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tioned, nine years of study are demanded. Below all was a class of surgeon phlebotomists, who passed through a course of study of two years, and to whom the minor operations of surgery were alone entrusted; but by a decree issued in 1854, this class, we believe, is henceforward abrogated. Pascual Madoz, in his extensive and valuable Statistical Dictionary of Spain, while he confirms most of the statements which we have here derived from Sámano, adds that the doctorate is granted in Madrid only, the privilege of conferring it not being allowed to the two other chief Faculties. In the year 1848-9, the same authority tells us that the matriculated students at Madrid were eight hundred and seventy-one, of whom only forty-nine aspired to the doctorate.* As a basis for this great medical school, existing at what is thus designated as the "Universidad Central," with its thirty-two medical professors and assistant-professors, Madrid, we may mention here, has its great General Hospital of upwards of one thousand five hundred beds, giving gratuitous accommodation to an average of fourteen thousand patients yearly, with from three thousand to four thousand besides who make certain regulated payments. The mean number of beds occupied is reported to be about twelve hundred. To the confused and fluctuating legislation of which we have thus endeavoured to trace an outline, mingling, as it does, so much of what appears strenuous in aim with what has proved feeble and uncertain in execution, a climax was given by a royal ordinance appointing two chairs for the Theory and Practice of Homoeopathy, faith in which, as might be anticipated, is largely prevalent in Spain. Indeed, we learn from Sámano that charlatanry is everywhere rampant throughout the country.

But we must draw our remarks nearer their close, and can allow ourselves to add but little regarding the more recent writers. Luzuriaga, who studied in Britain, and Felipe Monlau, have acquired a high reputation among their countrymen as writers on hygienics; Ignacio Ameller and Felix Janer have written ably on pathology; and there have appeared one or two esteemed works on medical jurisprudence. The medical history of Morejon, which has suggested our present labour, would be a credit to any country, and in the relative copiousness of its bibliographical department we do not know its equal. Most of the publications, however, on practical medicine and surgery, and indeed on nearly every branch of medical science, have been lately, and are now, merely translations; and even these have been almost exclusively limited to French sources. In original monographs on therapeutics, diagnostics, surgery, or midwifery, the modern list is indeed meagre, and, beyond Spain, the names of the authors are everywhere unfamiliar. Thus it is that, whatever portion of a better spirit appears in their medical literature and practice, is not a national spirit, and can only in a very moderate degree be attributed as a national honour. Nothing can show more clearly than this the unfortunate condition of intellectual torpor and dependence into which

• Diccionario Geografico-Estadistico-Historico de España, tom. x. p. 814.
† Op. cit., tom. x. p. 872.

the old energies of the Spanish physicians and surgeons have been lowered. The Spaniards themselves, however sensitively they may repel the insinuation of the wide-spread apathy from abroad, evince their consciousness of it through their having contemplated a confederation of the more zealous among their eminent men, originated in 1846, the main object of which was not merely to promote medical science generally, but expressly to aim at the "creation of a national medicine." Medical periodicals, each advocating liberalized, and often wise and salutary views, have risen and fallen, one after another, in rapid succession, having been unable to secure any sufficiently extensive basis of support, though each has been attempted on a scale that appears sufficiently humble, when compared with that of the journals of even the smallest and least affluent of other European countries. We move coldly among these shadowy representatives of the former vigour and genius of their country, and feel that the tameness that characterizes our theme creeps depressingly over us, in contrast with those heartier sympathies which the earlier history awakened. Still there is, as we have portrayed, a restlessness under their present condition, which necessitates, as it augurs, a further change. Let us hope that their future aspirations may be more real than apparent, and may lead to some proportionate effort, such as we cordially desire, in order to the success that will restore Spain to her just rank as a ministrant in that universal progress behind which she has so long lingered. Yet, doubtless, it will be sanguine to expect, even under the wisest management, any instantaneous regeneration of institutions which have degenerated into a complex system of abuses, such as the former absolutism of rule showed neither the zeal nor the capacity to remedy.

