entrance into a war.

Bacon.

This is one of the few parts of Arabia which have been formed into a considerable and monarchical state. It is subject to a sovereign, who assumes the modest title of Imam, or doctor, but exercises over his subjects an authority nearly absolute. Sana is the capital.

YEO'MAN, n. s. Į Sax. geoman. Frisick geYEOMANRY. S man, a villager.-Junius. A man of a small estate in land; a farmer; a gentleman farmer; a title given to soldiers and superior servants: the collective body of yeomen.

A jolly yeoman, marshal of the hall, Whose name was Appetite, he did bestow Both guests and meats.

You, good yeomen,

Spenser

Whose limbs were made in England, shew us here
The mettle of your pasture.

Shakspeare. He instituted, for the security of his person, a band of fifty archers, under a captain, to attend him, by the name of yeomen of his guard.

Влсон.

This did amortize a great part of the lands of the kingdom unto the hold and occupation of the yeomanry, or middle people, of a condition between genticnen

and cottages.

Id.

He that has a spaniel by his side is a yeoman of about one hundred pounds a year, an honest man; he is just qualified to kill an hare.

Addison.

At Windsor St. John whispers me i' the ear; The waiters stand in ranks, the yeomen cry Make room! as if a duke were passing by. Swift. YEOVIL, a market-town in Stone hundred, Somersetshire, near the river Yeo, or Ivil, five miles west of Sherborne, and 121 W. S. W. of London, It consists of upwards of twenty streets and lanes, some of which are wide and open, with the houses well built of free-stone and brick: the church is a fine old Gothic structure, with a high tower, containing six bells. Four classes of dissenters have chapels in this town. The market-house is an extensive building, supported by stone pillars. This town was formerly noted for its manufacture of woollen cloth; but its principal trade now is leather gloves. Market on Friday.

YERGHIEN. See YARKAN.

YERK, v. a. The same with JERK, which see.
To throw out or move with a spring.
Their wounded steeds

Fret fetlock deep in gore, and with wild rage
Yerk out their armed heels at their dead masters.

Shakspeare. YES, adv. Sax. gire. A term of affirmation; the affirmative particle opposed to no; also of emphasis, like yea.

Pray, Madam, are you married ?— Yes.
Yes, you despise the man to books confined,
Who from his study rails at human kind,
Ihough what he learns he speaks.

More.

Pope.

This were a fit speech for a general in the head of an army, when going to battle. yes, and it is no less

t

YEST, n. 8. Sax. gert. The foam, spume, YESTY, adj. S or flower of beer in fermentation; barm; foam; froth: the adjective corresponding. Though you untie the winds, and let them fight Against the churches; though the yesty waves Confound and swallow navigation up.

Shakspeare.

Hudibras

Yeast and outward means do fail, And have no power to work on ale. When drays bound high, then never cross behind, Where bubbling yeast is blown by gusts of wind.

Gay.

YEST, OF YEAST, a head or scum rising upon beer or ale while working or fermenting in the vat. See BREWING. It is used for a leaven or ferment in the baking of bread, as serving to swell or puff it up very considerably in a little time, and to make it much lighter, softer, and more delicate See BAKING, BARM, and BREAD. An artificia yest, by which good bread may be made without the assistance of any other terment, is thus prepared :—Boil flour and water together to the con sistence of treacle, and when the mixture is cold saturate it with fixed air. Pour the mixture thus saturated into one or more large bottles or narrow mouthed jars; cover it over loosely with paper, and upon that lay a slate or board with a weight to keep it steady. Place the vessel in a situation where the thermometer will stand from 70° to 50°, and stir up the mixture two or three times in twenty-four hours. In about two days such a degree of fermentation will have taken place as to give the mixture the appearance of yest. With the yest in this state, and before it has acquired a thoroughly vinous smell, mix the quantity of flour intended for bread in the proportion of six pounds of flour to a quart of the yest, and a sufficient portion of warm water. Knead them well together in a proper vessel, and covering it with a cloth let the dough stand for twelve hours, or till it appears to be sufficiently fermented, in the forementioned degree of warmth. It is then to be formed into loaves and baked. Mr. Henry adds that perhaps the yest used instead of simple water, would be more perfect if a decoction of malt were discovered that a decoction of malt alone, without It has lately been any addition, will produce a yest proper enough for the purpose of brewing. This discovery was Mason of Aston near Rotheram; and he received made by Joseph Senyor, servant of the Rev. Mr. for it a reward of £20 from the Society for Promoting Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce. The process is as follows:-Procure three earthen or wooden vessels of different sizes and apertures, one capable of holding two quarts, the other three or four, and the third five or six: boil a quarter of a peck of malt for about eight or ten minutes in three pints of water; and, when a quart is poured of from the grains, let it stand in the first or smaller vessel, in a cool place, till not quite cold, but retaining that degree of heat which the brewers usually find to be proper when they begin to work their liquor. Then remove the vessel into some warm situation near a fire, where the thermometer stands between 70° and 80° Fahrenheit, and there let it remain till the fermentation begins, which will be plainly perceived within thirty hours: add then two quarts more of a like decoction of malt, when cool, as the first was; and mix the whole in the second or larger vessel, and stir it well in

