of peat earth. In the eastern parts clay and loam predominate, but are intermixed with some sandy and moorish tracts. The middle is chiefly a loam upon a limestone bottem; and this kind of soil, with a similar basis, although intermixed in many places with tracts of moor of different qualities, prevails to the western extremities of the riding. Mr. Browne, in his Agricultural Survey, says that the prevailing soil (keeping off the moors) is loam. The face of the country is very irregular; but, in general terms, it may be divided into three large districts gradually varying from a level and marshy to a rocky and mountainous region. The flat and marshy part of the riding lies on the eastern side along the banks of the Ouse, and extends to the westward, in some places to a greater and in others to a less distance; but generally to within three or four miles of an imaginary line drawn from Doncaster to Sherburn. The middle part, as far to the westward as Sheffield, Bradford, and Otley, rises gradually into hills, and is beautifully variegated. Further to the west the surface becomes rugged and mountainous. Beyond Sheffield scarcely any thing is seen but black moors, which running north-west unite with the lofty hills of Blackstone Edge on the borders of Lancashire. The western part of Craven presents a confused heap of rocks and mountains, among which, Pennygant, Whamside, and Ingleborough, are particularly conspicuous; the two last being considered as the highest hills in either England or Wales, not excepting even Skiddaw, Helvellyn, or Snowdon. Amidst the hilly and mountainous tracts of this riding, however, are many romantic valleys, presenting the most beautiful scenery. The most extensive of these are Netherdale, or Niddersdale, watered by the Nid; Wharfdale, and the vale of Aire, which in many places afford views the most delightful that can be imagined. Many valleys of less extent vie with these in picturesque beauty; and the greatest part of them being inclosed, well wooded, and thickly spread with almost continuous villages, present, when viewed from the neighbouring eminences, the resemblance of a terrestrial paradise. From many points are seen the most enchanting prospects, in which beauty and sublimity are pleasingly combined. In travelling from Knaresborough, or Rippon, to Pately bridge, from Tadcasser to Otley and Skipton, from Bradford to Halifax, or by Keighley to Skipton from Halifax, by Dewsbury to Wakefield, and some other roads that might be mentioned, the tourist has an opportunity of contemplating some of the finest scenery in England. Mr. Bigland remarks that in travelling these roads he could not but observe, that, in the whole space between York and London, and between London and Dover, no part of the road, excepting Blackheath and Shooter's Hill, displays such beautiful prospects.

This riding is well provided with the convenience of inland navigation. The Leeds-and-Liverpool Canal issues out of the river Mersey at low water, at the lower extremity of Liverpool, by Bank-Hall, and goes over the river Alt to Millhouse; it then takes a large half-circle about the town of Ormskirk, and crosses Toadbrook near Newborough, whence it proceeds by the Douglas navigation to Wigan, thence, in a circular course, through Red Moss, by Blackrod, north for some way parallel with the Lancaster canal, near Chorley, and by Heapy to Blackburn; thence, with a bend

round Church, it passes Burnley and Coin to a bridge, where a basin is cut to supply the c which it is the head. The canal here begin Leeds, and goes from Foulbridge, by Sate East Morton, and crosses the river Aire ne grave, by Thorlby, Sturtore, and the town is ton, by Bradley, Kildwick, Silsden, near the ar of Keighley and by Bingley; a little below w it crosses the river Aire again, passes Shipe, a takes a semi-circular course round the l Apperton Bridge, Horsforth, Kirkstall Abs Burley and Holbeck, to the town of Leeds, me in the whole a course of 130 miles, with & « fall. Thence to Liverpool, thirty-five musi thirty feet. There is also a collateral cut fro Shipley to Bradford.-The Barnsley Canar the river Calder below Wakefield, and passes ton, Falkirk, Royston, and arrives at Ba whence it makes a bend to Barnby-Brdy Cawthorn; the length about fourteen miles. Ir are several railways to the canal from Ba and others from Barnby-Bridge. The fl the junction with the Deane and Dove Ca 120 feet to the river Calder.—The Deane-aCanal commences from the cut which ha made for the accommodation of the river Da vigation, between Swinton and Mexbrough a proceeds by Wath, Wombwell, and Ards near Barnsley, there to form a junction wa Barnsley Canal, which joins the river Calder. Is are two small branches, one parallel with Kit Brook, to the iron-works at Cob-car-Ing, ta along the head stream of the river Dove to. brough-bridge; with a proposed extensions. branch nearly one mile and a half further. liffe-bridge, adjoining the grounds of earl Str at Wentworth-Castle. The whole length s canal, from the junction of the river Dunti ley, is nine miles and a quarter, with 125 im from the river Dun to Barnsley. The bran Cob-car-Ing is one mile and three-quarters, a level, by means of some deep cutting at the of mity. The branch to Worsbrough is one 2 furlongs in length.-The Stainforth-and-h Canal commences at the river Dun, about a the west of Fish lake, and runs parallel w river, opposite to Thorn; whence, in a line o due east, it passes Crowle and Keadley, where the river Trent. There is a branch, about 5 across Thorn's Common, to a place called Ex man-Hill, which joins the river Dun. The length of this canal is between fourteen and miles; and, running through a fenny part: country, has little elevation, and no lockage, at the extremities.-The Huddersfield Cane & Sir John Ramsden's Canal on the south s Huddersfield, and taking a westerly courses parallel with the river Colne, which it twice, passing Longwood, Staithwaite, and den: from Marsden, under Pule-moss and fo Top, there is a tunnel of nearly three miles half long, which brings the canal to Raspr the Digglewater, and within about two misi Dubcross; passing which, it takes the route river Tame, the windings of which it freque tersects, and passes within one mile of Lydga Mossley, Steyley-Bridge, and joins the Asatche Oldham Canal on the south side of Ashta a course of nineteen miles and five furioca 770 feet lockage. This riding produces ev cattle of all sorts; and its mineral producti