We glean from Sámano some interesting particulars, serving to illustrate the existing social position of the medical practitioner in Spain, which we are the more ready still to quote that they are of a description not usually met with in the pages of a medical history. Thus we gather that the yearly emolument of the medical chairs in the Universities appears to vary from 1257. to upwards of 300%, the highest salaries being attached to those in Madrid. The rent of a house, occupied by a physician of respectability in the capital, ordinarily averages from about 30l. to 40l. a year; while his fee for a customary visit to the middle classes varies from about twenty pence to two shillings, an amount which is usually doubled for the wealthier classes. For consultations, which are very commonly resorted to, and are matters of great formality, the honorarium is from about 12s. 6d. to 16s. 8d., or from three to four duros. In the chief towns in the country, on the other hand, the fee for a visit to the middle classes is usually tenpence, which is also doubled for those higher in station. To the medical attendant of the rural districts, payments are often made partly in money and partly in kind. When in the latter, the practitioner is sometimes the happy recipient of a quantity of grain or pulse, and sometimes of wine, or hemp, or potatoes. We may easily believe that not rarely his remuneration is exceedingly meagre, and that he is often unable to equip himself for paying his visits on horseback; so that it

is usual to send a horse for him, in express cases, along with the messenger who requests his attendance. In many instances, in consideration of his furnishing the whole services for a given district, he receives a stated salary from the local authorities, which may commonly amount to from 40%. to 60%., but sometimes to the double of this sum, from 60l. to 80%. being probably the average. In some localities, the salary is partly made up by allowances of a house rent-free, firewood, mast for a pig, or pasturage for a horse, with exemption from communal taxes. The barber-surgeon, or surgeon-phlebotomist, when salaried, has from 10% to 60%. yearly; a common average being from 30%. to 40%. He is expected, in addition to his more strictly surgical duties, to attend to the beards of the community himself, or to provide a substitute. Many of these provisions are loudly, and doubtless justly exclaimed against, as entailing a life of penury, degradation, and hardship. What has been the effect upon them of the general sanitary law, regulating, among the rest, the employment and remuneration of the district medical attendant, which passed the Cortes at the close of 1855, and therefore since Sámano wrote, and of which we have read the full details in a Spanish medical journal,† we have had no adequate opportunity of ascertaining. That it, however, as little as the preceding law, of medical organization of 1854, for a complete transcript of which we have referred to another medical periodical,‡ was not held to present any sufficient guarantee at the time, the many murmurs that arose, and the establishment, almost coincident with the promulgation of the law of 1855, of an association styled the "Emancipacion Medica," destined to protect the interests by consolidating the action of the profession, have afforded sufficient testimony. With the instability of Spanish medical legislation, probably other changes have taken place since, but these we shall not now pause to investigate.

We thus bring to a conclusion our sketch of the history of Spanish Medicine during what may be regarded as its purely Spanish periods. Those who consider merely the place in which the result of our researches appears may think that they have been extended to too great a length: those who regard what has been the width of our field, or in how far our investigation has been original, and who will judge how much, in order that the characteristic features of our theme might be preserved and yet not rendered redundant, it was desirable to include, and how much it was necessary to exclude, with almost equal labour in the rejection as in the selection, will possibly admit that we could scarcely have approached any tolerable success while restricting ourselves to narrower limits. In seeking to trace the leading events, and associate with them the leading names in the annals of our art in Spain, and in attempting to attach to both, in some measure, the impress of their times, we believe that not much has been omitted which it would be just to regard as essential; though much, and many names, certainly, have been inevitably passed over, which the Spanish phy

* Sámano; Apendice, pp. 164, 177.