which must be repeated in the usual way as it rises in a common vat: then add a still greater quantity of the same decoction, to be worked in the largest vessel, which will produce yest enough for a brewing of forty gallons. Common ale yest may be kept fresh and fit for use several months by the following method:-Put a quantity of it into a close canvas bag, and gently squeeze out the moisture in a screw-press till the remaining matter be as firm and stiff as clay. In this state it may be close packed up in a tight cask for securing it from the air; and will keep fresh, sound, and fit for use, for a long time. This is a secret that might be of great use to the brewers and distillers, who, though they employ very large quantities of yest, seem to know no method of preserving it, or raising nurseries of it, for want of which they sustain a very considerable loss; whereas the brewers in Flanders make a very great advantage of supplying the malt distillers of Holland with yest, which is rendered lasting and fit for carriage by this easy expedient.

YESTER, adj. Sax. gerten; Belg. ghister; Lat. hesternus. Being next before the present day. Not often used but in composition with another word, as day or night. See below.

Love might as well be sowed upon our sands,

As in a breast so barren :

To love an enemy, the only one

Remaining too, whom yester sun beheld

Mustering her charms.

YESTERDAY, n.s. & adv. Į
YES'TERNIGHT.

Saxon

Dryden. girtan

(dæg. See YESTER. The day last past; on the day next before to-day: yesternight corresponds.

We are but of yesterday, and know nothing, because our days upon earth are a shadow.

Jub viii. 9.

To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death.

Shakspeare.

Id.

Eleven hours I've spent to write it over; For yesternight by Catesby was it sent me. Martius gave us yesterday a representation of the empire of the Turks, with no small vigour of words.

Bacon.

This furnishes us with yet one more reason why our Saviour lays such a particular stress on acts of mercy. Atterbury.

Yet, yet a moment, one dim ray of light
Indulge, dread chaos and eternal night.
YETHAN. See YTHAN.

YE'VEN, for given. Obsolete.
Let that room to my lady be yeven,
She shall be a grace,

Pope.

Spenser.

To fill the fourth place, And reign with the rest in heaven. YEW, n. s. Sax. ip; Welsh yw. Often YEW'EN, adj. written eugh; but the former orthograghy is nearer to the sound and derivation. A tree of tough wood, used for bows, and therefore planted in church-yards: yewen is made of yew. His stiff arms to stretch with eughen bow, And manly legs still passing to and fro. Slips of yew, Silvered in the moon's eclipse.

Hubberd.

Shakspeare.

The barren plantane, and the walnut sound;
The shooter eugh, the broad-leaved sycamore,

The myrrhe, that her foul sin doth still deplore; Alder, the owner of all waterish ground. Fairfax. He drew,

And almost joined the horns of the tough yew.

Dryden.

YEW, in botany. Yew trees are remarkable for their duration. There were not many years since growing within 300 yards of the old Gothic ruins of Fountain's Abbey, near Rippon, in Yorkshire, seven very large yew trees, commonly called the Seven Sisters, whose exact ages cannot be accurately ascertained, though tradition says that they were standing in the year 1088. It is said also that, when the great Fountains' abbey was building, which is 700 feet long, and was finished in 1283, the masons used to work their stones, during the hot summers, under the shade of these trees. The circumference of the Seven Sisters, when measured by a curious traveller, were of the following sizes :-the smallest tree, round its body, five yards one foot; four others are from five yards and a half to seven yards and a half; the sixth is nine yards and a half; and the seventh is eleven yards one foot seven inches in circumference, being two yards ten inches larger than the great yew tree now growing in the churchyard at Gresford, in North Wales, which is nine yards nine inches. These trees are the largest and oldest in the British dominions. See TAXUS.

YEZDEGERD, or JEZDEGERD, a celebrated monarch of Persia, who flourished in the seventh century, but was expelled by the Saracens, and reigned afterwards in Chorassan. See PERSIA, and SARACENS.

YIECHE, a kind of jasper. See TAI-TONG. YIELD), v. a. & v. n. ¡ Sax. geldan, to pay; Isl. YIELD ER, 1. s. gelda; Goth. gialda. To produce; render; give in return for cultivation or labor; afford; exhibit; permit; surrender (sometimes used with up): as a verb neuter to give up a contest; submit; concede; comply; allow; give place: the noun substantive corresponding.

