authority of the king originally very inconsiderable, 13, 16. The barons were in great measure independent of the crown, ibid. These circumstances were prejudicial to the liberty of the people, ibid. The kingdom was formed by an aggregation of different sovereignties, 17. The remarkable treaty by which the war for the public good was terminated, 29. General estates, how con- stituted, 32. The third estate, or commons never pos- sessed any weight, ibid. A remarkable insurrection, 35. Edits enregistrés, 67. Expedient for dismissing the parliament of Paris, 402. The jealousy of the crown against that assembly, 417. Comparison between the French and English constitutions in regard to the right of taxation, 502, 504.
Franklin, Dr., quoted, 508, 510.
French language introduced into the English laws by Wil- liam the Conqueror, 66. Is still used by the king in declaring his intention to the parliament, ibid.
General warrants, set aside, 471.
Geneva, republic of, mentioned, 225, 249, 301, 471. George I., king, led into an imprudent step, 485, 492. Germany, by what cause the growth of the power of the crown was checked there, 37.
Gracchi, how forsaken by the people, 260.
Grand jury, its office, 166.
Grecian commonwealths, revolutions in them only favour- able to the particular interests of leaders and dema- gogues, 330. The reproach made them by Cæsar, 375. Guise, death of the duke of, 400.
Habeas Corpus act, when passed, and for what pur- pose, 187. The tenour of it, ibid. The particular occasion of it, 355. Expressions of judge Black- stone on the subject, ibid. By what means finally settled, 471.
Hale, judge, quoted, 30.
a jury, 174. Henry I., charter of, 23.
His description of the office of
Henry VIII., his great power, 44. Was unsupported by a standing army, 382.
Holt, judge, remarkable opinion delivered by him, 312. Hugh Capet, the first hereditary king in France, 12. The haughty answer of a French lord to him, 13.
Hume, Mr. a few words on the character given by him of James II., 444.
James I., liberty begins to revive in his reign, 45. His lofty notions concerning regal authority, ibid. Keeps his ground against the restless spirit of the times, 443.
James II., how his dethronement was effected, 55. Was inexcusable in his conduct, 444. Received no assist- ance from his numerous army, 453.
Impeachment, public, what, and its effects, 90. The king's pardon no bar to the prosecution of an impeachment, 92. Can it prevent the execution of the judgment? ibid. Instances of ministers and judges impeached by the commons, 91, 92, 355–362.
Imprisonment, the methods formerly used for liberating imprisoned persons, 184. They were insufficient against the power of the court, 185. A new force given to them by the petition of right, 186. Habeas Corpus act, 187.
John, king, grants the great charter, 26.
Johnson, Dr. Samuel, his opinion concerning the office of the courts of equity, examined, 132.
Judges, independence of, 76. Their office, in criminal causes, is only to direct the jury, and afterwards to pronounce the law, 171. Cannot alter the mode of punishment, 178. Instances of judges impeached, 356. See Courts.
Judicial power, in regard to criminal matters, the neces- sary cautions in establishing such power, 150, et seq. Should not be trusted, especially in a free state, to any too powerful persons or bodies, 157. Allusions to the French courts of law, 158. See Trial. May be said in England to be in the hands of nobody, 180. Lodged in the people, 414.
Junius's Letters, quoted, 172, 355.
Jury, how they are to shape their verdict, 172. Must de-
cide both upon the fact and the criminality of it, ibid. What rules must be followed in their opinion, 173, 174. Judge Hale's remarkable passage in that respect, ibid. Usually pay a great regard to the judge's direction, 182. The effect of their recommending to mercy, ibid. See Trial and Judicial Power.
Justice, impartiality of its administration in England, 368, 424. See Law and Judicial Power.
King, his prerogative by the constitution, 59, 68, 69. The restrictions set by law upon the exercise of the same, 72, 75, 81. He is not to interfere, nor his privy- council, in the decision of causes either civil or crimi- nal, 85. It is disputed whether he can remit the pro- secution of a sentence awarded in consequence of an impeachment, 92. Not to be named in debates, 264. The last instance of one using his negative voice, 395. See Crown.
