Antheus," &c., 1. e., any one answering the description of Ant 34. any ship like that of Antheus.—Celsis in puppibus, &c. The s rields and other armour were commonly placed in the stern.--Navem in conspectu nullam. Supply aspicit, or videt.-Tota armenta. "Whole herds." There were three leaders, each followed by a herd.-Lon gum agmen. "A lengthened train."-Cornibus arboreis. "With branching antlers."-Volgus. "The common herd."-Et omnem miscet, &c. "And pursuing with his shafts, scatters the whole crowd in confusion throughout the leafy groves."-Et numerum cum navibus, &c. He slays seven, one for each ship.-Trinacrio. The Trojan fleet had been driven into Drepanum in Sicily. (Com pare book iii., 707.) A tradition existed, that in this neighbourhood, Ægestus, a Trojan, whom Virgil names Acestes, had established himself. Æneas was received by him a second time. (Compare book v., 25, seqq.)

198-203. O socii, &c. "O my companions, O ye who have en dured greater hardships (for we are not unacquainted with previous ills)," &c.-Ante malorum. A Greek construction, rv прiv какāv. -Vos et Scyllæam rabiem, &c. "You have approached both the rage of Scylla, and the rocks resounding far within," i. e., and the rocks within whose deep caverns is heard the roaring of the waters. (Consult notes on verse 424, seqq., book iii.)—Accéstis. Contracted Irom accessistis.-Vos et Cyclopia saxa, &c. "You have also made trial of the rocks of the Cyclopes," i. e., you, too, know the rocky shore where dwell the cruel Cyclopes. (Consult notes on book iii., verses 569, 617, &c.)-Forsan et hæc olim, &c. Perhaps it will delight us hereafter to recall even the present things to mind." Hæc refers, not to the "Scyllæam rabiem," nor the "Cyclopia saxa," but to their present unhappy condition.

204-207. Per tot discrimina rerum. 66 Through so many hazardous conjunctures." Literally, "through so many hazards of affairs.”— Tendimus in Latium. "We stretch our course towards Latium With tendimus supply cursum.—Ostendunt. "Point out to us,” i. e., through the medium of oracles and auguries.-Fas. "It is the de cree of heaven."-Durate. "Be o. stout hearts."

66

208-209. Curisque ingentibus æger, &c. "Anl, sick at heart with mighty cares, assumes an appearance of hope in his look, keeps down deep sorrow in his breast." More literally, "feigns hope in his look." Æneas is afraid of discouraging his followers if he show any signs of despondency.

210-215. Illi. 66 lowers-Accingunt se.

They, on the other hand." Referring to his fol-
Prepare themselves." Literally, “they

"

and themselves." The poet speaks here according to the customs of his own countrymen. When the Romans wished to engage in any active work, they girded the toga more closely around them, and by this means drew it up more, so as to prevent its interfering with the feet-Dapibusque futuris. "And for the approaching banquet." Literally, "and for the viands about to be."

Tergora deripiunt, &c. "They tear away the hide from the riba, and lay bare the flesh beneath." Servius rightly explains viscera in this passage by "Quicquid sub corio est." In other words, it is equiv alent to carnes.-Pars in frusta secant, &c. An imitation of the Homerie Μίστυλλόν τ' ἄρα τ' ἄλλα, καὶ ἀμφ' ὀβελοῖσιν ἔπειραν. (ΙΙ., i. 465.)-- Trementia. "Still quivering."—Aëna. "Brazen caldrons."

In the heroic times flesh was not prepared for food by boiling; these caldrons were merely intended to contain warm water for ablutior before partaking of the banquet. This would be in accordance wit'. regular custom.-Flammasque ministrant. "And supply the flames,' t. e., and kindle a blaze beneath them.

