by his own important investigations and by the building up of the unrivaled facilities for research offered by the magnificent gardens and experiment stations in Java.

Treub's visit was made in 1886, three years after the eruption, and subsequently the island was again visited by him in 1897, and a third expedition was made in 1905.

In the spring of 1906, while engaged in botanical study at the mountain station Tjibodas, in Java, I received word that a visit to Krakatau was being arranged for, and was invited to join it. The results of this trip have been presented in admirable fashion by Professor A.

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