Laws. See Legislation. Laws of England, 103. Diffi- culty in procuring just ones, 242. All who can influ- ence the execution of them, are to be strictly watched, 275. A very necessary caution in framing them, 277. Law, criminal, how strictly the letter of it is adhered to in England, without any extension, 175, 438. Great mildness of it, 183. Šee Punishment.
Legislative power, how formed in England, 59, et seq. Advantages arising from its being divided, 217, et seq. Remarkable constancy in its operations in England, 218. Not so in the ancient commonwealths, ibid. See Parliament.
Legislation, mode of, in commonwealths, 224. Inconve- niency of it, 226. The manner in which laws are framed in England, 227. Advantages of the same, 230. See Propounding. Would it be an advantage if laws were enacted by the people at large? 241-251. See People.
Liberty, causes of English, 19-22. Its progress, 23, et seq. Private liberty, 96. The word much misapplied or misunderstood, 236. A more accurate definition of,
the same, 240. How the provisions to secure it should be directed, 275. Singular law-doctrine in England concerning the liberty of the subject, 437.
Livy, quoted, 248, 259, 320, 323, 326, 328, 340. Lords, the house of, how constituted, 62. Not suffered by the commons to frame, or even alter, a money-bill, 65, 82. Make it a standing order to reject all money- bills to which bills of another nature have been tacked, 75, 387. Have not given up their claim in regard to altering money-bills, 83. The great pre-eminence al- lowed them in point of ceremony over the commons, 220. Can vote by proxy, 222. Unite in a common cause with the people against the power of the crown, 20, 48, 281, 355. Abridge their own personal privi- leges, 363. Their impartiality in their judicial capa- city, 366. Cannot be charged with having abused their privilege of trying their own members, 367. Defeat the attempts of the commons on the crown's preroga- tive, 388. Their own attempts defeated by the com- mons, 389. A bill is framed to limit their number, 484. The great importance of that bill generally overlooked, See Parliament and Peers. Lyttleton, lord, quoted, 309.
Machiavel's History of the republic of Florence, quoted,
Magna Charta, remarkable extensiveness and impartiality of the provisions of, 331.
Marlborough, duke of, easily dismissed from his employ- ments, 208, 398.
Martial, courts, a remarkable dispute between one and a court of law, 448.
Martial law must be universal, where the authority of the government is supported by a standing army, 431. Members of the house of commons, their personal privi- leges, 363. Instances of some punished by their own house, ibid. See Commons.
Military power, a cause of anxiety to those sovereigns whose authority is supported by it, 432. Cannot in such case be subjected to the civil power, 447. Not necessary to support the power of the crown in Eng-
land, 445. The surprising subjection of it to the civil power in England, 446, 468. See Crown.
Minister, equally interested with other subjects in main- taining the laws concerning personal security, 280. A discarded one in other countries, the cause of some anxiety or jealousy to the government, 400. Not so in England, ibid.
Monarchies, revolutions generally concluded in them by provisions for the advantage of great men and leaders, not of the people, the same as in commonwealths, 330, 392. The executive power of the crown in all ancient or modern monarchies, wanting that peculiar stability of the English crown, 380. Not secured otherwise than by standing armies, 381. The monarchs are afraid of powerful subjects, 400. Cannot do without some arbi- trary means of asserting their authority, 408. Very jealous of the liberty of the press, and, perhaps, are really obliged to be so, 411. Extremely averse, out of fear for their own security, to calling popular assem- blies, 414. Respect of persons in the administration of justice cannot be prevented in them, 424. Anxious precautions taken in them in regard to the military power, 431. Their law-doctrine concerning the exe- cutive authority of the government, 436. The military superior to the civil power, 447.
Money-bills. See Taxation.
Montesquieu quoted, 288, 457. More's Utopia quoted, 288.
Obedience, passive, an absurd doctrine, 58.
Ostracism, an arbitrary unjust expedient, but perhaps, ne- cessary in the republic of Athens, 408. Oxenstiern, chancellor, his words to his son, 512.
Parliament, English, the constitution of, 59-68. How to be convoked, 61, 83. Proceedings in parliament not to be questioned in any other place or court, 94. The secret bent of that assembly to forbear invading the pre- rogative of the crown, 395. Cautious conduct of the
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