Revocant. "They recruit." Literally, "recall."-Implentur ve:tris Bacchi, &c. "They sate themselves with old wine and fa: venison." Implentur is here joined with the genitive by a Greek construction. Verbs of filling, &c., in Greek take a genitive case -Ferine. Literally, "the flesh of wild animals." Supply carnis. 216-219. Postquam exemta fames, &c. "After their hunger had been taken away by the banquet, and the viands had been removed.” Another imitation of Homer: αὐτὰρ, ἐπεὶ πόσιος καὶ ἐδητύος ἐξ ἔρο. EVTO. (II., i., 469.) As regards the expression "mensæ remote,” consult note on verse 723 of this book.-Requirunt. "They inquire after." The verb requiro is here applied, with great beauty, to regret for the absent.-Seu vivere credant. "Whether they are to be. *lieve that they still live."-Extrema pati. "Are now enduring their anal lot." A euphemism, for "are now dead." This mode of speaking was adopted by the ancients in order to avoid the evil omen that might accompany too plain an expression. So, in English, we say "decease," ," "demise," &c., instead of "death."-Nec jam exaudire Nor any longer hear when called." An allusion to the cus tom of calling upon the dead, which was done at the close of the funeral obsequies. The relatives and friends of the deceased called upon him thrice by name, and thrice repeated the word Vale, “Farewell." 220-221. Acris Oronti. "Of the valiant Orontes." Oronti is here an old form of the genitive for Orontis.-Casum. "The sad fate.' -Gemit secur. "Deplores unto himself." Literally, "groang over with himself.'

vocatos.

223-226. Et jam finis erat. "And now at length there was an end," i. e., of the “longi sermonis," or, in other words, of their inquiries and laments for their absent friends. - Ethere summo. "From the highest heavens." Literally "from the summit of the sky."-Despiciens mare velivolum. Looking down upon the sea, Velivolus properly means "fly.

where many a sail wings its flight." ing with wings," i. e., moving rapidly: here, however, it is used to gignify "sailed upon," or "navigable.”—Jacentis. "Lying spread beneath his view."

Latos populos. "The outstretched nations." An expression boi rowed, as is thought, from Ennius.--Sic vertice cœli constitit. "Stood, while thus employed, on the very pinnacle of the sky." Sic is used here, in imitation of the Greek construction with ŵs or ourwç, and appears to be equivalent to sicut erat.-Constitit. Not "stopped,' but "stood." The former would have been expressed by substitit Jupiter is represented as abiding in his dwelling-place in the highest heavens, and as not moving therefrom, but looking down thence upon the earth.

227-228. Jactantem pectore curas. He saw Carthage and Rome in the distant future, and thought of the bloody warfare that was destined to take place between the rival cities, as well as the cruel overthrow of the former.-Tristior. " 'Plunged in more than ordinary sadness." She had been tristis since the period of the downfall of Troy; she was now tristior at the idea of the perils that encompassed her son.

230-237. Et fulmine terres. "And spreadest terror by thy thun aerbolt." The fulmen is here the badge of empire, and the whole expression is much stronger than the ordinary et fulmen geris or jacis would have been.—Quid meus Æneas, &c. What offence o. so great magnitude has my Eneas been able to commit against* thee? What one have the Trojans? Against whom, after having already suffered so many disasters," &c. Quibus clauditur would be expressed in prose by ut iis claudatur. This is imitated from a Greek Idiom of frequent occurrence in the tragic, and sometimes mɛt with even in the prose writers.

Ob Italiam. "On account of Italy." In order to prevent the settling there, and overthrowing, in the course cftime, the favourite city of Juno, Carthage.. Certe hinc Romanos, &c. "Surely thou didst promise that from these, hereafter, in revolving years, shoule the Romans come; that hence should be leaders (springing) from the blood of Teucer recalled to life," &c.; i. e., from the re-estan. lished line of Teucer.-Ductores Rulers over the nations.-Teucra

The allusion is to Teucer, father-in-law of Dardanus, and king over part of Phrygia. He was regarded as one of the founders of the Trojan race.

Omni ditione. "Beneath their sovereign sway." Equivalent to rummá potestate.—Quæ te genitor, &c. "What (new) resolve has changed thee, O father?" i. e., Why, O father, hast thou changed thy former resolve?-Sententia. Literally, "sentiment," " opinion." 238-239. Hoc equidem occasum, &c. "With this, indeed, was I wont to find solace for the downfall and sad destruction of Troy." Literally, "was I wont to console the downfall," &c. We have here a poetical construction, by which, instead of the accusative of the person (solabar me), we have the accusative of the evil itself on account of which consolation is needed. Compare Claudian, "Talı solatur vulnera questu." (Nupt., Hon. et Mar., 46.)—Fatis contraria fata rependens." Balancing adverse fates with fates (of fairer hue)," 1.6., with happier fates to come. She hoped that, the gloomier the present destinies of the Trojans were, the brighter were those that awaited them in the future.

