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Obstarique animae, misera de sede volenti
Exire, utque novas umeris adsumpserat alas,
Subvolat atque iterum corpus super aequora mittit,
Pluma levat casus: furit Aesacus inque profundum
Pronus abit letique viam sine fine retemptat.
Fecit amer maciem: longa inter nodia crurum,
Longa manet cervix, caput est a corpore longe;
Aequora amat nomen tenet, quia mergitur illo.
-Ov., Met. XI, 783.

Suddenly drops the gull and breaks the glassy tide.
-LOWELL.

Up from the stream with sluggish flaps,
Struggles the gull and floats away.-LOWELL.

MERULA. Kóoovços. Blackbird.

Turdus merula.

American literary parallels: Grackle, redwing, blackbird, robin.
Tennyson: The Blackbird.

Ben King: De Blackbird fetched de Spring.

Ben King: The Blackbird and the Thrush.

A playful reference to the alarm-song of the blackbird:

Sed facitodum merula per vorsus quod cantat [tu] colas:
"Cum cibo cum quiqui" facito ut veniant, quasi eant Sutrium.
-PLAUT., Cas. 523.

The text adopted is that of Lindsay. For a discussion of the passage vid. Cl. Rev. 1891, p. 323; Id., 1892, p. 124 and p. 227. Lindsay thus translates: "But see that you follow what the blackbird sings in its stave, see that they come 'food or no food,' as if they were marching to Sutrium." Verbal interpretations of the songs of birds by children and country folk are fairly common. Lindsay quotes 'a little bit of bread and no cheese,' as applied to the song of the yellow-hammer by English children.

And the blackbird sang, 'She is sorry, sorry, sorry,
Let her in! Let her in!'-Kingsley.

Loquacious black-birds in the sunny brake
Thick settling.-M'KINNON.

The red-wing flutes his o-ka-lee.-EMERSON.

Just come the blackbirds chatt'rin' in tall trees.-LOWELL.

Within my limits, lone and still

The blackbird pipes in artless trill.-WARTON.

The blackbirds jangle in the tops

Of hoary, antlered sycamores.—HOWELLS.

Blackbirds are singing

Clear hylas ringing.-CHANNING (Stedman).

The flock of blackbirds chattering in council overhead.

-CROSBY (Stedman).

Then, like a congress of blackbirds, held

In ancient tree-tops in October eves.-BAYARD TAYLOR.

No blackbird bates his jargoning

For passing Cavalry.-EMILY DICKINSON.

The frolic of the blackbirds.-WHITTIER.

Even the blackbirds in yon leafless tree

Wheezing and squeaking in discordant glee.-LAMPMAN.

In English gardens, green and bright and full of fruity
treasure,

I heard the blackbird with delight repeat his merry measure.
-HENRY VAN DYKE.

The sudden blackbirds bluster on the boughs.-Matthews.

A 'blackbirder' with eyes aloft falls into a pit and calls for aid:

Hic, dum sublimis versus ructatur et errat,
Si veluti merulis intentus decidit auceps
In puteum foveamve, licet, 'Succurrite,' longum
Clamet, 'Io cives!' non sit qui tollere curet.
-HOR., A. P. 457.

Many years ago, one election day, when he and other boys or young men were out gunning to see how many birds they could kill, Jonathan Hildreth, who lived near by, saw one of these birds (Scarlet Tanager) on the top of a tree before him in the woods, but did not see a ditch that crossed his course between him and it. As he raised his gun, he exclaimed, 'Fire never redder!' and, taking a step or two forward, with his eyes fixed on the bird, fell headlong into the ditch; and so the name became a byword among his fellows.-THOREAU, op. cit., p. 328.

Blackbirds form part of a banquet:

Deinde secuti

Mazonomo pueri magno discerpta ferentes
Membra gruis sparsi sale multo non sine farre,
Pinguibus et ficis pastum iecur anseris albae,
Et leporum avolsos, ut multo suavius, armos,
Quam si cum lumbis quis edit; tum pectore adusto
Vidimus et merulas poni et sine clune palumbes,
Suaves res, si non causas narraret earum et
Naturas dominus. -HOR., Sat. II, 8, 85.

The blackbird's song:

Et merulus modulans tam pulchris zinzitat odis,
Nocte ruente tamen cantica nulla cantit.
-Anth. Lat. 762, 13.