It is my employment to revive the old of past ages to the present, as it is yours to transmit the young of the present to the future. Pope.

Ye dauntless Dardans hear, Think on the strength which once your fathers bore. Id.

Be but yourselves.

Id.

Whenever you are more intent upon adorning your persons than upon perfecting of your souls, you are much more beside yourselves than he that had rather a laced coat than a healthful body. Law.

YOUTH, n. s. Sax. yeozu. The part YOUTHFUL, adj. of life succeeding to childYOUTH'FULLY, adv. hood and adolescence; a YOUTH LY, adj. young man; young men collectively youthful is YOUTH'Y. young; vigorous; suitable to the early part of life: the adverb corresponding: youthly and youthy (obsolete) synonymes of youthful.

Spenser.

True be thy words, and worthy of thy praise, That warlike feats dost highest glorify, Therein have I spent all my youthly days, And many battles fought, and many frays. Siward's son,

vantage of water communication, by a canal with Bruges, Ostend, and Nieuport; it is fortified, and, on the whole, well built. Its chief structures are the town hall, built in the Gothic style, an elegant cathedral, and other churches, which contain, as usual in Belgium, good paintings. The other buildings are the exchange, the chamber of commerce, and the college or public school. Ypres has a population of 15,500.

YRIARTE (Don John De), a learned Spaniard, born in the Isle of Teneriffe, and educated at Rouen and Paris. After his return to Madrid, he became librarian to the king; member of the academy, and interpreter to the secretary of state. He wrote, 1. Paleographia Græca; 2. A Catalogue of Greek MSS. in the Royal Library; 3. A Catalogue of Arabic MSS. in the Escurial; 2 vols. folio; 4. Various Tracts in Spanish; 2 vols. 4to. He died

in 1771.

YSARD, a name of the chamois goat.. See CAPRA.

YSNI. See ISNY.

YUCATAN, the most easterly province of New Spain, is in the form of a peninsula, jutting out into the gulf of Mexico from the mainland of the isthmus. It is surrounded on the north-west by the waters of the Mexican Gulf, by the bay or gulf of Honduras on the south-east, the province of Vera Cruz bounds it on the south-west, and Vera Paz in Guatimala on the south. Here it is connected with the continent of North America, by an isthmus of about 120 miles in breadth. The English have settlements extending a short distance along the east coast of Yucatan, opposite Ambergris Key. See AMERICA, BRITISH.

YUCCA, Adams's needle, in botany, a genus of plants of the class hexandria, and order monogynia.. The corolla is campanulate and patent, there is no style, the capsule is trilocular. There are four species, none of which are natives of Britain. All of them are exceedingly curious in their growth, and are therefore much cultivated in gardens. The Indians make a kind of bread from the roots of this plant.

YVICA, or IVICA, or IBICA, an island of the Mediterranean, belonging to Spain, the principal of the group called the Pithyusa. Its extent is 190 square miles; its population 15,200. It is divided into five parts, which are called respectively, the Plain of the Town, St. Eulalia, Balanzar, Pormany, and Las Salinas. Ivica is of considerable elevation, and full of mountains covered with verdure, which presents at sea a grand and brated even in the time of Pliny. It is about agreeable picture. The figs of Iviça were celesixty-one miles east from Cabozdi St. Anton, a cape near Denia, on the coast of Valencia, in Spain, fifty-two miles from Majorca, and 147 from Cape Tenez, on the coast of Africa.

Yviça, the capital of the island, is situated on a hill on the coast. It is a bishop's see, is well fortified, and has a good harbour, which, though somewhat encumbered by mud, is still capable of containing a considerable squadron. It lies under the cannon of a fort erected by the emperor Charles V. The public buildings are the cathedral, six churches, an hospital, several chapels, monasteries, and barracks. Population 2700.

