as your Governours, up-bringers, and Præceptours: be thankfull unto them and reward them, which is your duty and honour.

But on the other part, let not this true humility stay your high indignation to appeare, when any great oppreffours fhall perfume to come in your prefence; then frowne as ye ought. And in-cafe they use a colour of Law in oppreffing their poor ones, as over-many do; that which ye cannot mend by Law, mend by the with-drawing of your countenance from them: and once in the yeare croffe them, when their erands come in your way, recompencing the oppreffour, according to Chrifts parable of the two debtours. Keep true Conftancy, not only in your kindneffe towards honeft men; but being alfo inviti animi against all adversities: not with that Stoicke infenfible ftupidity, where with many in our dayes, preffing to win honour, in imitating that ancient fect, by their inconftant behaviour in their own lives, belyes their profeffion. But although ye are not a stocke not to feel calamities; yet let not the feeling of them, fo over-rule and doazen your reafon, as may stay you from taking and using the best resolution for remedy, that can be found

out.

your

Vfe true Liberality in rewarding the good, and bestowing frankly for honour and weale: but with that proportionall difcretion, that every man may be served according to his measure: wherein respect must be had to his ranke, deserts, and neceffity. And provide how to have, but caft not away without caufe. In fpeciall empaire not by your Liberality the ordinary rents of your Crown; whereby the eftate Royall of you, and your fucceffours, must be maintained, ne exhaurias fentem liberalitis: for that would ever be kept facrofan&tum & extra commercium: otherwayes, your Liberality would decline to prodigality, in helping others with your and your fucceffors hurt. And above all, enrich not your felfe with exactions upon your fubjects; but think the riches of your people your best treafure, by the fins of offenders, where no prevention can availe, making juftly your commoditie. And in cafe neceffity of Wars, or other extraordinaries compell you to lift Subfides, do it as rarely as ye can: employing it only to the ufe it was ordained for; and ufing your felfe in that cafe, as fidus depofitarius to Your people. And principally, exercise true wisdome; in difcerning wifely betwixt true and false reports: First, confidering the nature of the perfon reporter: next, what intreffe he can have in the weale or evill of him, of whom he maketh the report: thirdly, the likely-hood of the purpose it felfe; and laft, the nature and by-paft life of the dilated perfon: and where ye finde a tratler, away with him. And although it be true, that a Prince can never without fecrecy doe great things, yet it is better oft-times to try reports, then by credulity to fofter fufpition upon a honest man. For fince fufpition is the Tyrants fickneffe, as the fruits of an evil Confcience, potius in alteram partem peccato: I meane, in not mistrusting one, whom-to no fuch un-honefty was knownę before. But as for fuch as have flipped before former experience may justly breed prevention by fore-fight.

And to conclude my advice anent your behaviour in your perfon; confider that God is the author of all virtue, having imprinted in mens mindes

by

by the very light of nature, the love of all morall vertues; as was seen by
the vertuous lives of the old Romans: and preffe then to fhine as far before
your people in all vertue and honefty; as in greatneffe of ranke: that the use
thereof in all your actions, may turne, with time to a naturall habitude in
you; and as by their hearing of your Lawes, fo by their fight of your per-
fon, both their eyes and their eares, may leade and allure them to the love
of vertue, and hatred of vice.

The PRINCE, or MAXIMS of

STATE.

Written by Sir WALTER RAWLEY, and presented to
Prince HENRY.

Of founding a State.

Of caufes preferving a State or Common-wealth.

Of Mysteries or Sophifmes.

Of Axioms or rules of preferving a State.

Rules for preferving of a Kingdome, Hereditary, or Conquered.

Kingdomes bereditary are preferved at home by the ordering of a Prince..

Kingdomes new gotten, or purchafed by force, are preferved by 10 Rules.

Rules politique of Tyrants.

Sophifmes of a barbarous and professed tyranny.

Sophifmes of the fophifticall, or fubtill tyrant to hould up his State.

Of prefervation of an Aristocracy.

Of prefervation of an Olygarchy, by Sophifmes, or Rules.

of

Of converfion of States in generall.

Caufes of converfions of States are of two forts: Generall and Particular.
Particular caufes of Converfion of State, are of two forts.

Of fedition.

Caufes of fedition are of two forts.

Of alteration without violence.

A Method, how to make use of the booke before, in the reading of story.
Old age is not ever unfit for publique Government.

Example of the like practife in Charles the fift.

Of obfervation for the Affirmative and the Negative.
Of defence of David in marrying Abishag.

Politicall Nobility.

Of Adoniah afpiring to the Kimgdome.

Obfervations.

Of wayes of fuch as afpire to the Kingdome, and markes to difcerne them.

Of GOVERNMENT.

G

Overnment is of two forts.

his Family; called Economy.

1. Private of himselfe. Sobriety. Of

2. Publique of the Common-wealth, called Policy. A man muft firft governe himselfe, ere he be fit to governe a Family: And his Family, ere hee bee fit to beare the Government in the Commonwealth.

Of Policy.

Policy is an Art of Government of a Common-wealth, and fome part of it according to that State, or forme of Government wherein it is fetled for the publique good.