When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto the her strength. Genesis iv. 12. He gathered up his feet into the bed, and yielded up the ghost. Id. xlix. 33. With her much fair speech she caused him to yield. Proverbs.

He not yielding over to old age his country delights, especially of hawking, was, at that time following a merlin, brought to see this injury offered unto us.

Sidney.

YNCA, an appellation anciently given to the kings of Peru, and the princes of their blood; the word literally signifying, lord, king, emperor, and royal blood. Pedro de Cieca, in his Chronicles of Peru, gives the origin of the incas; and says tha that country was for a long time the theatre of all manner of crimes, of war, dissension, and the most dreadful disorders, till at last two brothers appeared, one of whom was called Mango Capa; of this person the Peruvians relate many wonderful stories. He built the city of Cusco, made laws, established order and harmony by his wise regulations; and he and his descendants took the name of inca, which signifies king or great lord. themselves masters of all the country from Pasto These incas became so powerful that they rendered to Chili, and from the Maule on the south to the Augasmago on the north, these two rivers forming the bounds of their empire, which extended above 1300 leagues in length. This they enjoyed till the divisions between Inca Guascar and Atabalipa; which the Spaniards laying hold of, made themselves masters of the country, and destroyed the empire of the incas. YOKE, n. s. & v. a. Sax. geoc; Swed, and YOKE FELLOW, N. S. Dan. ok; Goth. uk; Mod. YOKE MATE. Goth. guk; Belg. juk, Fr. joug; Lat. jugum. The bandage or frame of wood placed on the neck of draught oxen; any badge of subjection or slavery; a link; chain; band; couple; pair (from the yoke consisting of two parts): to bind or couple together; restrain; confine; enslave a yokefellow or yokemate is a companion in labor; mate; fellow.

See PERU.

Daniel.

better wa

Cassius, you are yoked with a lamb, That carries anger as the flint bears fire.

ld.

Heylyn.

Our country sinks beneath the yoke;

Milton.

It weeps, it bleeds.

Id.

tered, or yield fairer fruits.

I yield it just, said Adam, and submit. All is not lost; immortal hate,

And courage never to submit or yield.
They laugh, as if to them I had quitted all,
At random yielded up to their misrule.

If the inspiring and expiring organ of any animal be stopt, it suddenly yields to nature, and dies. Walton. They shew the world that they are not of a yielding temper, which will be wronged or baffled. Kettlewell. There he saw the fainting Grecians yield, And here the trembling Trojans quit the field, Pursued by fierce Achilles.

Dryden.

Id.

If you take the idea of white, which one parcel of snow yielded yesterday to our sight, and another idea of white from another parcel of snow you see to-day, and put them together in your mind, they run into one, and the idea of whiteness is not at all increased.

Men marry not; but choose rather a libertine single life than to be yoked in marriage.

Over Hellesport bridged his way.
You cannot think me fit
To be the yokefellow of your wit,
Nor take one of so mean deserts
To be the partner of your parts.

Hudibras. Dryden.

His lands a hundred yoke of oxen tilled. This yoke of marriage from us both remove, Where two are bound to draw, though neither love.

This Stetes promised to do, if he alone would yoke together two brazen-hoofed bulls, and, plowing the ground, sow dragon's teeth. L'Estrange.

Before Toulon thy yokemate lies, Where all the live-long night he sighs. Stepney.

Those who have most distinguished themselves by railing at the sex, very often choose one of the most worthless for a companion and yoke fellow. Spectator. A yearling bullock to thy name shall smoke, Untamed, unconscious of the galling yoke. A yoke of mules outgoes a yoke of oxen, when set to work at the same time; for mules are swifter. Broome. YOKE, in Roman antiquity. See JUGUM.

Pope.