YUCK. See ITCH, ITCH INSECT, and MEDICINE.
YULE, YOOL, or IUL. See IUL.

YURE, a river in Yorkshire, rising at the north

YUX. See HICCOUGH. YZQUACHTLI. See FALCO. YZQUIEPATL.

See VIVERRA.

Z is found in the Saxon alphabet, but is read in no word originally Teutonic: its sound is uniformly that of a hard s. No word of English original begins with it.

Z is used, 1, as a letter; 2. as an abbreviation; and, 3. anciently as a numeral. I. As a letter: Z is the twenty-fourth and last, and the nineteenth consonant of our alphabet, though it is only the sixth in the Greek. The sound is formed by a motion of the tongue from the palate downwards and upwards to it again, with a shutting and opening of the teeth at the same time. This letter has been reputed by Roman and Grecian grammarians a double consonant, having the sound ds; but some think with very little reason; and, as if we thought otherwise, we often double it, as in puzzle, muzzle, &c. II. In abbreviations, Z formerly stood as a mark for several sorts of weights; sometimes it signified an ounce and a half; and very frequently it stood for half an ounce; sometimes for the eighth part of an ounce, or a drachm Troy weight; and it has in earlier times been used to express the third part of an ounce or eight scruples. ZZ were used by some of the ancient physicians to express myrrh, and at present are often used to signify zinziber or ginger. III. Among the ancients, Z was a numeral letter, signifying 2000; and, with a dash added a top, Z signified 2000 times 2000, or 4,000,000.

ZAAB, a district of Algiers, in Africa, south of the province of Constantia, and consisting of a narnow track of land, under the Atlas. It formed anciently part of the Mauritania Sitifensis, and the Roman masonry may often be traced.

ZAANDAM, or SAARDAM, a town of the Netherlands, in North Holland, on the Zaan, near its junction with the Y. It consists properly of two great villages, called East and West Zaandam, containing together 10,700 inhabitants. The houses are for the most part of wood. Its manufactures of ropes, tobacco, and paper are extensive; but the most important branch of its industry is, and has long been, ship-building. Here the czar Peter the Great, under the name of Peter Michailov, studied that art. The house which he occupied, is still pointed out. Five miles north by west of Amsterdam.

ZABARELLA (Francis), a learned cardinal, born at Padua, in 1339. He became professor of canon law in different universities, and was made a cardinal by pope John XXI., who sent him ambassador to the emperor Sigismund. He assisted at the council of Constance, where he advised to depose the pope, whom he accused of forty notorious crimes. He died there in 1417. He wrote A Treatise on Schism, and other tracts.

at Padua in 1533, was well versed in Aristote losophy, and became professor of it at Padua. wrote Commentaries on Aristotle, and a tree? the Perpetuum Mobile, De inventione æterm de toris, 4to. He died in 1589.

ZABIANS. See SABIANS. ZABIISM, or SABIISM, the doctrine of the bians. See MYTHOLOGY, POLYTHEISM, and t

BIANS.

ZABULON, Heb. 1, i. e. a dwelling pr or ZEBULON, one of the twelve patriarchs of li the tenth son of Jacob, and the sixth by Lea

ZABULON, in ancient geography, the tem one of the twelve tribes; bounded on the by that of Ashur and Naphthali; on the east br. sea of Galilee; on the south by the territory sachar, or the brook Kison, which ran bet both; on the west by the Mediterranean ; 8it touched two seas.

ZABULON, a very strong town in the above tory, on the Mediterranean, surnamed of men, ki Ptolemais, its vicinity to which makes it pr that it was also Chabulon, unless either name ? faulty reading in Josephus; about sixty stadu Ptolemais.

ZACCHEUS, a publican or Roman tax-game. at Jerusalem, who, indulging in a natural cures to see our Saviour, was happily called and corre by him, of which he gave immediate pro offering to restore all his fraudulent extortions fold. Luke xix. 1-10.

ZACCHO, in architecture, the lowest pr the pedestal of a column.

ZACHARIAH, the son of Jeroboam II., a lived king of Israel. See ISRAEL.

ZACHARIAH. See ZECHARIAH.

ZACUTUS, or Lusitanus, a Jewish phy of Portugal, who retired to Amsterdam whe lip IV. issued his edict against the Jews. H. troitus ad Praxam, and other medical works: been collected and published in 2 vols. folia died in 1641.

ZACUTUS (N.), a grandson of the above, be eminent in mathematics, and published a bi entitled Juchasin, a Jewish Chronology from creation to the year 1500.

ZACYNTHUS, an ancient island, south di phalonia, sixty stadia, but nearer to Pelopons: in the Ionian Sea, formerly subject to Ulysses compass above 160 stadia; woody and fruits lies over against Elis, and had a colony of Ac from Peloponnesus, over against the Cost Gulf. It is now called Zante.