240-244. Eadem fortuna. "The same evil fortune.”—Tot casibus actos. "Tossed to and fro by so many calamities."—Antenor potuit, &c. Antenor, a son of the sister of Priam, led a colony of Heneti from Asia Minor after the fall of Troy, and reached the head waters of the Adriatic. According to some, he founded Patavium, now Padua; a legend which Virgil here adopts.-Illyricos penetrare sinus, &c. "To penetrate in safety the Illyrian bays, and reach the realms of the Liburni far within." Literally, "the inmost realms of the Liburni." The voyage of Antenor up the Adriatic would, of course, be along the coast of Illyricum on the right, and hence he is said to have penetrated the numerous bays or indentations with which that coast abounds. The same verb penetrare, however, takes a different meaning with regna (grammarians call this construction a zeugma), and signifies, not "to enter," but "to reach." The territories of the Liburni, an Illyrian race, were far within the Adriatic, and near its head waters.

Tutus. Referring to the absence of all dangers while he was pur suing his route.—Et fontem superare Timavi. "And to pass, too, beyond the source of the Timavus." The voyage of Antenor is stil continued. He leaves the shores of the Liburri, passes around Histria, and then comes to the River Timavus, by which he sai's. The Timavus was a small stream rising not far from the sea. It was said to burst forth from caverns amid the rocks, having in this way nine different fountain-heads or sources, forming, soon after, one

stream As the river rose so near the sea, the poet figuratively lends its source with its mouth, making Antenor pass the former in his course. "It has been well ascertained." says Cramer, “that the name of Timao is still preserved by some springs which rise near S. Giovanni di Carso and the castle of Duino, and form a river, which, after a course of little more than a mile, falls into the Adriatic. The number of these sources seems to vary according to the differ ence of seasons, which circumstance will account for the various statements which ancient writers have made respecting them."

245-246. Ora The openings or mouths at the sources of the iver.-Montis. The mountain or hill containing the caverns whence the stream issues.--It mare proruptum, &c. "A bursting sea goes forth, and overwhelms the fields with a roaring ocean." Some, with less spirit, translate this, "it goes forth as a rushing sea," &c. Others, again, make proruptum the supine, governing mare in the accusative," it goes forth to break (and drive onward before it) the sea," i. e., to force back the waves of the Adriatic by the impetuosity of its own current. This is Voss's idea, "Geht zu brechen das Meer," but it does not harmonize with the "pelago premit arva sonanti."

247-248. Hic tamen. 66 Here, however." Hic refers, not to the vicinity of the Timavus, but to the coast generally, at the head of the Adriatic. Tamen, in this passage, has a meaning very nearly allied to ou "at least," or the Latin saltem. Antenor, at least, founded aty in these regions, remote and barbarous though they were. Æneas, however, after all the splendid promises made to him from oracles and other sources, has not yet been able even tc set foot in Italy.-Sedesque Teucrorum. "And a Trojan settlement." --Nomen dedit. The Heneti who accompanied him from Paphlago. uia, became in Italy, by a slight change of name, the Veneti.—Armaque fixit Troia. And affixed the Trojan arms (to the temple walls)," i. e., all warfare being now ended, he hung up or consecrated the Trojan arms in the temples as a badge of peace. It was customary with the ancients, when they discontinued any art or calling, to consecrate the instruments connected with it to the deity under whose auspices that art or calling had been pursued.

Nunc placidâ, &c. "Now, laid at rest, he sleeps in placid peace." Compóstur s, by contraction, for compositus. The verb compono s the technical term employed by the Latin writers in cases like the present. It comprises the laying out of the corpse, the decking of the couch with funereal garlands, and more particularly the gathering of the ashes into the urn. Hence it is equivalent, in some respects