...involuntary is what is forced or is caused by ignorance, what is voluntary seems to be what has its principle in the agent himself when he knows the particulars that the action consists in. 4. But talk of involuntary . . .: Probably 'ignorance of what is beneficial', 'ignorance in the decision'...

...and deliberately. Hence. Aristotle's definition: 'what is voluntary seems to be what has its origin in the agent himself when he knows the particulars that the action consists in' 1NE 1 1 1 lal. Examples of voluntary actions were Howard Lutnick's decision to stop paying salaries...

...involuntary is what is forced or is caused by ignorance, what is voluntary seems to be what has its principle natural instincts which no reasoning or process of the thought and understandi <Our definition is sound. > For, presumably, it is not 25 correct to say that action caused by emotion...

...is what is forced or is caused by ignorance, that which is voluntary seems to be what has its origin in the agent himself when he knows the particulars that the action consists in" (NE: 3.18, 1111a20; p. 58). Thus, according to Aristotle, a voluntary action is one in which the initiative...