an ascending, the latter half a descending one, and on completing her route she plunges with her car into the western ocean. Præci pital here refers to the latter half of her course, when the chariot of night plunges downward, after leaving the zenith, and hence the time indicated by the words of Æneas is shortly after midnight.

Suadentque cadentia sidera, &c. “And the sinking stars invite to repose." Literally, "advise slumbers." Cadentia must not be ren dered "setting." The idea intended to be conveyed is merely this, that the stars had no passed the meridian, and commenced their downward course; in other words, that it was now past midnight. Ruaus, therefore, is entirely wrong in making Æneas not begin his story until the stars were selling, that is, until near break of day As the narrative is a long one, and occupies two books, it could not possibly have been concluded until broad daylight, which would be inconsistent with the commencement of the fourth book.

Amor. "A desire."-Cognoscere. "To become acquainted with.' The infinitive is here employed, by a Græcism, for what, in prose would be the genitive of the gerund, cognoscendi, "of becoming ac quainted with." So in the next line, audire for audiendi.-Supremum laborem. "The last (sad) effort."

12-17. Meminisse horret, &c. "Shudders at the remembrance, and habitually shrinks back through grief." Literally, "shudders to have remembered." Refugit is here employed, not. as Servius thinks, merely for the sake of the metre, but as the aorist, to denote what is habitual and customary. It is equivalent, therefore, in fact to refugere solet.-Incipiam. "I (nevertheless) will begin." Supply

tamen.

Fracti. “Broken in spirit.”—Fatisque repulsi. "And repelled by the Fates," i. e., in their every attempt to take the city. It was fated that Troy should not be taken until after a siege of nine years. Tot jam labentibus annis. "So many years now gliding by."-Instar montis. "As vast as a mountain." Consult note on book vi., L 865-Sectá abiete. "With cut fir," i. e., with planks of fir. Abile must be pronounced here as a word of three syllables, ab-yète.tum pro reditu simulant. "They pretend that it has been vowed for a (safe) return," i. e., that it is a votive offering to Minerva, in tended to propitiate the goddess, and secure a favourable return to their homes. Votum here is not a noun, but is put for rotum esse, as eferring to equum.-Vagatur. "Spreads."

18-20. Huc delecta virum, &c "Hither, having selected them by bt, (they bring, and) shut up within its dark sides chosen warriors.' Literally, "chosen bodies of warriors" Observe the double cov

struction in huc includunt, implying a bringing to, and shutting up within.-Armato milite. "With armed soldiery." This story of the wooden horse was derived from the Odyssey, and from the Cy. clic poets; but the skill with which Virgil has raised this idle fiction into importance is, as Symmons remarks, worthy of all praise

21-23 Est in conspectu Tenedos. "There lies in view (of the Trojaz land) Tenedos." The distance between this island and the mainland is only forty stadia, or a little more than four and a half miles.-Notissima famâ. "Well known by fame." Heyne refers these words to the reputation which the temple and worship of Apollo Smintheus procured for the island. The poet, however, would rather seem to have had in view the sentiments and opinione of later times, when the island had become conspicuous in the songs of the posthomeric bards.

Dives opum. “Abounding in wealth." Heyne thinks that there is here a particular reference to the riches of the temple. The allusion, however, seems to be a more general one, to the wealth of the inhabitants.—Manebant. Wagner places a comma after this word, but then sinus is brought very harshly into immediate apposition with insula.-Nunc tantum sinus, &c. "At present there is merely a bay there, and a faithless station for ships," i. e., a station on the security of which no continued reliance can be placed.

25-27. Nos abiisse rati, &c. "We concluded that they were gone, and had sought Mycena with the wind." Supply the ellipsis as follows: nos rati sumus eos abiisse.-Mycenas. By synecdoche, for Greece in general: the capital of the leader of the expedition, for the whole country whence his forces came.

Omnis Teucria. "All Troy." Servius supplies gens; Heyne, regio. The former is preferable. The country itself was generally cailed after Dardanus; the people themselves, after Teucer, son of the river-god Scamander.-Dorica castra. "The Grecian camp." A more euphonious reading would have been Doria castra. Virgil kere follows the later and posthomeric poets, in making Dorica equivalent to Græca. Homer calls the Greeks by the general name of Achoi, A-givi, and Danai, but never by that of Dorians; and the reason is because the Doric race did not become a ruling power in Greece until eighty years after the fall of Troy, when they invaded the Peloponnesus along with the Heraclidæ.

29–30. Dolopum. The Dolopians are not mentioned by Hower among the forces of Achilles; still, however, as we learn from Lustathius, they formed part of his troops. They were under the sway of Peleus, and, as we have already remarked in a previous note

were led to the Trojan war by Phoenix. Virgil, in the conspicuous mention which he makes of them, appears to have followed some posthomeric legend. Tendebat. 66 Lay encamped." Literally, "stretched their tents." Supply tentoria. There is an anachronsm in tendebat. The Grecian troops at Troy were in huts, not in Lents.