State, is the frame or fet order of a Common-wealth, or of the Governours that rule the fame, fpecially of the chiefe and Soveraigne Governour that commands the rest.

The State or Soveraignty confifteth in 5. points.

1. Making or annulling of Lawes. 2. Creating and depofing of Magiftrates. 3. Power over life and death. 4. Making of Warre, or Peace. 5. Higheft or laft appeale. Where these 5. are, either in one or in more, there is the State.

These 5. points of State reft either in; 1. One Monarchy or Kingdome. 2. Some few chiefe of men for vertue and wifedome, called an Ariftocracy. 3. Many, called a Free State or a Popular State. These three forts of Go

\vernment

vernment have respect to the Common good, and therefore are Iuft and Lawfull States.

These 3. degenerate into 3. other Governments.

1. Monarchy. 2. Aristocracy. 3. Popular Eftate.

Into 1. Tyranny. 2. Oligarchy, or Government of a few, rich or able. 3. Common-wealth or Government of all the common and bafer fort, and therefore called a Common-wealth, by an Ufurped Nick name.

These all refpect their owne, and not the publique good, and therefore are called Bastard Governments.

A

1. Monarchy.

Monarchy, or Kingdome, is the Government of a State by one head, or Chiefe, tending to the Common benefit of all.

Monarchies or Kingdomes are of 3. forts touching the right or poffeffion of them; viz.

1. Hereditary, by difcent, as the English, French, &c.

2. Elective, by fuffrage of the other Orders, or fome of them, as the Po lonian.

3. Mixt, or of both kinds; viz. by Discent yet not tyed to the next of bloud, as the ancient Iewish State.

Monarchies are of 2. forts touching their power or authority; viz. ·

1. Intire. Where the whole power of ordering all State matters, both in peace and warre, doth by law and cuftome appertaine to the Prince, as in the English Kingdome, where the Prince hath power to make Lawes, League and Warre, to create Magiftrates; To pardon life: Of appeale, &c. Though to give a contentment to the other degrees, they have a fuffrage in making Lawes; yet ever fubject to the Princes pleasure, nor negative will,

2. Limited, or reftrained that hath no full power in all the points or matters of State, as the Military King that hath not the Soveraignty in time of peace, as the making of Lawes, &c. But in Warre onely as the Polonian Kings.

A

2. Aristocracy or Senatory State.

N Aristocracy is the Government of a Common-wealth by fome com number of the better fort, preferred for wifedome and other vertues for the publique good.

Aristocracies are of 3. forts, viz. where the Senators are chofen, for 1. Ver tue, Riches, and the Common good, as the Venetian.

2. Vertue and the publique good without refpect of wealth, as fometimes the Roman when fome of the Senators, were fetched from the plough, and fome from the Schooles.

3. Vertue and Wealth, more refpecting their private, then the publique good which inclineth towards an Oligarchy, or the Government of the Richer or Nobler fort, as in Rome towards the end.

3. Free

3. Free State or Popular State.

He Popular State is the Government of a State by the Choifer fort of

T people, tending to the publique good of all forts; viz. with due re

fpect of the better, nobler, and richer fort.

In every Iuft State, fome part of the Government is, or ought to bee imparted to the people; As in a Kingdome, a voice or fuffrage in making Lawes ; and fometimes alfo, in levying of Armes (if the charge bee great, and the Prince forced to borrow helpe of his Subjects) the matter rightly may bee propounded to a Parliament, that the taxe may feeme to have proceeded from themselves. So confultations, and fome proceedings in Judiciall matters may in part bee referred to them. The reafon, leaft feeing themfelves to be in no number, nor of reckoning, they mislike the state or kind of Government: And where the Multitude is discontented, there must needs bee many Enemies to the prefent ftate. For which caufe, Tyrants (which allow the people, no manner of dealing in State matters) are forced to bereave them of their wits and weapons, and all other meanes, whereby they may refift, or amend themselves, as in Rufheland, Turkey, &c.

A

4. Tyranny.

Tyranny is the fwarving, or distorting of a Monarchy, or the Government of one tending not to the publique good, but the private benefit of himselfe, and his followers. As in the Ruffe and Turkish Government, where the State and Wealth of other orders are employed onely to the upholding of the greatneffe of the King, or Emperour. This is the worst of all the Bastard States, because it is the perverting of the best Regiment, to wit, of a Monarchy, which resembleth the Soveraigne Government of God

himfelfe.

A

5. Oligarchy, or the Government of a few.

N Oligarchy is the fwarving, or the corruption of an Aristocracy; or the Government of fome few that are of the Wealthier or Nobler fort, without any respect of the publique good. The chiefe end of these Governours is their owne greatneffe and enriching. And therefore their manner is to prepare fit meanes to uphold their Eftates. This State is not wholly fo bad, as is the Tyranny, and yet worse then the Common-wealth, because it respecteth the good of a few,

A

6. Common-wealth.

Common-wealth is the fwarving or depravation of a Free or Popular State, or the Goverment of the whole Multitude of the bafe and poorer fort, without refpect of the other orders.

These