He was a cheerful man, and loved to make company lively by the interchange of wit. His mirthfulness was peculiar, breaking out in that explosive hearty laugh, which will long be remembered by his friends and acquaintance.

Philanthropy was one of his qualities of mind. He heard the cry of the poor, and from his heart went forth the bright stream of sympathy and relief. Charity often entered his open purse, and took away that which avarice would hold with relentless grasp.

He was a religious man, a Christian in the highest sense of that word. For its external form, its pomp and show, he had less regard than for its inner life. His soul had been renewed, and away in the gloom of futurity, he saw the golden gate open for its reception. In all his actions he recog nized an overruling Hand, and willingly submitted to Supreme dictation. In fine, his whole life shows that he had a large development of those religious faculties which join the hearts of the good to the Infinite God.

To principle more than to forms and ceremonies he was religiously devoted. For some benevolent purpose he labored, not for mere worldly gain, but for the purpose of gaining the approval of a smiling humanity. Having no children upon whom to bestow his care, he considered the Institution whose corner stone he laid, as worthy of his parental love and affection.

That he had faults no one will deny, and yet even for these there were many palliating circumstances. If he attempted too much, it was because he sought to rear a fabric of medical reform, and to complete the entire structure by the force of his own energy and genius. If he did not sympathize with all the ideas and customs of reformers, it was partly owing to his different culture, and different habits of thought.

Very few are the men whose faults are so few, whose virtues so many. The day may be long ere another, so faithful to principle, integrity and to science, will descend from seats of honor, to labor in an unpopular cause for the sake of doing good to the world.

A magnanimity of soul far transcending the little petty jealousies that divide the ranks of reform, is plainly shown by the events of his life.

At first we see him an ambitious and honest youth, obtaining the prize of intellectual valor at the common school; now teaching with one hand, with the other studying the classics, and now entering the University, and at the

end of two years, returning to his home to bid an affectionate father a last farewell; now cheered by the benevolence of his neighbors, now exulting in the joy of that hope which is as an anchor to the soul; then teaching a high school in Worcester, and next returning from Academic halls laden with the honors of science; now entering the theological seminary and devoting his talents and acquirements to the service of God, and now the village pastor; next the college professor, then the theological teacher, again a pastor, afterward a student of medicine, a practitioner, a professor and founder of a medical institution, an author; and finally we see him,

"The hale and strong, who cherished

Noble longings for the strife,
By the wayside fall and perish,

Weary with the march of life."

Born November 26th, 1800, he died of typhoid fever August 9th, 1853, died in the midst of useful labors, at a time when victory over difficulties was just before him.

But his life was not in vain; it was marked with achievements in the field of utility. He wrought a work which humanity will bless, for he labored for the interests of man; a work which heaven approves, for he sought to extend the religion of Christ. He had induced the student to press on in the path of knowledge and virtue; he had elevated the groveling ideas of youth, and had pointed them to the benefits of thorough mental culture in order to insure success in the practice of a profession; he had taught them to exercise their own faculties of mind, to think and investigate for themselves, rather than to depend upon the authority of others; he had taught the physician the importance of possessing an unblemished moral and religious character. Of these labors he began to receive the reward. His ideas of medicine began to enter the walks of the higher circles of society, inducing legal protection and securing popular favor. Before his decease, he had seen these indications of the speedy and final triumph of medical truth over prejudice and conservatism. If he did not complete the entire fabric, he formed and fashioned the plan, laid the corner stone and reared thereon the central pillar. The consciousness of having done so much for the good of mankind, must have lighted with joy the last moments of his existence. Life to him was desirable for its opportunities to do good to others, and his

regret was, that a disease should take him away from a field of labor in which he was conscious of conferring a lasting benefit upon the world.

Prophetic omens of the sad event had appeared. I was with him at Syracuse, his room-mate and colleague, and often heard him remark "My work is nearly done-adhere to me, carry out my plans." Death came though scarcely welcome. A few faithful friends and medical attendants gathered around him; upon them he called for aid, but for the cold touch of death there was no healing balm. His strength failed, delirium stirred up his brain, and again he hopefully talked of his College, his Journal, his Book. Finally, the silver cord was loosed and his soul rising to newness of life was calm and peaceful in the bosom of God.

Such was his life; his physical, vigorous, and energetic; his intellectual, in its onward flow constructs a more accessible pathway to scientific truth; his moral and religious, like a cone its apex at the earth, its base in the light of eternity is ever expanding, ever progressing in the bright sunbeams of the Pure Intelligence.

He is no longer a citizen of earth; but

There is a happier clime,

A larger and a purer life, unknown to earth and time,

A clime with light ineffable, unveiled by midnight gloom,

Beside whose living streams the fairest flowers perennial bloom;

A clime beyond the circling stars, the floating cloud, the sky,
All radiant with its glowing hues; there all beneath it lie,
There with the loved and lost of earth, undestined more to sever,
In their glad presence shall he dwell, in blessedness forever.

THORACIC DISEASES.

Any classification of the diseases to which the human body is subject must necessarily be, to an extent, artificial and imperfect. Both advantages and disadvantages attend every arrangement which ever has been, or ever can be adopted. In what I may say in this volume, and in others which I intend (Deo volente) to succeed it, I shall employ, in the main, a topographical division.

As the subject of this volume I have selected THE VARIOUS DISEASES BELONGING TO THE CAVITY OF THE THORAX; but, passing down the cervix to exclude cervical diseases, where shall I begin my reckoning of thoracic? It best suits my convenience to commence at the bifurcation of the trachea, that is, at the origin of the right and left primary bronchi. I pause upon that separating muscle, the diaphragm.

Having, however, bounded the field of my observation, I find myself at a loss in examining the objects within. Some of the diseases here observed are of such a nature as to exist only in this locality: others imply an affection common to the thorax and other parts of the body; while others still are only local manifestations of a morbid influence pervading the whole system. In my classification, I shall embrace all those affections which are quite prominently exhibited in the thoracic cavity.

PART I.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

Before proceeding to a particular description of the several diseases appertaining to the thorax, various abstract principles and preliminary matters require some illustration. On such topics as are but remotely connected with these diseases, or are readily understood, the medical reader must be left to inform himself from other sources; and the following pages take it for granted, that, as far as these topics have a bearing on the primary subject of this work, the labor of proper investigation has already been performed. Other topics, however, of the first importance, are of such a nature as to demand here a somewhat full discussion.

DIVISION I.

PATHOLOGY.

Pathology treats of whatever relates to the physical system in a state of disease. In its most limited application, it implies a description of altered structures or morbid conditions. In a more enlarged sense, however, it involves, besides this consideration, an explanation of the processes by which the existing condition is produced, also, of the causes by which those processes have been established, and of the consequences of that condition, or the symptoms occasioned.

My present purpose does not require nor allow an extensive discussion of pathological principles. I limit myself to such matters as are quite intimately connected with diseases of the thorax; but, in illustrating them, I am obliged to dwell a little on some considerations which are in themselves strictly physiological.