Classibus hic locus. "Here was the spot for the vessels of the deet,” i., P., here was the naval encampment. The Greeks, after landing, drew their vessels up on shore, and surrounded them on the land side with a rampart. Classibus properly denotes here the armaments of the several tribes and communities, as forming, in the aggregate, the main fleet.-Hic acie certare solebant. "Here (the respective armies) were wont to contend in battle array." The common text has acies, but acie is much more elegant and spirited. 31-34. Pars stupet, &c. "Some gaze stupidly at the fatal offering to the spotless Minerva, and (then again) they express their wonder at the vast bulk of the horse." The horse, as pretendedly consecrated to Minerva, is here called the offering of (i. e., intended for) that goddess. Some critics think that stupet and mirantur are inconsistent with each other, but they forget that the poet does not mean to indicate contemporaneous, but successive emotions. The feeling of stupid amazement comes first, and then that of active wonder succeeds.

Thymates. Servius cites a legend to the following effect: It ha. been predicted that a boy should be born on a certain day, who would prove the ruin of Troy. On the day fixed by this prophecy, both the wife of Thymates, and Hecuba, Priam's queen, were delivered of sons, and the monarch immediately thereupon ordered the wife and child of Thymates to be put to death, which was accordingly done. Hence Thymates, on the occasion mentioned in the text, was actuated in the advice which he gave by a desire of vengeance-Duci intra muros. The infinitive duci is here put for u ducatur. So locari for locetur. Virgil makes the Trojans display Bomewhat more wisdom than Homer ascribes to them on this occa Bion. With the former, they deliberate before the horse enters the city; with the latter after it has reached the citadel. (Odyss., viii., 504, seqq.)

Arce locari. Heyne thinks that this means in the temple of Miner va in the citadel. The size of the horse, however, militates agains such an idea.-Dolo. Consult note on line 32, relative to Thymates. -Seu jam Trojæ, &c. "Or (because) the destinies of Troy now determined so " Literally, "now brought it so (along with them)'

35-39 Cupys Already mentioned among the followers of Ene as, in book i., v 183.--Et quorum melior, &c. "And they whose minds were influenced by wiser sentiments." Literally, "to whose mind there was a better opinion."-Aut pelago Danaûm, &c. "Bid us either cast headlong into the deep the treacherous snare and suspected offerings of the Greeks, and consume it by flames placed beneath." The expressions insidias Danaûm and suspecta dona refer to the horse, which Capys and his party regarded as a mere piece of deceit on the part of the Greeks.-Subjectisque. We have retail. ed this reading with Wagner, in place of subjectisve, which is adopt. ed by Hunter, Voss, and others. The copulative is here perfectly correct, the proposition being twofold, either to destroy or bore through the horse, and the first part being subdivided into destruction by water and by fire. (Consult Wagner, Quæst. Virg., xxxiv., 1.)

Terebrare et tentare. "To bore through and explore." Tentare, literally, "to make trial of," is here elegantly used for explorare.-Scinditur incertum, &c. "The wavering populace are divided into conflicting opinions," i. e., some are for destroying, others for preserving the horse.

40-49. Primus ante omnes. First before all." Alluding to the crowd that followed him.-Ardens. "With impetuous zeal.” —El procul. "And while yet afar (exclaims)." — Quæ tanta insania?” 'What so great madness is this?"-Avectos. "Have been wafted away," i. e., have sailed away to Greece.-Sic notus Ulixes? Ulysses thus known to you?" i. e., do you know so little of the deep and crafty character of Ulysses, as to suppose that he would allow such an opportunity as this to pass unimproved?

"Is

Inclusi occultantur. "Are shut up and concealed."— Inspectura domos, &c. "To command a view of our dwellings, and to come down from above upon our city." The idea is borrowed from some large military engine, or tower, which is filled with men and brought near to some city. They who are within this machine obtain first a view of the place from their high position, and then, by means of small bridges (pontes), descend upon the city walls. Somewhat in a similar way the armed men in the belly of the horse will descend upon the city of Troy. The cut opposite represents a tower like the one just referred to.

Aut aliquis latet error. "Or else some other guile lurks within it." Observe the usage here of aliquis for alius quis.-Et dona feren"Even when bringing gifts," i. e., unto the gods, or even when wearing the garb of religion.

les

50-53. Validis ingentem viribus, &c.

'He hurled his huge spea

with powerful strength against the side and against the belly of the beast swelling out with its joined timbers," i. e., where the timbers, let in to one another, imitated the curvature of a horse's side.

Tremens. "Quivering."-Uteroque recusso, &c. "And the womb being shaken by the blow, its hollow caverns resounded and gave forth a groan." Wagner, without any necessity, joins cave in conE'ruction with insonuere, "its caverns sent forth a hollow sound."

54-56. Et si fata deûm, &c. "And if the destinies of heaven had not been against us; if our own minds had not been infatuated, he would have impelled us to mutilate with the steel the Grecian lurking-places." Gbserve the zeugma in lava, which has one meaning as applied to fata, and another when referring to mens.--Impulerat. Heyne and others make this stand for impulisset. Hardly so, however. The indicative implies that he would certainly have impelled