+ El Siglo Medico, Periodico Oficial de la Real Acad. de Med. de Madrid, Año ii. p. 387. + Semanario Medico Español, Año i. pp. 4, 12.

sician would willingly have scen introduced, and even magniloqueutly lauded. But the part of the reviewer of a period or of a department of medical history is to render justice, and not to administer flattery. As he proceeds with his task, he learns to look on success and on failure, on fortune and on misfortune, as alike the incidents of a day: and a calm resignation visits him, while he constrains himself to consider in events, not so much the fates of individuals, as the broad results of human effort and progress; for the race lives, while the individual perishes. Not that he can be indifferent to honour or neglect, to merit or demerit; but he teaches himself, or ought to teach himself, to view these in their finality, and more in relation to society than to the individual man, with whom it has now become too late to sympathize or whom he can no longer reach with censure. This truth then alone remains for all available: that an honour unduly paid, or a neglect unduly inflicted-and each is frequently encountered by him in his researches is alike a wrong to the community, with whom the result of abuse in the distribution of its rewards or of its penalties remains as a permanent injury, while upon the objects of either the effect is but temporary. Thus each receives the lesson to accept his own destiny, whether for favour or disfavour: conscious, meanwhile, that by neither issue is he released from the duty still to struggle onwards, according to his capacity, towards a worthy purpose, not aiming so much at becoming indebted to the world, as to acquire the nobler position, if he dare conceive it, of having rendered the world his debtor.*

* The extended remarks on the "History" of Medicine in Spain, now brought to a close, have so much interest attached to them that we hope in a future number to present to our readers an article with which we have been favoured, upon the existing condition of medical knowledge and practice in that country. An account of the actual state of any branch of science or art naturally follows its "history" in bygone times; and in the present instance such a sequence will be rendered the more acceptable as, in comparison with our familiarity with the medical literature of Germany and France, the profession in England are but very imperfectly conversant with that of Spain. The observations in the forthcoming article will be almost exclusively restricted to the modern aspect of Spanish medical matters, being based upon the results of a recent visit to the Peninsula.-ED.

REVIEW II.

1. Abstracts of Information on the Laws of Quarantine which have been obtained by the Board of Trade. Transmitted by the Quarantine Committee of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science.-1860.

2. Copy of Abstracts of Regulations in Force in Foreign Countries respecting Quarantine. Communicated to the Board of Trade by the same Committee.-1860.

3. Papers respecting Quarantine in the Mediterranean.

Presented to

the House of Commons by command of her Majesty in pursuance of their Address, dated May 7th, 1860.

4. Report of Dr. W. H. Burrell on the Plague of Malta in 1813.1854.

5. Quarantine and the Plague: being a Summary of the Reports on these Subjects recently addressed to the Royal Academy of Medicine in France, with Introductory Observations, &c. By GAVIN MILROY, M.D., &c.

6. The Cholera not to be Arrested by Quarantine, &c. By the same Author.

7. The International Quarantine Conference of Paris in 1851-2, with Remarks. By the same Author.

8. Sketch of the Operation and of some of the most striking Results of Quarantine in British Ports since the beginning of the Present Century. By the same Author.-1853.

9. Quarantine as it is, and as it ought to be. By the same Author. -1859.

10. Proceedings and Debates of the Third National Quarantine and Sanitary Convention held in the City of New York.-1859.

11. Proceedings and Debates of the Fourth National Quarantine and Sanitary Convention held in the City of Boston.—1860.

12. On the Quarantine Classification of Substances, with a View to the Prevention of Plague. By JOHN DAVY, M.D., F.R.S. (Phil. Trans. Ed.' Vol. XV., Part II.)

THE works which form the heading of this article may convey some idea of the attention which has been paid to quarantine, and of the interest which it is, and has for some time past been exciting. Like every other important subject, it has required to be agitated and ventilated, and few have been more so, or with more need. That good will result from the inquiry cannot be doubted; at least we cannot doubt, having full confidence that truth must prevail in the end, that what is false and delusive can only endure for a time, and that "Wisdom is justified of her children." It has been well said, that "the strongest evidence of human progress is the conquest of science over error and

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