archdeacons, twenty-eight prebends, a sub-chanter, five vicars, seven lay-clerks, six choristers, four vergers, &c. Near the cathedral is St. Michael'sle-Belfry, a curious Gothic structure, containing several handsome monuments: All-Saints' in the Pavement, has a neat octangular steeple: and St. Mary's-Castle-Gate was once admired for its fine spire; a considerable part of it was taken down because of the damage it had sustained by lightning in 1797. St. Margaret's has a singular porch of Saxon architecture. The rest of the churches have nothing to render them remarkable. York is surrounded by walls, and is entered by four principal gates; viz. Micklegate, Bootham-bar, Monk-bar, and Walmgate-bar. In the reign of Edward III, this city was reckoned as a port, and furnished one vessel, with nine men, to his fleet. The streets of York are mostly broad and open; they contain many handsome buildings and are well paved, and lighted with gas. The castle, built by Richard III., is used as a prison; the river Fosse was formerly drawn into a deep moat, entirely around it, the only access being by drawbridges, the larger of which led to the ancient great gate from the country, on the south, the other from the city, on the north. About the year 1734, the latter was rebuilt in a handsome manner, and is now the only entrance, except a small postern near the mills. The castle walls are 1103 yards in circumference. Cn the right wing of the area is a spacious prison for debtors. In the left wing is a handsome chapel. The felons' court yard is between the two wings. On the west side of the area is the county hall, erected in 1777: it is a superb building of the Ionic order. The halls for the trial of prisoners and causes at Nisi Prius, are very convenient at the north and south ends, the entrance being by a portico of six columns. In 1780 an additional building was erected on the east side, having several spacious arched cells, for the confinement of prisoners for petty offences; also apartments for hard labor, and distinct hospital rooms. Without the castle gate, at the extent of the city liberties, are erected the city arms, where the sheriffs receive the judges of assize. Adjoining the castle is a high mound, on which stands the shell of a tower, called Clifford's tower, formerly furnished with cannon and a garrison. In York were formerly many convents and hospitals, several of their ruins being often dug up and converted into the foundations of new buildings. Of these ruins, those of St. Mary's abbey, near the cathedral, are the most considerable. At the foot of the bridge is a very convenient and spacious quay, up to which vessels of 120 tons burden can

come.

The guildhall was erected in 1446; it is supported on two rows of massive oak pillars. Here are held the courts of justice, and, adjoining, are rooms for the juries, and the lord mayor's justiceroom. The windows are of painted glass. In 1728 a stately and convenient structure was erected on the north end of Coney Street, for the residence of the mayor. The assembly house, which is situate in Blake Street, was built on a plan drawn by the earl of Burlington. It is 140 feet long and forty broad, adorned with Corinthian pillars. The theatre is a neat building, erected in 1770. Besides these public buildings, here are two receptacles for lunatics; a county hospital; a city dispensary; a blue coat boys, and gray coat girls charity

school, extensive national schools; alms houses, and other charitable institutions. In this city are two public banks, a savings bank, a subscription library, news rooms, the Yorkshire philosophical society, and a museum for natural and artificial curiosities; also a gaol and a house of correction; with various chapels for Quakers, Roman Catholics, and different classes of dissenters. About one mile south of the city is a good race course, on which there are annual races. At a short distance from the town are extensive cavalry barracks. The new walk, along the banks of the Ouse, is an agree able promenade, well shaded with lofty trees.

York received its charter from Richard II., and is the only city in England, except London, whose chief magistrate is honored with the title of lord. Its jurisdiction extends over a considerable district, besides the sole conservancy of the rivers Ouse, Wharfe, Derwent, Ayre, Don, and some parts of the Humber. It sends two members to parliament, who are chosen by the freemen in general. The government of the city is vested in the lord mayor, a recorder, twelve aldermen, two sheriffs, eight chamberlains, twenty-four common council men, twenty-two assistants, a town clerk, and other inferior officers. The market places, of which there are two, called the Pavement and Thursday market, are spacious and convenient. The cross in the former is square, with a dome, ascended by winding stairs and supported by twelve Ionic pillars. The other is used on a Saturday as butchers' shambles. On the west side of the market place stands a cross, for a shelter in bad weather. The trade of York is chiefly in gloves, linens, livery lace, glass, and drugs; and printing and bookselling are conducted on a large scale. Markets on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday.

YORK, the capital of Upper Canada, is well situated in the township of the same name, on the north-west coast of Lake Ontario, on the north side of an excellent harbour, and very regularly laid out. The plot of ground marked out for it extends about a mile and a half along the harbour, but at present the number of houses does not greatly exceed 300. The public edifices are a government house, house of assembly for the provincial parliament, a church, court house, gaol, and numerous stores and buildings for the various purposes of government. The harbour is nearly circular, and formed by a very narrow peninsula stretching from the western extremity of the township of Scarborough, in an oblique direction, for about six miles, and terminating in a curved point, nearly opposite the garrison; thus enclosing a beautiful basin, about a mile and a half in diameter, capable of containing a great number of vessels, and at the entrance of which ships may lie in safety during the winter.

YORK, a county, Maine, North America, bounded north by Oxford county, north-east by Cumberland county, south-east by the Atlantic, and west by New Hampshire. Chief towns, York and Alfred.

YORK, a sea-port, the capital of York county, Maine; nine miles N. N. E. of Portsmouth, fortytwo south-west of Portland, sixty-seven N. N. E of Boston. It contains a court house and a gaol. The courts for the county are held alternately here and at Alfred. A little business is carried on here in the fisheries. The shipping belonging to this port, in 1816, amounted to 1432 tons.