These words of appreciation are remarkably modern in tone. Cf. Tennyson, The Blackbird. The blackbird like the lark did not get its full meed of honor among the ancients. As with the lark, there was lacking a great metamorphosis myth to fix and hold the bird in popular fancy.

Cf. the onomatopoetic verb zinzitare with Plaut., Cas. 524, Cum cibo cum quiqui. They may reflect the same notes, though more likely the Plautine words are taken from the bird's winter notes. Cf. Plin. X, 28, hieme balbutit.

The blackbird from a neighboring thorn

With music brims the cup of morn.-TIMROD.

Like the merle's note when its ecstatic heart
Is packed with summer-time.-ALDRICH,

And the blackbird left the piping of

His amorous airy glee.-ALICE CARY.

Or blackbirds' note, the harbinger of love.-FRENEAU.

To my ear the blackbird is the most satisfying of English birds.-CHAPMAN, An American's Impression of English Birds. Scrib. 39, 715.

Italy.

MILVUS. 'Ixtivos, Kite.

Falco milvus, also M. ictinus and M. ater, both being migrants in

American parallels: Swallow-tailed kite, falcon.

Stoddard (Stedman): The Falcon.

A kite threatened with a law suit for theft:

Pulmentum pridem eripuit ei milvos;
Homo ad praetorem plorabundus devenit;
Infit ibi postulare plorans, eiulans,

Ut sibi liceret milvom vadarier.

-PLAUT., Aul. 316.

A picture of a kite hovering greedily in circling flight over the entrails of a sacrifice:

glide.

Ut volucris visis rapidissima milvus extis,
Dum timet et densi circumstant sacra ministri,
Flectitur in gyrum, nec longius audet abire,
Spemque suam motis avidus circumvolat alis.
Sic super Actaeas agilis Cyllenius arces
Inclinat cursus et easdem circinat auras.

-Ov., Met. II, 716.

Cf. Vivit edax vultur ducensque per aera gyros
Milvus et pluviae graculus auctor aquae.
—Ov., Am. II, 6, 33.

Another English name for the kite is glead or gled-cognate with

The clocking hen her chirping chickins leads

With wings and beak defends them from the gleads.
(Four Seasons. Spring.)-ANNE BRADSTREET.

Has any Whitret's direfu' jaws,

Or greedy Gled's fell squeezing claws,

Made thy wee lord a feast?-ALEXANDER WILSON.

Save when the falcon, poised on wheeling wings.

Yonder bird,

Which floats, as if at rest,

-BAYARD TAYLOR.

In those blue tracts above the thunder.-TIMROD.

Don't the buzzards ooze around up thare jest like they've

allus done?-RILEY.

Er a hawk-away up there,

'Pearantly froze in the air.-RILEY.

And the shadder o' the buzzard as he goes 'a-lazein' by.

-RILEY.

Distances were proverbially measured by the flight of the kite:

Dic, passer, cui tot montes, tot praedia servas
Appula, tot milvos intra tua pascua lassos?
-Juv. IX, 54.

Nostin' Vettidi praedia? Cuius?

Dives arat Curibus quantum non milvus errat.

-PER. IV, 25.

South as far

As ever eagle cleaved his way.-MILLER.

I know a falcon swift and peerless.-Lowell.

The kite mounts to the very stars:

Hinc prope summa rapax milvus ad astra volat.

Cf. Petr. 37, Qua milvi volant.

He followed his high heart

-MART. IX, 54.

To swim on sunshine.-LOWELL.

A procurer likened to a kite and as such feared:

Tene sis me arte, mea voluptas; male ego metuo milvos.
Mala illa bestiast, ne forte me auferat pullum tuom.

-PLAUT., Poen. 1292.

The heartless falcon, poised for flight.-LATHROP (Sladen).

The greed of cooks and kites is on a par:

An tu invenire postulas quemquam coquom

Nisi milvinis aut aquilinis ungulis?

-PLAUT., Pseud. 851.

Cf. Petr. 49. Mulier, quae mulier! milvinum genus.

The kite's hunger was proverbial:

Madida quae mi adposita in mensam milvinam suggerant.
-PLAUT., Men. 212.

Cf. 'Hungry as a wolf.' 'Wolfsbären.' 'Bovλuía.'

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